Luderer / Weetall Clinical Cellular Immunology

Molecular and Therapeutic Reviews
1982
ISBN: 978-1-4612-5802-5
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 392 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Contemporary Immunology

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Luderer, Albert A.

Weetall, Howard H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 The T Cell Antigen Receptor: Structural and Functional Considerations.- 1. Overview.- 2. Functional and Physical Analysis of T Cell Antigen-Specific Receptors.- 2.1. Functional Studies.- 2.2. Direct Physical Measurements.- 2.3 Conclusions.- 3. Serological and Biochemical Analysis of T Cell Antigen-Specific Receptors.- 3.1. Serological Approaches.- 3.2. Ability of Anti-Idiotypic Reagents to Induce Functional T Cell Populations.- 3.3. Additional Molecular Analysis of the T Cell Receptor Structure.- 3.4. T Cell Hybridomas as an Approach to Studying the T Cell Receptor Structure.- 3.5. Conclusions.- 4. Physiologic Constraints in the Recognition Function of the T Cell Antigen Receptor.- 4.1. General Antigen Processing Cell (APC) Requirements.- 4.2. APC Antigen Processing.- 4.3. APC—T Cell Interaction Structures.- 4.4. Conclusions.- 5. Cytotoxic T Cell Ligand-Binding Sites are Critically Affected by Recognition Structures on Other Cells.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Ligand—Histocompatibility-Antigen Display.- 5.3. Molecular Relationships and Models of Interaction Structures.- 5.4. Conclusions.- 6. Summary.- References.- 2 Regulation of the Immune Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ir Genes in Guinea Pigs.- 2.1. The PLL Gene.- 2.2. PLL Gene Control of T Cell Responses.- 2.3. The Role of MHC Products in the PLL Response.- 3. The Ir-1 Gene.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. (T,G)—A —L and Ir Gene Control.- 3.3. Ir-1 Control of T Cell Responses.- 3.4. Mechanisms of Ir-1 Gene Control.- 3.5. Characteristics of the Ir-1 Gene.- 4. Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness to Staphylococcal Nuclease.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Staphylococcal Nuclease Molecule.- 4.3. Ir-Nase.- 4.4. T Cell Responses to Nuclease Controlled by Ir-Nase.- 4.5. Anti-Idiotype Antibodies and Ir-Nase.- 4.6. At Least Three Genes Control Immune Response to Nuclease.- 5. Ia Antigens.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Anti-Ia Antisera and Ir-Gene-Controlled Responses.- 6. Complementing Ir Genes.- 6.1. GL-Phenyl Ir Genes (? and ?).- 6.2. Anti-Ia Antisera and GL-Phenyl ? and ? Genes.- 6.3. Cells Involved in Ir-Gene-Controlled Response.- 7. Immunosuppressor Genes.- 7.1. GAT Is Genes.- 7.2. Complementing Is Genes.- 8. Genetic Control of Cellular Immune Responses.- 8.1. Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions.- 8.2. Cytotoxic T Cell Responses.- 9. Human Immune-Response Genes.- 9.1. Antigen-Specific Helper Factors in Humans.- 9.2. Cytotoxic T Cell Responses in Humans.- 10. An Hypothesis to Explain the Interrelationship Among Ir Genes, Ia Antigens, and MLR-Stimulating Determinants.- 11. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Immunosuppressive Agents: A Conceptual Overview of Their Action on Inductive and Regulatory Pathways.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inductive and Regulatory Aspects of Immune Responses: Current Concepts.- 3. Classes and Subclasses of Lymphocytes and Their Functions.- 4. Antibody Responses to Thymus-Independent and Thymus-Dependent Antigens.- 4.1. T-Independent Responses.- 4.2. The Heterogeneity of B Cells.- 4.3. T-Dependent Responses.- 4.4. Modes of Help and the Heterogeneity of TH Cells.- 5. Inductive and Regulatory Functions: Antigens, Cells, Cognitive and Regulating Molecules, and Networks.- 5.1. Recapitulation and Projections.- 5.2. LAF and TCGF Promote T Cell Proliferation and Function.- 5.3. The Role of Antigens.- 5.4. Genes Regulating Immune Responses, Macrophages, and Antigen Presentation.- 5.5. Inductive and Regulatory Networks and Circuits.- 6. A Closer Look at Induction and Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 6.1. General Considerations.- 6.2. CMI, Though Sovereign, Is Not Entirely Free of Antibody Influence. The Inverse Relationship of DTH and Antibody.- 6.3. DTH—Induction and Regulation As An Example of CMI/Antibody Interplay Under Control of Dose and Route of Antigen.- 6.4. Contact Sensitivity (CS) Provides New Clues to Immune Induction and Regulation.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4 Immunosuppressive Agents—Their Action on Inductive and Regulatory Pathways: The Differential Effects of Agents Used Clinically or Experimentally in the Treatment of Cancer.- 1. Variables that Determine the Effect of Cancer Therapeutic Agents on Antibody Production.