Buch, Englisch, 368 Seiten
Buch, Englisch, 368 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-39907-9
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Comprehensive Guidance and Case Studies to Improve Indoor Air Quality
Bridging theory with real-world application, Indoor Aerosol Dynamics offers a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the behavior of airborne particles in indoor environments, delivering clear guidance and practical tools on a range of topics from fundamental mechanics to health impacts and engineering controls.
Readers will find information on indoor aerosol emission, movement, transformation, and removal, more specifically on indoor PM2.5, PM10, bioaerosols, pathogenic aerosols, secondary organic aerosols, aerosol generation, spatial transport, exposure, respiratory health, CFD simulation, multi-zone model, aerosol sampling and measurement, ventilation, filtration, disinfection, microbial inactivation, etc., enabling them to mitigate respiratory exposure and control infectious disease transmission. The book supports the development of elaborate measurement, sampling, monitoring, ventilation, filtration, and disinfection strategies, making it vital for applications in environmental health and engineering, building science, and public hygiene.
Discover information on: - Aerosol sources, transport modeling, exposure assessment, and infection transmission, with a focus on practical relevance
- Indoor aerosol behavior, including non-biological aerosols and bioaerosols, from emission and transport to health impacts and control strategies
- Health impacts of indoor aerosols from diverse sources—cooking, smoking, cleaning, lavatory use, and intrusion of outdoor aerosols
- Airborne infectious disease transmission including pathogenic aerosol shedding, exposure, symptoms, and risk evaluation
- Real-world case studies, data, problem sets, and other instructor materials for teaching and self-study
Essential for professionals working in the fields of public health, indoor air quality, ventilation, and indoor environmental systems, this book is also valuable for policy makers and regulators, and students in related programs of study.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Naturwissenschaften Chemie Analytische Chemie Umweltchemie, Lebensmittelchemie
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Betriebswirtschaft Bereichsspezifisches Management Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltverschmutzung, Umweltkriminalität, Umweltrecht
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Betriebswirtschaft Bereichsspezifisches Management Arbeitsplatz, Arbeitsschutz, Gefahrstoffschutz
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xiii
List of Abbreviations xvii
Nomenclature xxi
1 Aerosol Fundamentals 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definitions of Aerosols 1
1.3 Sources of Aerosols 1
1.3.1 Natural Aerosol Sources 2
1.3.2 Anthropogenic Aerosol Sources 2
1.3.3 Secondary Aerosols 3
1.4 Physical Properties of Aerosol Particles 4
1.4.1 Particle Size 4
1.4.2 Particle Density 5
1.4.3 Particle Shape 6
1.4.4 Particle Surface Area 7
1.4.5 Particle Concentration 8
1.4.6 Electrical Properties of Aerosol Particles 9
1.5 Chemical Properties 10
1.6 Bioaerosol 10
1.6.1 Definition 11
1.6.2 Sources of Bioaerosols 12
1.7 Size Distribution of Aerosol Particles 12
1.7.1 Overview of Particle Sizes 12
1.7.2 Particle Size Distribution Functions 13
1.7.2.1 Normal Distribution 13
1.7.2.2 Lognormal Distribution 14
1.8 Summary 16
Problems 17
References 17
2 Particle Motion Basics 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Newton’s Resistance Law 21
2.3 Stokes’s Law 23
2.4 Settling Velocity 25
2.5 Particle Mobility 25
2.6 Slip Correction Factor 26
2.7 Nonspherical Shape Correction 30
2.8 Aerodynamic Diameter 31
2.9 Correction to Stokes’s Law near BoundaryWalls 32
2.10 Summary 34
2.11 Problems 35
Appendix: Derivation of Stokes’s Law 36
References 39
3 Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle Motion 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Relaxation Time 41
3.3 Straight-Line Particle Acceleration 43
3.4 Stopping Distance 46
3.5 Curvilinear Motion 48
3.6 Stokes Number 49
3.7 Inertial Impaction 50
3.8 Summary 55
Problems 56
References 57
4 Adhesion and Detachment of Particles 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Adhesive Forces 59
4.2.1 van derWaals Force 59
4.2.2 Electrostatic Force 61
4.2.3 Surface Tension Force 61
