Litwack / Begley Cofactor Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Perspective

1. Auflage 2001
ISBN: 978-0-08-054453-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 61, 361 Seiten, Web PDF

Reihe: Vitamins and Hormones

The longest running serial published by Academic Press continues its well-respected run with Volume 61, a special volume in which a guest editor has come on board and has assembled some well-known contributors who are international authorities in the field. Together they tackle some of the latest topics in the field such as riboflavin and folate biosynthesis, biotin and lipoic acid biosynthesis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, biosynthesis of vitamin B6 and structurally related derivatives, pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis, mechanistic biosynthesis of protein-derived redox cofactors, ascorbic acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of menaquinone and ubiquinone - Vitamin B12 biosynthesis, biosynthesis of the methanogenic cofactors, and thiamin biosynthesis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Litwack, Gerald

Begley, Tadgh

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;8
3;Preface;12
4;Chapter 1. Biosynthesis of Riboflavin;14
4.1;I. Introduction;15
4.2;II. An Overview of the Riboflavin Biosynthetic Pathway;16
4.3;III. Riboflavin Is Formed from a Purine Precursor via Diaminopyrimidine Intermediates;21
4.4;IV. GTP Cyclohydrolase II;22
4.5;V. Reductase and Deaminase;24
4.6;VI. An Elusive Phosphatase;25
4.7;VII. 3,4-Dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-Phosphate Synthase;25
4.8;VIII. Lumazine Synthase;29
4.9;IX. Riboflavin Synthase;33
4.10;X. Riboflavin Synthase Paralogs in Bioluminescence;36
4.11;XI. Riboflavin Synthase of Archaebacteria;37
4.12;XII. The Lumazine Synthase/Riboflavin Synthase Complex of Bacillaceae;38
4.13;XIII. Flavokinase and FAD Synthetase;38
4.14;XIV. Riboflavin Production by Fermentation;39
4.15;XV. Inhibitors of Riboflavin Biosynthesis;40
4.16;XVI. Biosynthesis of Riboflavin in Plants;42
4.17;XVII. Regulation of Riboflavin Biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis;42
4.18;XVIII. Biosynthesis of 5-Deaza-7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxyriboflavin;42
4.19;XIX. Biosynthesis of Molybdopterin;44
4.20;XX. Conclusion;46
4.21;References;50
5;Chapter 2. Biosynthesis of Biotin and Lipoic Acid;64
5.1;I. Biosynthesis of Biotin;65
5.2;II. Biosynthesis of Lipoic Acid;98
5.3;III. Conclusion;103
5.4;References;104
6;Chapter 3. The Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotides in Bacteria;116
6.1;I. Introduction;117
6.2;II. The NAD(P) Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacteria;117
6.3;III. The Biosynthetic Enzymes;117
6.4;IV. The Enzymes of NAD(P) Recycling and Salvage;125
6.5;V. Regulation of NAD(P) Biosynthesis;127
6.6;VI. NAD(P) Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes;127
6.7;VII. NAD(P) in Human Nutrition;128
6.8;VIII. Summary and Conclusions;129
6.9;References;129
7;Chapter 4. Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 and Structurally Related Derivatives;134
7.1;I. Introduction;134
7.2;II. Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 in Escherichia coli;136
7.3;III. Biosynthesis of Ginkgotoxin in Ginkgo biloba;159
7.4;IV. Conclusions;162
7.5;References;162
8;Chapter 5. The Biosynthesis of Coenzyme A in Bacteria;170
8.1;I. Introduction;171
8.2;II. The Coenzyme A Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacteria;171
8.3;III. Regulation of Coenzyme A Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli;179
8.4;IV. Coenzyme A Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae;179
8.5;V. Coenzyme A in Human Nutrition;179
8.6;VI. Summary and Conclusions;180
8.7;References;181
9;Chapter 6. Biosynthesis of Menaquinone (Vitamin K2) and Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q): A Perspective on Enzymatic Mechanisms;186
9.1;I. Introduction;187
9.2;II. Menaquinone Biosynthesis;190
9.3;III. Ubiquinone Biosynthesis;204
9.4;IV. Biosynthesis of the Polyprenyl Side Chain;212
9.5;V. Comparison of Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis in Yeast and Escherichia coli;218
9.6;VI. Conclusions;221
9.7;References;223
10;Chapter 7. Mechanisms of Biosynthesis of Protein-Derived Redox Cofactors;232
10.1;I. Introduction;232
10.2;II. Biological Significance;234
10.3;III. Discoveries of Protein-Derived Redox Cofactors;235
10.4;IV. Biogenesis of Trihydroxyphenylalanine Quinone;236
10.5;V. Biogenesis of Tryptophan Tryptophylquinone;241
10.6;VI. Biogenesis of Lysine Tyrosyl Quinone;244
10.7;VII. Biogenesis of the Cofactor in Galactose Oxidase;244
10.8;VIII. General Mechanistic Considerations;247
10.9;IX. Conclusion;249
10.10;References;249
11;Chapter 8. L-Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis;254
11.1;I. Introduction;255
11.2;II. The Biosynthetic Pathway of Ascorbate in Mammals;257
11.3;III. The Biosynthetic Pathway of Ascorbate in Higher Plants;265
11.4;IV. D-Erythroascorbate Synthesis in Yeast;271
11.5;V. Evolution of Ascorbate Biosynthesis;272
11.6;VI. Conclusions;273
11.7;References;274
12;Chapter 9. Multiple Biosynthetic Pathways for Vitamin B12: Variations on a Central Theme;280
12.1;I. Introduction;280
12.2;II. The Genes and Enzymes Required for the Biosynthesis of Cobalamin from Aminolevulinic Acid;282
12.3;III. Are There Other Variations in the Route to Vitamin B12?;304
12.4;IV. Conclusions;306
12.5;References;306
13;Chapter 10. Biosynthesis of the Methanogenic Cofactors;312
13.1;I. Introduction;312
13.2;II. Biosynthesis of Methanopterin;313
13.3;III. Biosynthesis of Coenzyme B;324
13.4;IV. Biosynthesis of Methanofuran;328
13.5;V. Biosynthesis of Coenzyme F420;337
13.6;VI. Biosynthesis of Coenzyme M;343
13.7;References;343
14;Appendixes;352
14.1;A.1 The Biosynthesis of Thiamin Pyrophosphate in Escherichia coli;353
14.2;A.2 The Biosynthesis of Tocopherol (Vitamin E);356
14.3;A.3 The Biosynthesis of Retinal;358
14.4;A.4 The Biosynthesis of Calcitriol (Dihydroxy Vitamin D3);359
14.5;A.5 The Biosynthesis of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone;361
14.6;A.6 The Biosynthesis of Folate;362
14.7;A.7 The Biosynthesis of Molybdopterin Guanine Dinucleotide;365
15;Index;368