Liu Spacecraft TT&C and Information Transmission Theory and Technologies

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-3-662-43865-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 543 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Aerospace Technology

Spacecraft TT&C and Information Transmission Theory and Technologies introduces the basic theory of spacecraft TT&C (telemetry, track and command) and information transmission. Combining TT&C and information transmission, the book presents several technologies for continuous wave radar including measurements for range, range rate and angle, analog and digital information transmissions, telecommand, telemetry, remote sensing and spread spectrum TT&C. For special problems occurred in the channels for TT&C and information transmission, the book represents radio propagation features and its impact on orbit measurement accuracy, and the effects caused by rain attenuation, atmospheric attenuation and multi-path effect, and polarization composition technology. This book can benefit researchers and engineers in the field of spacecraft TT&C and communication systems.Liu Jiaxing is a professor at The 10th Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation.

Jiaxing Liu is a professor at the 10th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, where for the past 40 years he had participated in vital research pertaining to the design of various space TTC systems. He is a winner of Chinese Manned Space Outstanding Contributions Award, National Science and Technology Progress Awards, and National Defense Science and Technology Progress Awards. He has published over 100 papers, 4 books, and a paper collection on related subjects.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Liu, Jiaxing

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Contents;8
3;Chapter 1: Introduction;13
3.1;1.1 General;13
3.2;1.2 TTandC and Information Transmission;14
3.3;1.3 Tasks, Functions, and Classification of TTandC and Information Transmission;15
3.4;1.4 Engineering Applications of TTandC and Information Transmission Technologies [3];21
3.4.1;1.4.1 Unified Carrier CandT System [4];21
3.4.2;1.4.2 Space-Based CandT System [3];22
3.4.3;1.4.3 Deep-Space CandT System [5, 6];23
3.4.4;1.4.4 Phased Array CandT System [7];24
3.4.5;1.4.5 High-Accuracy Missile Range-Measuring System [3];25
3.4.6;1.4.6 Near-Space Vehicle TTandC and Information Transmission System [8];25
3.5;References;26
4;Chapter 2: Theories and Technologies of Tracking and Orbit-Measuring;27
4.1;2.1 General;27
4.2;2.2 Localization and Orbit-Measuring;28
4.2.1;2.2.1 Localization;28
4.2.2;2.2.2 Station Distribution Geometry and Localization Accuracy;33
4.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 RAE Localization System;34
4.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 ``Angle Intersection´´ Localization;35
4.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 ``Range Intersection´´ Localization;37
4.2.3;2.2.3 Trajectory Measurement System;42
4.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 RAE System;42
4.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Multi- System;42
4.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Rlm System;42
4.2.3.4;2.2.3.4 Rri System;43
4.2.3.5;2.2.3.5 Multi-AE System;43
4.2.3.6;2.2.3.6 Multi- System;44
4.3;2.3 Velocity-Measuring Theory and Technology: Two-Way, Three-Way, and Single-Way Velocity-Measuring Technologies;45
4.3.1;2.3.1 CW Velocity-Measuring;45
4.3.2;2.3.2 Doppler Frequency Measurement Method;48
4.3.3;2.3.3 Theoretical Analysis of Two-Way Coherent Doppler Velocity-Measuring Error;51
4.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Phase Noise Power Spectrum Density and Allan Variance [4, 6];51
4.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Theoretical Analysis of Two-Way Coherent Doppler Velocity-Measuring Error;60