- 1.1. Suppression of Antibody Production in the Primary Response: Some Agents Preferentially Affect Stimulated (Proliferating) Cells, Others Are More Effective Against Resting Systems. TD and TI Responses are Affected Differently.- 1.2. Some Drugs Seem to Discriminate Among B Cell Subsets.- 1.3. Differential Effects on Memory Cell Precursors and Effectors.- 2. Diversity of Effects of Immunosuppressive Drugs on CMI.- 2.1. Dissociation of Antiproliferative, Anticytotoxic, and Anti-PFC Effects.- 2.2. Selective Action Against Macrophage Cytotoxicity.- 2.3. DTH Reactions Can Be Enhanced or Inhibited by Alkylating Agents.- 3. Alkylating Agents Exert Selective Action Against Cells in the Suppressor Pathway.- 4. A Closer Look at Agents That Are More Suppressive Before Immunization.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. The Multifaceted Effects of Ecteinascidia turbinata.- 4.3. C. parvum Potentiates and Suppresses Immune Responses.- 4.4. Other Natural Products.- 4.5. Radiation Paradox.- 4.6. Ultraviolet Radiation and Immunosuppression.- 5. The Many Faces and Interfaces of Cyclophosphamide Action.- 5.1. General Considerations of Cyclophosphamide Action.- 5.2. A Brief Review of Reports on the Variable Action of Cyclophosphamide on the Immune Response.- 5.3. The Effects of Cyclophosphamide on Cell Membranes.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 The Immunobiology of Human Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Classification Schema.- 3. Functional Studies.- 4. The Ontogeny of Lymphocytes.- 4.1. B Cells.- 4.2. T Cells.- 5. Overview of Immunoregulation.- 6. Lymphocyte Identification.- 6.1. B Cell.- 6.2. T Cell.- 6.3. Enzyme Studies.- 7. New Directions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Cell-Mediated Immunity in Autoimmune Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Self-Recognition and Tolerance.- 3. Induction of Autoimmunity.- 4. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Autoimmune Disease.- 5. Cell-Mediated Immunity in Autoimmune Diseases of Animals.- 5.1. Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis.- 5.2. Experimental Allergic Orchitis.- 5.3. Spontaneous and Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis.- 6. Cell-Mediated Immunity in Autoimmune Disease of Humans.- 6.1. Connective Tissue Disorders.- 6.2. Endocrine-Associated Organ-Specific Diseases.- 6.3. Non-Endocrine Organ Diseases.- 7. Summary.- References.- 7 Cell-Mediated Immunity in Tumor Rejection.- 1. Immune Surveillance—A Theory Under Scrutiny.- 2. Tumor Antigens.- 3. Effector Mechanisms in Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 4. Effector Molecules.- 5. Depression of Immunity by Tumors: Suppressor Cells and Factors.- 5.1. Suppressor T Cells.- 5.2. Suppressor B Lymphocytes.- 5.3. Suppressor Macrophages.- 5.4. Tumor-Induced Suppression without Suppressor Cells.- 6. Immunotherapy.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Transfer Factor and Other Factors in Leukocyte Dialyzates That Affect Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Transfer Phenomenon.- 3. Clinical Use of Leukocyte Dialyzates or Transfer-Factor Preparations.- 4. Biochemical Characterization.- 4.1. Dermal Transfer Activity.- 4.2. Other In Vivo Activities of Fractionated Dialyzed Leukocyte Extract.- 4.3. In Vitro Activities.- 5. Experimental Considerations.- 5.1. Donor.- 5.2. Recipient.- 5.3. Preparation of Leukocyte Material.- 6. Implications for Immunotherapy.- References.- 9 Hybridization of Lymphocytes: Techniques and Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. B Cell Hybrids.- 2.1. Cell Lines.- 2.2. General Hybridization Protocol.- 2.3. Optimizing Fusion Parameters.- 2.4. Screening.- 2.5. Selection and Maintenance of Positive Clones.- 2.6. Loss of Antibody Production.- 3. T Cell Hybrids.- 4. Applications and Future Perspectives.- Notes Added in Proof.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 10 Immunologic Tests for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Defects in Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy of the Immune System.- 3. In Vivo Manifestations of Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 3.1. Granuloma Formation.- 3.2. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity.- 3.3. Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity.- 3.4. General Conclusions.- 4. In Vitro Tests of Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 4.1. Membrane Receptors on T Cells.- 4.2. Antigenic Surface Markers on T Cells.- 4.3. Functional Assays.- 5. Clinical Immunodeficiencies.- 5.1. Prethymic Failure of T Cell Differentiation.- 5.2. Failure of Intrathymic Maturation or of Thymic Development.- 5.3. Defects of Regulation.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.