Makwana / Bhalja Transmission Line Protection Using Digital Technology

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-981-10-1572-4
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 167 Seiten

Reihe: Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering

This book develops novel digital distance relaying schemes to eliminate the errors produced by the conventional digital distance relays while protecting power transmission lines against different types of faults. These include high resistance ground faults on single infeed transmission lines; high resistance ground faults on double infeed transmission lines; simultaneous open conductor and ground fault on double infeed transmission lines; inter-circuit faults on parallel transmission lines; simultaneous open conductor and ground fault on series compensated parallel transmission lines; inter-circuit faults on series compensated parallel transmission lines; and phase faults on series compensated double infeed transmission lines. This monograph also details suggestions for further work in the area of digital protection of transmission lines. The contents will be useful to academic as well as professional researchers working in transmission line protection.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Makwana, Vijay H.

Bhalja, Bhavesh R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;7
2;Preface;9
2.1;About the Book;10
2.2;Content and Coverage;10
3;Contents;13
4;About the Authors;18
5;1 Introduction;19
5.1;Abstract;19
5.2;1.1 General Background;19
5.3;1.2 Zones of Protection;20
5.4;1.3 Requirements of Protection System;21
5.5;1.4 Main and Back-up Protection;22
5.6;1.5 Protective Relays;22
5.6.1;1.5.1 Electromechanical Relays;23
5.6.2;1.5.2 Static Relays;23
5.6.3;1.5.3 Digital/Numerical Relays;23
5.7;1.6 Adaptive Relaying;24
5.8;1.7 Research Opportunities in Digital/Numerical Protection of Transmission Lines;25
5.8.1;1.7.1 High Resistance Ground Faults on Single Infeed Transmission Lines;25
5.8.2;1.7.2 High Resistance Ground Faults on Double Infeed Transmission Lines;26
5.8.3;1.7.3 Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault on Parallel Transmission Lines;26
5.8.4;1.7.4 Inter-circuit Faults on Parallel Transmission Lines;27
5.8.5;1.7.5 Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault on Series Compensated Parallel Transmission Lines;27
5.8.6;1.7.6 Inter-circuit Faults on Series Compensated Parallel Transmission Lines;28
5.8.7;1.7.7 Phase Faults on Series Compensated Double Infeed Transmission Lines;28
5.9;1.8 Objectives of Present Work;29
5.10;1.9 Organization of Thesis;29
5.11;References;31
6;2 Distance Relaying Algorithm for a Single Line-To-Ground Fault on Single Infeed Transmission Lines;35
6.1;Abstract;35
6.2;2.1 Introduction;35
6.3;2.2 Distance Protection of Transmission Lines;36
6.4;2.3 Stepped Distance Characteristic of a Distance Relay;37
6.5;2.4 Problem of Fault Resistance in Distance Protection;38
6.6;2.5 Techniques Used in Commercial Relays and Their Problems;39
6.7;2.6 Current State of the Art;40
6.8;2.7 Performance of the Conventional Digital Distance Relay;41
6.9;2.8 New Digital Distance Relaying Algorithm;43
6.10;2.9 Experimental Test Setup;45
6.10.1;2.9.1 Development of Experimental Test Setup;46
6.10.2;2.9.2 Results of Test Setup;48
6.11;2.10 Simulation Results;49
6.11.1;2.10.1 High Resistance Faults;49
6.11.2;2.10.2 Sensitivity During Close-in Faults;51
6.11.3;2.10.3 Discrimination Between In-Zone and Out-Zone Faults;52
6.11.4;2.10.4 Effect of Variations in Short-Circuit Capacity of Source;53
6.11.5;2.10.5 Effect of Change in Power Factor;54
6.12;2.11 Advantages of the Proposed Algorithm;55
6.13;2.12 Conclusion;55
6.14;References;55
7;3 Digital Distance Relaying Scheme for Compensation of High Resistance Faults on Double Infeed Transmission Lines;59
7.1;Abstract;59
7.2;3.1 Introduction;59
7.3;3.2 Ground Faults on Double Infeed Transmission Lines;60
7.4;3.3 Problem of Remote Infeed for Double Infeed Transmission Lines;61
7.5;3.4 Techniques Used in Commercial Relays and Their Problems;62
7.6;3.5 Current State of the Art;64
7.7;3.6 Analysis of Ground Faults on Double Infeed Transmission Lines;65
7.7.1;3.6.1 Impedance Measured by the Conventional Ground Distance Relaying Scheme;66
7.7.2;3.6.2 Impedance Measured by the Proposed Scheme;66
7.8;3.7 Results and Discussions;69
7.8.1;3.7.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault;70
7.8.2;3.7.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault;75
7.8.3;3.7.3 Triple Line-to-Ground Fault;76
7.8.4;3.7.4 Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault;76
7.9;3.8 Conclusion;78
7.10;References;78
8;4 Digital Distance Relaying Scheme for Parallel Transmission Lines During Inter-circuit Faults;82
8.1;Abstract;82
8.2;4.1 Introduction;82
8.3;4.2 Self and Mutual Impedances of Transmission Lines;83
8.4;4.3 Formula for Mutual Impedance;85
8.5;4.4 Estimation of Mutually Coupled Voltages for Parallel Transmission Lines;87