4.3.3.2.1;Time Domain Analysis Method for Velocity Measurement Accuracy;60
4.3.3.2.2;Frequency Domain Analysis Method of Velocity Measurement Accuracy [3];74
4.3.4;2.3.4 Three-Way Noncoherent Doppler Velocity Measuring and Measuring;81
4.3.5;2.3.5 Two-Way Noncoherent Doppler Velocity Measuring;84
4.3.5.1;2.3.5.1 Ground Counteracting;85
4.3.5.2;2.3.5.2 Measuring in the Air and Processing on the Ground;87
4.3.5.3;2.3.5.3 Onboard Counteracting;89
4.3.6;2.3.6 One-Way Noncoherent Doppler Velocity Measuring;91
4.3.7;2.3.7 Theoretical Calculation of Velocity-Measuring Accuracy;93
4.3.7.1;2.3.7.1 Random Error;94
4.3.7.2;2.3.7.2 Velocity-Measuring System Error;97
4.4;2.4 Ranging Techniques Theory and Technology: Two-Way, Three-Way, and Single-Way Ranging Technologies;98
4.4.1;2.4.1 Continuous Wave Two-Way Ranging Methods;98
4.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 Tone Ranging System;98
4.4.1.2;2.4.1.2 Pseudorandom Code (PN Code) Ranging System;109
4.4.1.3;2.4.1.3 Hybrid Ranging System of Code and Tone;112
4.4.2;2.4.2 Vector Analysis Method of Ranging Error;116
4.4.3;2.4.3 Group Delay Characteristics Analysis Method of Ranging Error [12];125
4.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 Group Delay Analysis Method of Tone Ranging Error [12];125
4.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Group Delay Characteristics Analysis Method of PN Code Ranging Error and Spread Spectrum Ranging Error [13];133
4.4.4;2.4.4 Random Ranging Error;136
4.4.4.1;2.4.4.1 Ranging Error Introduced by Thermal Noise;136
4.4.4.2;2.4.4.2 Ranging Error Caused by Short-Term Stability of Ranging Signal;137
4.4.5;2.4.5 Theoretical Calculation of Ranging Accuracy;143
4.4.6;2.4.6 One-Way Ranging Technique;147
4.4.6.1;2.4.6.1 One-Way Ranging by Interferometer;148
4.4.6.2;2.4.6.2 One-Way Ranging Technique by the Time Synchronization Between Satellite and Earth;150
4.4.7;2.4.7 Three-Way Ranging Technique;151
4.4.8;2.4.8 Deep-Space Ranging System;152
4.5;2.5 Angle Measurement Theory and Technology;155
4.5.1;2.5.1 Angle Measurement Using Antenna Tracking - Three-Channel, Dual-Channel, and Single-Channel Monopulse Technologies;155
4.5.1.1;2.5.1.1 Three-Channel Monopulse (TCM) System;156
4.5.1.2;2.5.1.2 Dual-Channel Monopulse System (DCM);158
4.5.1.3;2.5.1.3 Single-Channel Monopulse System (SCM);160
4.5.2;2.5.2 Angle Measurement with Interferometer;167
4.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 Phase Difference Interferometer;167
4.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 Time-Delay Difference Interferometer;171
4.5.2.3;2.5.2.3 Deep-Space TTandC Application with Interferometer;172
4.5.3;2.5.3 Theoretical Calculation of Angle Tracking Accuracy [20];175
4.5.4;2.5.4 Theoretical Analysis of Angle Tracking of Wideband Signal - Cross-Correlation Function Method;179
4.5.5;2.5.5 Angle Measurement by Phased Array Tracking and Angle Measurement Accuracy - Space Window Sliding and Projective Plane Me...;190
4.5.5.1;2.5.5.1 Angle Measurement Principle by Phased Array Tracking;190
4.5.5.2;2.5.5.2 Monopulse Tracking of Planar Phased Array - Projective Plane Method;195
4.5.5.3;2.5.5.3 Angle Tracking of Curved Surface Phased Array - Space Window Sliding Method;198
4.5.5.4;2.5.5.4 Time-Sharing Multi-target Tracking, Simultaneous Multi-target Tracking, and Adaptive Tracking;207
4.5.5.5;2.5.5.5 Angle Measurement Accuracy of Phased Array Tracking;209
4.5.6;2.5.6 Independent Guidance, Self-Guidance, and Multi-beam Guidance;211
4.5.6.1;2.5.6.1 Independent Guidance;211
4.5.6.2;2.5.6.2 Self-Guidance;214
4.5.6.3;2.5.6.3 Multi-beam Guidance;220
4.5.7;2.5.7 Polarization Diversity-Synthesized Technology of Angle Tracking;229
4.5.7.1;2.5.7.1 Function of Polarization Diversity-Synthesized Technology;229
4.5.7.2;2.5.7.2 Mode and Principle of Signal Synthesis;231
