Lucas / Makrides / Ziegler Importance of Growth for Health and Development

65th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop, Pediatric Program, Kuala Lumpur, March 2009.
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-8055-9305-2
Verlag: S. Karger
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 65, 265 Seiten

Reihe: Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

Growth is universally used by health care professionals and caregivers to judge the physical condition of babies and children: poor growth in early life has a negative impact on cognitive development and morbidity, whereas rapid and excessive growth is associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease. This publication explores in some detail the relationship between early growth patterns and later neurodevelopment, obesity, cardiovascular outcomes and longevity in both industrialized and semi-industrialized societies. It consists of three parts that each deals with a specific topic: The first part focuses on the connection between early growth and obesity and cardiovascular outcomes. The next section concentrates on the interrelationship between growth and neurological development, and the last part is dedicated to the control and assessment of physical growth.Bringing together the expert opinions of outstanding clinicians and scientists, this book will be of particular value for pediatricians, public health scientists and epidemiologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lucas, A.

Makrides, M.

Ziegler, E.E.

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Vorklinische Medizin: Grundlagenfächer Physiologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Kardiologie, Angiologie, Phlebologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Pädiatrie, Neonatologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Ernährungsmedizin, Diätetik
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Essstörungen & Therapie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Neurologie, Klinische Neurowissenschaft