8.6;4.5 Analysis of Mutually Coupled Parallel Transmission Lines;87
8.7;4.6 Inter-circuit Faults on Parallel Transmission Lines;89
8.8;4.7 Techniques Used in Commercial Relays and Their Problems;90
8.9;4.8 Current State of the Art;91
8.10;4.9 Inter-circuit Faults on Parallel Transmission Lines;92
8.10.1;4.9.1 Phase-to-Phase Inter-circuit Fault;92
8.10.2;4.9.2 Phase-to-Phase-to-Ground Inter-circuit Fault;92
8.11;4.10 Analysis of Inter-circuit Faults on Parallel Transmission Lines;94
8.11.1;4.10.1 Impedance Measured by the Conventional Ground Distance Relay;94
8.11.2;4.10.2 Impedance Measured by the Proposed Scheme;94
8.12;4.11 Results and Discussions;96
8.12.1;4.11.1 Phase-to-Phase Inter-circuit Fault;96
8.12.2;4.11.2 Phase-to-Phase-to-Ground Inter-circuit Fault;99
8.13;4.12 Advantages of the Proposed Scheme;103
8.14;4.13 Conclusion;103
8.15;References;103
9;5 Digital Distance Relaying Scheme for Series-Compensated Parallel Lines During Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault;106
9.1;Abstract;106
9.2;5.1 Introduction;106
9.3;5.2 Series Capacitors: Theory and Operation;107
9.3.1;5.2.1 Aim of Series Compensation;107
9.3.2;5.2.2 Series-Compensated Transmission Line;108
9.3.3;5.2.3 Series Capacitor Bypass Systems;108
9.3.4;5.2.4 Operation of Series Capacitor Bypass Systems;109
9.3.5;5.2.5 Series Compensation Model;111
9.4;5.3 Protection Issues of Series-Compensated Lines;111
9.4.1;5.3.1 Malfunctioning of Distance Relay;111
9.4.2;5.3.2 Subsynchronous Resonance;113
9.4.3;5.3.3 Voltage Inversion;113
9.4.4;5.3.4 Current Inversion;114
9.5;5.4 Techniques Used in Commercial Relays and Their Problems;115
9.6;5.5 Current State-of-the-Art;116
9.7;5.6 Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault on Series-Compensated Parallel Transmission Lines;118
9.7.1;5.6.1 Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault;118
9.7.2;5.6.2 Linearized Equivalent Model of SC/MOV;118
9.7.3;5.6.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling for Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault;119
9.7.4;5.6.4 Effect of Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault;120
9.8;5.7 Analysis of Simultaneous Open Conductor and Ground Fault;120
9.8.1;5.7.1 Impedance Measured by the Conventional Scheme;121
9.8.2;5.7.2 Impedance Measured by the Proposed Scheme;121
9.9;5.8 Results and Discussions;123
9.9.1;5.8.1 Change in Fault Location and Power Transfer Angle;124
9.9.2;5.8.2 Variation in Zero-Sequence Mutual Coupling Impedance;126
9.9.3;5.8.3 Change in Degree of Compensation;127
9.9.4;5.8.4 Change in Fault Resistance;128
9.9.5;5.8.5 Close-in and Remote End Faults;131
9.9.6;5.8.6 SC/MOV and Proposed Scheme Performance During Fault;131
9.10;5.9 Advantages of the Proposed Scheme;132
9.11;5.10 Conclusion;132
9.12;References;133
10;6 Digital Distance Relaying Scheme for Series Compensated Parallel Transmission Lines During Inter-circuit Faults;137
10.1;Abstract;137
10.2;6.1 Introduction;137
10.3;6.2 Inter-circuit Faults on Series Compensated Parallel Transmission Lines;138
10.3.1;6.2.1 Phase-to-Phase Inter-circuit Fault;138
10.3.2;6.2.2 Phase-to-Phase-to-Ground Inter-circuit Fault;138
10.4;6.3 Protection Issues of Series Compensated Parallel Lines;140
10.4.1;6.3.1 Linearized Equivalent Model of SC/MOV;140
10.4.2;6.3.2 Voltage/Current Inversion Phenomena;140
10.4.3;6.3.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling for Inter-circuit Faults;140
10.4.4;6.3.4 Effect of Inter-circuit Faults;140
10.5;6.4 Analysis of Inter-circuit Faults on Series Compensated Parallel Transmission Lines;141
10.5.1;6.4.1 Impedance Measured by the Conventional Ground Distance Relay;141
10.5.2;6.4.2 Impedance Measured by the Proposed Scheme;142
10.6;6.5 Results and Discussions;144
10.6.1;6.5.1 Phase-to-Phase Inter-circuit Fault;145
10.6.2;6.5.2 Phase-to-Phase-to-Ground Inter-circuit Fault;150
10.7;6.6 Advantages of the Proposed Scheme;151
10.8;6.7 Conclusion;152
10.9;References;153
11;7 Digital Distance Relaying Scheme for Phase Faults on Double Infeed Transmission Lines;154
11.1;Abstract;154
11.2;7.1 Introduction;154
11.3;7.2 Phase-to-Phase Fault on Series Compensated Double Infeed Transmission Line;155
11.3.1;7.2.1 Equivalent Circuit for Phase-to-Phase Fault;155
11.3.2;7.2.2 Goldsworthy’s Linearized Model for SC/MOV Parallel Combination;156
11.3.3;7.2.3 Voltage/Current Inversion Phenomena;157
11.3.4;7.2.4 Effect of Phase-to-Phase Fault;157
11.4;7.3 Analysis of Phase-to-Phase Fault;157
11.4.1;7.3.1 Impedance Measured by the Conventional Phase Distance Relay;158
11.4.2;7.3.2 Impedance Measured by the Proposed Scheme;158
11.5;7.4 Results and Discussions;160
11.5.1;7.4.1 Phase-to-Phase Fault;161
11.5.2;7.4.2 Three-Phase Fault;167
11.5.3;7.4.3 Phase Faults Involving Ground Path;167
11.6;7.5 Advantages of the Proposed Scheme;167
11.7;7.6 Conclusion;169
11.8;References;170
12;Appendix A;171
13;Appendix B;173
14;Appendix C;174
15;Appendix D;175
16;Appendix E;176
17;Appendix F;177