4.5.7.3;2.5.7.3 Polarization Synthesis Scheme of Angle Tracking Channel;234
4.6;References;237
5;Chapter 3: Information Transmission Technologies;239
5.1;3.1 Analog Transmission Technology in CandT;240
5.1.1;3.1.1 Analog Signal Modulation;240
5.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 Mode of Analog Phase Angle Modulation;241
5.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Phase Angle Modulation Wave;244
5.1.1.3;3.1.1.3 Nonlinear PM Characteristics;246
5.1.2;3.1.2 Demodulation of Analog Signal;248
5.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Demodulation of Noise Plus Signal Through an Ideal Multiplier;249
5.1.2.2;3.1.2.2 Demodulation for Phase Discriminator with Non-ideal Sinusoidal Characteristic;253
5.1.3;3.1.3 Two-Way Carrier Acquisition in CandT - ``Frequency Sweep to Acquisition´´ and ``Following Sweep Slope Determination´´ [1];254
5.1.4;3.1.4 Combined Interference in the Unified Carrier CandT System - ``Modulation/Demodulation Integration Characteristic Analysi...;262
5.2;3.2 Digital Signal Transmission Technology in CandT;271
5.2.1;3.2.1 Overview;271
5.2.2;3.2.2 Optimum Transmission Response of Digital Signal Transmission [7];273
5.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 Optimum Receiving of Binary Digital Signal;274
5.2.2.2;3.2.2.2 Optimum Receiving of ``Non-bandlimited´´ Linear System;275
5.2.2.3;3.2.2.3 Optimum Transmission Response of ``Bandlimited´´ Linear System;277
5.2.3;3.2.3 Digital Modulation/Demodulation Technology;279
5.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Requirements of Vehicle CandT and Information Transmission System for Modulator/Demodulator;279
5.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Modulation Mode with the Highest Bandwidth Efficiency-Nyquist Bandlimited Modulation;282
5.2.3.3;3.2.3.3 Modulation Mode with High Power Efficiency;284
5.2.3.4;3.2.3.4 Quasi-constant Envelope Modulation;287
5.2.3.5;3.2.3.5 Comparison of Various Modulation Modes [11, 12];289
5.2.4;3.2.4 Channel Coding/Decoding Technology;289
5.2.4.1;3.2.4.1 Characteristics of Channel Coding/Decoding in Vehicle CandT and Information Transmission System;289
5.2.4.2;3.2.4.2 Basic Concept of ``Shannon Limit´´ and Channel Coding;290
5.2.4.3;3.2.4.3 RS Encoding;293
5.2.4.4;3.2.4.4 Error Detection Code;294
5.2.4.5;3.2.4.5 BCH Coding;295
5.2.4.6;3.2.4.6 Convolution Code;295
5.2.4.7;3.2.4.7 Concatenated Code;296
5.2.4.8;3.2.4.8 Interleave Coding;298
5.2.4.9;3.2.4.9 Turbo Code;299
5.2.4.10;3.2.4.10 Low Density Parity Check Code (LDPC Code);300
5.2.4.11;3.2.4.11 Unification of Error-Correction Coding and Modulation;301
5.2.5;3.2.5 Impacts of Noise on Data Transmission BER - Amplitude Noise Equivalent Method;303
5.2.5.1;3.2.5.1 Relationships Between AWGN and PSK Signal BER;303
5.2.5.2;3.2.5.2 Relationships of Signal Source Phase Noise and BER - ``Amplitude - Noise Equivalent Method´´ [15];304
5.2.6;3.2.6 Impacts of Linear Distortion on Data Transmission BER;309
5.2.6.1;3.2.6.1 Relationships of Phase Frequency Characteristic and BER;309
5.2.6.2;3.2.6.2 Relationships of Amplitude Frequency Characteristic and BER;312
5.2.6.3;3.2.6.3 Relationships of Coherent Carrier Phase Error and BER [18];316
5.2.6.4;3.2.6.4 Impacts of Phase Error of Phase Modulator on BER;317
5.2.6.5;3.2.6.5 Impacts of Deviation of Bit Timing Pulse on BER;318
5.2.6.6;3.2.6.6 Relationships of Judgment Threshold Level Changes and BER;318
5.2.6.7;3.2.6.7 Impacts of Standing Wave and Multipath Reflection on BER;319
5.2.7;3.2.7 Impacts of Non-linear Distortion on Data Transmission BER;320
5.2.7.1;3.2.7.1 Characteristics of Channel Nonlinearity;320
5.2.7.2;3.2.7.2 Impacts of AM-PM on Bit Error Rate;323
5.2.7.3;3.2.7.3 Impacts of Band-Limited Non-constant Envelope on Bit Error Rate;324
5.2.7.4;3.2.7.4 Frequency Spectrum Spreading Effect Caused by Channel Nonlinearity;327