4.2.4 Overall Adhesive Forces and Some Comparisons 62
4.3 Detachment of Particles 64
4.3.1 Methods for Measurement of Particle Detachment 64
4.3.1.1 Centrifugal Separation 64
4.3.1.2 Air Blowing for Particle Separation 64
4.3.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy Separation 66
4.3.1.4 Vibration Separation 67
4.3.2 Comparison of Forces Acting on Particles 68
4.4 Particle Resuspension 69
4.4.1 Major Factors Affecting Particle Resuspension 69
4.4.1.1 Aerodynamic Action 70
4.4.1.2 Mechanical Disturbances 71
4.4.1.3 Electrostatic Action 73
4.4.1.4 Surface Properties 73
4.4.1.5 Particle Properties 73
4.4.2 Resuspension in Boundary Layers 73
4.4.3 Particle Resuspension Rates 74
4.5 Particle Bounce 76
4.6 Summary 77
Problems 78
References 79
5 Brownian Motion and Diffusion and Thermophoresis 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Diffusion Coefficient 81
5.3 Particle Mean Thermal Velocity 85
5.4 Particle Mean Free Path 86
5.5 Brownian Displacement 87
5.6 Diffusion Deposition 89
5.7 Thermophoresis 92
5.8 Summary 96
Problems 96
References 97
6 Sampling and Measurement of Particle Concentrations 99
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Particle Sampling 99
6.2.1 Isokinetic Sampling 100
6.2.2 Anisokinetic Sampling 102
6.2.2.1 Misalignment Sampling 102
6.2.2.2 Superisokinetic Sampling 104
6.2.2.3 Subisokinetic Sampling 105
6.3 Sampling from Still Air 106
6.4 Particle Transport Losses 108
6.4.1 Diffusion Deposition Loss 109
6.4.2 Inertial Deposition Loss 110
6.4.3 Electrostatic and Thermophoretic Deposition Loss 111
6.5 Off-Line Measurement of Particles 111
6.5.1 Filter Sampling 112
6.5.2 Inertial Classifier 113
6.6 Real-Time Measurement of Particles 115
6.6.1 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 115
6.6.2 Optical Measurement 116
6.6.2.1 Optical Particle Counter 116
6.6.2.2 Condensation Particle Counter 118
6.6.2.3 Fluorescence-based Bioaerosol Detection 118
6.7 Summary 120
Problems 121
References 122
7 Indoor Aerosol Sources 125
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Aerosol Sources in Households 125
7.2.1 Cooking Oil Fumes 125
7.2.1.1 Chemical Compounds in COFs 126
7.2.1.2 Emission Dynamics of COFs 126
7.2.2 Particle Emission from Heat Sources 128
7.2.2.1 Cooking Heat Sources 128
7.2.2.2 Building Heat Sources 130
7.2.3 Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes 130
7.2.4 Incense Stick and Candle Burning 132
7.2.5 Ironing 133
7.2.6 Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs) 133
7.2.6.1 Formation of SOAs 133
7.2.6.2 Spraying of Household Cleaning Products or Liquid Air Fresheners 134
7.2.6.3 Personal Care Products 136
7.3 Aerosol Sources in Offices 137
7.3.1 Printers 137
7.3.2 Photocopiers 138
7.3.3 Computers 140
7.4 Aerosol Sources in Lavatories 140
7.4.1 Aerosol Emission from Toilet Flushing 141
7.4.1.1 Surveyed Bioaerosol Emission after Flushing of a Toilet 141
7.4.1.2 Flushing a Sitting Toilet 143
7.4.2 Aerosol Emission from Urinal Flushing 144
7.4.3 Aerosol Emission from Handwashing 146
7.4.4 Aerosol Emission during Hand Drying under a Jet Dryer 147
7.4.5 Aerosol Emission from Showering 150
7.5 Intrusion of Outdoor Particles 151
7.5.1 Intrusion of General Outdoor Particles 151
7.5.1.1 Mechanical Ventilation Pathway 151
7.5.1.2 Natural Ventilation Pathway 152
7.5.1.3 Penetration Through Building Cracks 153
7.5.1.4 Indoor-Outdoor Particle Concentration (I/O ratio) 154
7.5.2 Intrusion of Pollens and Molds 157
7.5.2.1 Intrusion of Pollens 157
7.5.2.2 Intrusion of Molds 158
7.6 Summary 162
7.6.1 In Households 163
7.6.2 In Offices 163
7.6.3 In Lavatories 163
7.6.4 Intrusion of Outdoor Aerosols 164
Problems 165
References 166
8 Indoor Aerosol Transport Modeling 179
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Multizone Model 179
8.2.1 Basic Principles 179
8.2.2 Demonstration of Multizone Modeling of Airflow and Transport of a Tracer Gas inside a House 182
8.2.3 Demonstration of Multizone Modeling of Particle Transport and CO2 Concentration in a Test Room 184
8.3 CFD Modeling of Air Motion 187
8.3.1 Governing Equations of RANS Modeling 187
8.3.2 Numerical Solution to the RANS Model 188
8.3.3 Demonstration of CFD Modeling of Airflow, Heat Transfer, and Transport of a Tracer Gas in Indoor Environments 192
8.4 Eulerian-Based Particle Modeling 198
8.4.1 Basic Principles 198
8.4.2 Demonstration of Eulerian-Based Particle Modeling in a Ventilated Enclosure 199
8.5 Lagrangian-Based Particle Modeling 202
8.5.1 Basic Principles 202