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;5
3;Preface;7
4;Foreword;9
5;Contributors;11
6;Introduction;15
6.1;Growth and Later Health: A General Perspective;15
6.1.1;Abstract;15
6.1.2;Programming;16
6.1.3;Programming of Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease;16
6.1.4;Early Growth and the Brain;18
6.1.5;Windows for Programming by Early Growth;21
6.1.6;Mechanisms for Programming Effects;22
6.1.7;Future Perspectives;22
6.1.8;References;22
6.1.9;Discussion;23
7;13Growth, Obesity and CV Outcomes;27
7.1;Early Infancy as a Critical Period for Development of Obesity and Related Conditions;27
7.1.1;Abstract;27
7.1.2;Acknowledgements;33
7.1.3;References;33
7.1.4;Discussion;34
7.1.5;References;37
7.2;Leptin, Nutrition, and the Programming of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits;39
7.2.1;Abstract;39
7.2.2;Introduction;39
7.2.3;Importance of the Hypothalamus in Regulating Feeding and Energy Balance;40
7.2.4;Development of Hypothalamic Feeding Circuits;41
7.2.5;Factors Influencing Hypothalamic Development;42
7.2.6;Conclusions;47
7.2.7;Acknowledgments;47
7.2.8;References;48
7.2.9;Discussion;49
7.2.10;References;52
7.3;Early Growth and Ageing;55
7.3.1;Abstract;55
7.3.2;Introduction;55
7.3.3;Epidemiological Data;56
7.3.4;Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis;56
7.3.5;Accelerated Early Postnatal Growth;56
7.3.6;Animal Models;57
7.3.7;Global Caloric Restriction;57
7.3.8;Intrauterine Artery Ligation;58
7.3.9;Hypoxic Model;58
7.3.10;Maternal Iron Restriction;58
7.3.11;Glucocorticoid Overexposure;58
7.3.12;Maternal Protein Restriction;59
7.3.13;Mechanisms Linking Early Growth and Ageing;60
7.3.14;Conclusion;62
7.3.15;References;63
7.3.16;Discussion;64
7.3.17;References;67
7.4;Does Early Growth Affect Long-Term Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease?;69
7.4.1;Abstract;69
7.4.2;Introduction;69
7.4.3;Evidence from Animal Models;70
7.4.4;Evidence from Humans;70
7.4.5;Mechanisms;75
7.4.6;Public Health Implications;76
7.4.7;Conclusions;76
7.4.8;References;77
7.4.9;Discussion;78
7.4.10;References;83
7.5;Developing World Perspective:The Importance of Growth for Short-Term Health;85
7.5.1;Abstract;85
7.5.2;Introduction;85
7.5.3;Why Is Poor Child Growth Related to Increased Morbidity and Mortality?;87
7.5.4;Extent of Malnutrition, Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries;88
7.5.5;Epidemiologic Evidence Relating Stunting and Wasting to Subsequent Morbidity and Mortality;88
7.5.6;Benefits of Catch-Up Growth;90
7.5.7;Conclusion: Future Research Needs for Evaluating the Tradeoffs;91
7.5.8;References;91
7.5.9;Discussion;93
7.5.10;References;97
8;Growth and Neurological Development;99
8.1;Postnatal Growth and Development in the Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Infant;99
8.1.1;Abstract;99
8.1.2;References;108
8.1.3;Discussion;110
8.1.4;References;112
8.2;Interrelationship between Growth and Development in Low and Middle Income Countries;113
8.2.1;Abstract;113
8.2.2;Introduction;113
8.2.3;Methods;114
8.2.4;LBW and Development;115
8.2.5;Postnatal Growth and Development;118
8.2.6;Control for Confounding in Studies of Growth and Development;126
8.2.7;Relative Importance of Prenatal vs. Postnatal Growth for Child Development Outcomes;127
8.2.8;Appropriate Analytic Approaches to Assess the Relative Importance of Growth across Periods;128
8.2.9;Review of Studies That Used Appropriate Methods for Assessingthe Relative Importance of Prenatal vs. Postnatal Growth onChild Development;128
8.2.10;Possible Mechanisms Liking Growth Retardation and Poor Development;129
8.2.11;Conclusions;130
8.2.12;References;130
8.2.13;Discussion;132
8.2.14;References;134
8.3;Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Neurodevelopmentand Growth;137
8.3.1;Abstract;137
8.3.2;Type of LCPUFA Supplementation;138
8.3.3;When to Supplement with LCPUFA;142
8.3.4;Dose of LCPUFA;143
8.3.5;How Does DHA Work and Does This Relate to DHA Dose?;144
8.3.6;References;145
8.3.7;Discussion;147
8.3.8;References;150
8.4;Growth and Development of the Brainand Impact on Cognitive Outcomes;151
8.4.1;Abstract;151
8.4.2;Brain Development and Growth Visualized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging;152
8.4.3;Microstructural Brain Development by DTI;155
8.4.4;Developing WM Connectivity;156
8.4.5;Imaging and Neurodevelopmental Disorders;158
8.4.6;References;161
8.4.7;Discussion;163
8.4.8;Reference;165
8.5;Benefits and Harms of IronSupplementation in Iron-Deficientand Iron-Sufficient Children;167
8.5.1;Abstract;167
8.5.2;Introduction;167
8.5.3;Anemia;168
8.5.4;Brain Development;169
8.5.5;Growth;170
8.5.6;Infections;171
8.5.7;Interactions with Other Minerals;172
8.5.8;Mode of Administration;174
8.5.9;Conclusions;174
8.5.10;References;175
8.5.11;Discussion;176
8.5.12;References;179
9;Physical Growth and Body Composition;181
9.1;Effects of Selective Dropout on Infant Growth Standards;181
9.1.1;Abstract;181
9.1.2;Introduction;181
9.1.3;Data;183
9.1.4;Statistical Methods;183
9.1.5;Results;184
9.1.6;Discussion;185
9.1.7;Acknowledgements;188
9.1.8;References;188
9.1.9;Discussion;189
9.1.10;References;193
9.2;The 2000 Centers for Disease Controland Prevention Growth Charts: Several Insights after 8 Years;195
9.2.1;Abstract;195
9.2.2;Development of the 2000 CDC Growth Charts;196
9.2.3;Infant Charts and Data between Birth and 3 Months;198
9.2.4;BMI and Extreme Percentiles;204
9.2.5;Conclusion;205
9.2.6;References;206
9.2.7;Discussion;207
9.2.8;References;209
9.3;Growth Charts Compared;211
9.3.1;Abstract;211
9.3.2;Methods;212
9.3.3;Results;213
9.3.4;Discussion;220
9.3.5;References;223
9.3.6;Discussion;224
9.3.7;References;226
9.4;Body Composition in Infancy: Impacton Health Later in Life;227
9.4.1;Abstract;227
9.4.2;Introduction;227
9.4.3;Body Composition Methods and Models;228
9.4.4;Body Composition during Early Infancy;231
9.4.5;References;234
9.4.6;Discussion;235
9.4.7;References;238
9.5;Endocrinology of Growth;239
9.5.1;Abstract;239
9.5.2;Why Do Animals Grow?;239
9.5.3;What Causes Animals to Grow?;241
9.5.4;IGF Structure;241
9.5.5;Targeted Disruption of the IGF Genes;242
9.5.6;GH Receptor;244
9.5.7;IGF Deficiency;245
9.5.8;Therapeutic Implications;246
9.5.9;References;247
9.5.10;Discussion;248
9.6;Concluding Remarks;253
10;Subject Index;261