5.2.7.5;3.2.7.5 Impacts of Nonlinearity on Frequency-Division Multiplex (FDM) Performance;328
5.2.7.6;3.2.7.6 Measures for Reducing Nonlinearity Impacts;332
5.3;3.3 Information Transmission Techniques for Telemetry, Command and Remote Sensing;334
5.3.1;3.3.1 Information Transmission Techniques for Telemetry;334
5.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Telemetry Overview;334
5.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Basic Model of Telemetry Information Transmission System;336
5.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Deep Space Telemetry Technique;342
5.3.2;3.3.2 Command Information Transmission Technology;346
5.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 Overview of Command;346
5.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Composition and Work Process;348
5.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Command System;350
5.3.2.4;3.3.2.4 Basic Model of Command Information Transmission System;351
5.3.2.5;3.3.2.5 Command Error Control Techniques;355
5.3.3;3.3.3 Remote Sensing Information Transmission Technique;359
5.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 Remote Sensing Overview;359
5.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Basic Model and Main Technical Issues of Remote Sensing Information Transmission;361
5.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 High-Speed Data Modulation/Demodulation;367
5.3.3.4;3.3.3.4 Function and Composition of Remote Sensing Information Receiving System;369
5.4;References;371
6;Chapter 4: Spread Spectrum TTandC;373
6.1;4.1 General;373
6.2;4.2 Features of Spread Spectrum TTandC;374
6.3;4.3 Basic Methods for Spread Spectrum TTandC;377
6.3.1;4.3.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS);378
6.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) DSSS;378
6.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) DSSS;381
6.3.2;4.3.2 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS);384
6.3.3;4.3.3 Hybrid Spread Spectrum of DSSS and FHSS;387
6.3.4;4.3.4 Time Hopping Spread Spectrum;387
6.3.5;4.3.5 Code Hopping;388
6.3.5.1;4.3.5.1 Concept of ``Code Hopping´´;388
6.3.5.2;4.3.5.2 Generation of Code Hopping Sequence;389
6.3.5.3;4.3.5.3 Synchronization of Code Hopping Sequence;390
6.3.5.4;4.3.5.4 High-Order Full-Permutation Code;391
6.4;4.4 Acquiring and Tracking of Spread Spectrum TTandC Signals;392
6.4.1;4.4.1 Acquiring and Tracking of DSSS Signals;392
6.4.2;4.4.2 Acquiring and Tracking of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Signals;398
6.4.3;4.4.3 Velocity Measuring of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum-``Two-Step Method´´ Frequency Hopping Velocity Measuring;400
6.5;4.5 Measuring Accuracy and Tracking Threshold for Direct Spread Spectrum TTandC;403
6.5.1;4.5.1 Phase Error in Carrier Loop of Spread Spectrum Receiver;404
6.5.2;4.5.2 Range Measurement Error in Spread Spectrum TTandC;405
6.5.3;4.5.3 Rate Measurement Error in Spread Spectrum TTandC;407
6.6;4.6 ``Double Spread Spectrum´´ and Its Application in TDRSS;407
6.6.1;4.6.1 Problems Raised;407
6.6.2;4.6.2 ``Code Division Multiplexing´´ and ``Double Spread Spectrum´´;408
6.6.3;4.6.3 Main Technical Problems of ``Double Spread Spectrum´´;410
6.7;4.7 Chaotic Sequence and Chaotic Spread Spectrum TTandC [5];413
6.7.1;4.7.1 Characteristics of Chaotic Sequence;413
6.7.2;4.7.2 Type, Selection, and Generation of Chaotic Sequence [6];417
6.7.2.1;4.7.2.1 Type of Chaotic Sequence;417
6.7.2.2;4.7.2.2 Selection of Chaotic Sequence;419
6.7.2.3;4.7.2.3 Generation of Code Library;421
6.7.3;4.7.3 Synchronization and Ranging of Chaotic Spread Spectrum Signals;426
6.7.3.1;4.7.3.1 ``Chaotic Code Hopping´´-Based Synchronization Method of an Infinite Chaotic Sequence - ``Following Water Access Metho...;426
6.7.3.2;4.7.3.2 Synchronization Scheme by Taking the Received Spread Spectrum Sequence as the Initial Value of Iteration at the Receiv...;429