8.5.2 Demonstration of Lagrangian-Based Particle Modeling in a Ventilated Enclosure 204
8.6 Multiphase Particle Modeling 207
8.6.1 Basic Principles 207
8.6.1.1 Multiphase Flow Modeling 207
8.6.1.2 Coupled Euler–Lagrange Modeling 208
8.6.1.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling 210
8.6.2 Demonstration of Modeling of Cough Droplets in Space 212
8.6.3 Demonstration of Modeling of Liquid Aerosol Generation and Transport during the Flushing of a Squat Toilet 214
8.7 Summary 219
Problems 220
References 222
9 Indoor Aerosol Exposure and Health Effects 225
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 Mechanisms of Respiratory Exposure 225
9.3 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Aerosol Components 229
9.4 Health Effects of Nonbiological Aerosol Exposure 231
9.4.1 Birth Outcomes 232
9.4.2 Mortality 232
9.4.3 Atopic Allergy and Asthma 232
9.4.4 Cancer 233
9.4.5 Cardiovascular Problems 233
9.5 Health Effects of Noninfectious Bioaerosol Exposure 234
9.5.1 Asthma 234
9.5.2 Rhinitis 235
9.5.3 Chronic Airflow Obstruction 235
9.5.4 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis 235
9.5.5 Chronic Bronchitis 235
9.5.6 Pulmonary Hemorrhage 236
9.5.7 Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome (ODTS) 236
9.5.8 Cancer 236
9.5.9 Building-related Illnesses and Symptoms 236
9.6 Summary 237
Problems 237
References 238
10 Indoor Pathogenic Aerosols and Transmission of Infection 241
10.1 Introduction 241
10.2 Shedding of Pathogenic Aerosols 241
10.2.1 Brief Introduction 241
10.2.2 Shedding of Liquid Aerosols by Breathing 242
10.2.3 Shedding of Liquid Aerosols by Talking 244
10.2.4 Shedding of Liquid Aerosols by Coughing and Sneezing 245
10.3 Transmission of Pathogenic Aerosols 247
10.3.1 Brief Introduction 247
10.3.2 Droplet Transmission 248
10.3.3 Airborne Transmission 250
10.3.4 Contact Transmission 252
10.4 Infectious Dose and Infection Risk 253
10.4.1 Brief Introduction 253
10.4.2 Minimum Dose for Infection 253
10.4.3 Wells–Riley Model 254
10.4.4 Demonstration of theWells–Riley Model in a Classroom 256
10.4.5 Dose–Response Model 260
10.4.6 Demonstration of the Dose–Response Model in an Aircraft Cabin 262
10.5 Summary 265
Problems 265
References 266
11 Particle Filtration and Indoor Air Cleaning 271
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Fiber Filters 271
11.2.1 Filtration Mechanisms 271
11.2.1.1 Interception 271
11.2.1.2 Inertial Impaction 273
11.2.1.3 Diffusion 274
11.2.1.4 Gravitational Settling 275
11.2.1.5 Electrostatic Attraction 276
11.2.2 Performance Evaluation of Fiber Filters 276
11.2.2.1 Face Velocity and Filtration Velocity 276
11.2.2.2 Efficiency and Penetration Ratio 277
11.2.2.3 Pressure Drop 279
11.2.2.4 Quality Factor 280
11.2.2.5 Dust-holding Capacity 280
11.3 Electrostatic Precipitator 281
11.3.1 Basic Principles of ESPs 281
11.3.2 Evaluation of ESP Performance 283
11.3.2.1 Electric Field 283
11.3.2.2 Particle Migration Velocity 283
11.3.2.3 Particle Collection Efficiency 284
11.4 Operation of Air Cleaners 284
11.4.1 PM Exposure Limits 284
11.4.2 Air Cleaner Operation 286
11.4.2.1 Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) 286
11.4.2.2 Operation of Air Cleaners and Replacement of Air Filters 287
11.5 Summary 287
References 289
12 Inactivation of Indoor Microbial Aerosols 291
12.1 Introduction 291
12.2 Chemical Disinfectants 291
12.2.1 Alcohol-Based Disinfectants 292
12.2.2 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 292
12.2.3 Chlorine Compounds 293
12.2.4 Hydrogen Peroxide 294
12.3 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) 294
12.3.1 Mechanism of UVC Inactivation of Microbes 295
12.3.2 UVC Light Sources 295
12.3.2.1 Mercury-Vapor Lamps 296
12.3.2.2 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 296
12.3.2.3 Excimer Lamps 297
12.3.3 Parameters Affecting UVC Inactivation Performance 297
12.3.3.1 Microbial Species 297
12.3.3.2 Environmental Conditions 297
12.3.3.3 Medium of Microbial Attachment 297
12.3.4 Environmental and Health Safety Issues 298
12.4 Plasma Treatment 299
12.4.1 Mechanisms of Plasma Treatment 299
12.4.1.1 Etching Effect on the Cell 300
12.4.1.2 Cell Membrane Perforation and Electrostatic Disruption 300
12.4.1.3 Oxidation of Intracellular Macromolecules 301
12.4.2 Effectiveness of Plasma Treatment 301
12.5 Other Disinfection Technologies 303
12.5.1 Ozone Oxidation 303
12.5.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) 304
12.6 Summary 305
Problems 305
References 306
Appendices 311
Index 319