6.7.3.3;4.7.3.3 Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) Scheme;430
6.7.3.4;4.7.3.4 A Ranging Scheme for the Infinite Chaotic Sequence;432
6.8;References;436
7;Chapter 5: Special Issues on Radio Transmission Channel in CandT;437
7.1;5.1 CandT Frequency Band Developing to Ka-Band and Optical Bands;437
7.1.1;5.1.1 Principle for Selecting CandT Frequency Band [1];437
7.1.2;5.1.2 Development Trend;440
7.1.2.1;5.1.2.1 Increase to Ka-Band;441
7.1.2.2;5.1.2.2 Optical Communication Technology;441
7.1.3;5.1.3 Background of Developing Ka-Band CandT System [2];442
7.1.4;5.1.4 Characteristics of Ka-Band CandT System;444
7.1.5;5.1.5 Main Technical Issues of Ka-Band CandT System;448
7.2;5.2 Rain Attenuation and Atmospheric Attenuation in Signal Transmission Channel [5];450
7.2.1;5.2.1 Significance of Rain Attenuation Study;450
7.2.2;5.2.2 Characteristics of Rain Attenuation;451
7.2.3;5.2.3 Calculation of Rain Attenuation;451
7.2.4;5.2.4 Increment in System Noise Temperature Caused by Rainfall;458
7.2.5;5.2.5 Rain Attenuation Countermeasure Technology;458
7.2.6;5.2.6 Atmospheric Attenuation in Signal Transmission Channel;462
7.3;5.3 Influence of Multipath Transmission [7];465
7.3.1;5.3.1 Three Types of Fast Fading Caused by Multipath Effect;467
7.3.1.1;5.3.1.1 Frequency Selective Fading;467
7.3.1.2;5.3.1.2 Space Selectivity Fading;468
7.3.1.3;5.3.1.3 Time Selectivity Fading;469
7.3.2;5.3.2 Nature of Reflection Coefficient;470
7.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Electromagnetic Reflection Coefficient;470
7.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Circular Polarization Reflection Coefficient;473
7.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 Reflection Coefficient of Rough Surface;474
7.3.3;5.3.3 Path Loss and Scintillation Fading in Case of Multipath Propagation;475
7.3.3.1;5.3.3.1 Path Loss in Case of Multipath Propagation;475
7.3.3.2;5.3.3.2 Scintillation Fading Caused by Multipath Propagation;479
7.3.4;5.3.4 Orbit Determination Error Caused by Multipath Propagation;480
7.3.4.1;5.3.4.1 Effect of Multipath Interference on Velocity-Measuring Accuracy;480
7.3.4.2;5.3.4.2 Effect of Multipath Interference on Ranging Accuracy;481
7.3.4.3;5.3.4.3 Effect of Multipath Interference on Angle-Measuring Accuracy;481
7.3.5;5.3.5 Effect of Multipath Interference on Data Transmission Bit Error Rate;484
7.3.5.1;5.3.5.1 Narrowband Fading Channel;485
7.3.5.2;5.3.5.2 Wideband Fading Channel;485
7.3.6;5.3.6 Anti-multipath Interference Measures;487
7.3.6.1;5.3.6.1 Decrease Multipath Signal to Improve S/J;488
7.3.6.2;5.3.6.2 Signal Extraction Under Low S/J;494
7.4;5.4 New Methods for Simulation and Calibration;510
7.4.1;5.4.1 Dynamic Simulation Method Based on Motion Equation;510
7.4.2;5.4.2 Phase Calibration Using Radio Star Noise [12, 13];515
7.4.2.1;5.4.2.1 Basic Principle;515
7.4.2.2;5.4.2.2 ``Phase Calibration´´ With RS Wideband;516
7.4.2.3;5.4.2.3 Radio Star Narrowband Phase Calibration;518
7.4.3;5.4.3 On-Orbit Phase Calibration by Measuring ``Cross-Coupling´´ Value;520
7.4.4;5.4.4 Geometric Optics Application for Range Calibration;523
7.4.4.1;5.4.4.1 Geometric Optics and Physical Optics;523
7.4.4.2;5.4.4.2 Geometric Relationship of Parabolic Antenna;524
7.4.4.3;5.4.4.3 Offset-Feed Zero-Range Calibration Based on Geometric Optics;525
7.4.5;5.4.5 Effect of Radio Wave Propagation Characteristic on Orbit Determination Accuracy;528
7.4.6;5.4.6 Tropospheric Radio Wave Refraction Error Correction;534
7.4.6.1;5.4.6.1 Range Error Correction;534
7.4.6.2;5.4.6.2 Correction of Angle-Measuring Accuracy Error from Tropospheric Refraction;535
7.4.6.3;5.4.6.3 Tropospheric Refraction Velocity Error Correction;536
7.4.7;5.4.7 Ionospheric Refraction Correction Methods;537
7.4.8;5.4.8 Factors Affecting Correction Accuracy;542
7.5;References;543