Linke / Börner / Heß Cylindrical Gears

Calculation – Materials – Manufacturing
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-56990-490-9
Verlag: Hanser Publications
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 874 Seiten

Unrivalled compendium on the development of gear units
This book contains a complete presentation of all branches essential for the development of gear units, in particular that of cylindrical gears. The main subareas are geometry, load capacity, gear noise, design process, quality assurance, materials, heat treatment, and manufacturing. Further topics covered are material selection, strength values, the creation of drawings as well as practical design examples. The used technical terms and standards are based on the internationally valid and applied ISO standards.
This book provides the basis for practical calculations and detailed analyses. It addresses graduate engineers in research, development and manufacturing departments as well as students and postgraduates in mechanical and plant engineering, as well as in automotive, aerospace and marine engineering.

Prof. em. Dr.-Ing. habil. Heinz Linke war Lehrstuhlinhaber am Institut für Maschinenelemente und Maschinenkonstruktion der TU Dresden und ist im Bereich Stirnradverzahnungen nach wie vor forschend und beratend tätig.
Dr.-Ing. Jörg Börner ist als Spezialist für Getriebeentwicklung und -berechnung bei der ZF Friedrichshafen AG tätig. In der Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik e. V. ist er Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppe für Stirnradverzahnungen.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Linke, Heinz

Börner, Jörg

Heß, Ralf

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;10
2;The Editors;12
3;Index of Authors;14
4;Remarks on the Special Features of the Book;16
5;Contents;18
6;1 Overview and General Principles;26
6.1;1.1 Development of Toothing;26
6.1.1;1.1.1 Development of the Application of Gears and Gear Drives;26
6.1.2;1.1.2 Development of Gearing Geometry;32
6.1.3;1.1.3 Development of the Calculation of Load-Carrying Capacity;37
6.2;1.2 Functions and Classification of Gears and Teeth;44
6.3;1.3 Law of Gears for Cylindrical Gearing;51
6.4;1.4 Fundamental Relationships;58
6.4.1;1.4.1 Gear Ratio;58
6.4.2;1.4.2 Efficiency;61
6.4.3;1.4.3 Torques;62
6.5;1.5 Symbols and Symbol Explanations;63
7;2 Gear Teeth Geometry;64
7.1;2.1 Geometry of Spur Gear Teeth;64
7.1.1;2.1.1 Gear Teeth Geometry of a Spur Gear;64
7.1.2;2.1.2 Geometry of Gear Teeth Pairing – Spur Gear Teeth;86
7.2;2.2 Geometry of Helical Gear Teeth;101
7.2.1;2.2.1 Generation and Basic Characteristics;101
7.2.2;2.2.2 Basic Quantities for Gearing of a Cylindrical Gear – Helical Gearing;110
7.2.3;2.2.3 Geometry of Gear Pairing – Helical Gearing;115
7.3;2.3 Supplemental Information concerning Geometry;119
7.3.1;2.3.1 General Information on Tooth Root Geometry;119
7.3.2;2.3.2 Tooth Root Geometry of External Gearing in the Case of Production Using Hobs or Rack Cutters, with an Arbitrary Tool Profile Angle;120
7.3.3;2.3.3 Tooth Root Geometry for Production with a Shaper Cutter – External and Internal Gearing;126
7.3.4;2.3.4 Comparative Study Related to Tooth Root Geometry;129
7.4;2.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanation;131
8;3 Meshing Interferences;134
8.1;3.1 Overview;134
8.2;3.2 Meshing Interferences of External Gears;134
8.2.1;3.2.1 Meshing Interferences Resulting from Too-Small Contact Ratio;134
8.2.2;3.2.2 Meshing Interference in Non-involute Regions;138
8.3;3.3 Meshing Interferences for Internal Gears;140
8.3.1;3.3.1 Preliminary Considerations;140
8.3.2;3.3.2 Meshing Interferences in the Theoretical Plane of Action - Tooth Root Meshing Interferences;142
8.3.3;3.3.3 Meshing Interferences outside the Regular Meshing Region;149
8.3.4;3.3.4 Information on Designing Internal Gear Pairs and on Tool Selection;157
8.4;3.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations;165
9;4 Special Involute Gearing;166
9.1;4.1 Types and Possibilities;166
9.2;4.2 Design;169
9.3;4.3 Symbols and Symbol Explanations;177
10;5 Load Capacity – Introduction, Initial Values;180
10.1;5.1 Damage Cases;180
10.2;5.2 Options for Verifying the Load Capacity;188
10.3;5.3 Load Frequency Function;190
10.3.1;5.3.1 Load Characteristic along the Tooth;190
10.3.2;5.3.2 Recording the Load Course in the Load Spectrum;191
10.3.3;5.3.3 Experimental Determination of Load Spectra;192
10.3.4;5.3.4 Considering Load Spectra in the Calculation of Load Capacity;194
10.3.5;5.3.5 Typical Load Spectra and Characteristics;198
10.4;5.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations;201
11;6 Load Capacity and Running Performance of External and Internal Gearing;202
11.1;6.1 Velocities;202
11.1.1;6.1.1 Sliding Velocity;202
11.1.2;6.1.2 Specific Sliding;205
11.1.3;6.1.3 Sliding Factor;206
11.1.4;6.1.4 Sum of Velocities;207
11.2;6.2 Tooth Stiffness;208
11.2.1;6.2.1 Basics;208
11.2.2;6.2.2 Parts of Tooth Stiffness;208
11.2.3;6.2.3 Calculation of Tooth Stiffness;209
11.2.4;6.2.4 Approximate Calculation of Tooth Stiffness according to ISO 6336-1 (DIN 3990-1);210
11.2.5;6.2.5 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.2;212
11.3;6.3 Load on the Tooth;212
11.3.1;6.3.1 General Information;212
11.3.2;6.3.2 Loads on the Tooth from Effective Power;213
11.3.3;6.3.3 Additional External Dynamic Loads;218
11.3.4;6.3.4 Additional Internal Dynamic Loads;222
11.3.5;6.3.5 Resulting Load – Practical Approach, Omissions;246
11.3.6;6.3.6 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.3;246
11.4;6.4 Load Distribution on Gears;248
11.4.1;6.4.1 The Basic Problem;248
11.4.2;6.4.2 General Calculation Approach;249
11.4.3;6.4.3 Influence Coefficients Method;249
11.4.4;6.4.4 Considering the Load Distribution in the Tooth Flank and Tooth Root Load Capacity Calculation by Means of Load Distribution Factors;263
11.4.5;6.4.5 Methods to Improve the Face Load Behaviour;275
11.4.6;6.4.6 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.4;281
11.5;6.5 Analysis of Load Capacity;282
11.5.1;6.5.1 Calculation of Surface Durability – Pitting and Deterioration at Maximum Load;282
11.5.2;6.5.2 Load Capacity of the Tooth Root;298
11.5.3;6.5.3 Practical Approach for the Basic Analysis of Load Capacity;345
11.5.4;6.5.4 Lubricating Film Thickness;355
11.5.5;6.5.5 Scuffing Load Capacity;359
11.5.6;6.5.6 Micropitting Load Capacity;376
11.5.7;6.5.7 The Load Capacity of Wear;380
11.5.8;6.5.8 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.5;384
11.6;6.6 Power Losses, Efficiency, Gear Heating, Lubrication;387
11.6.1;6.6.1 Power Losses;387
11.6.2;6.6.2 Transmission Efficiency;400
11.6.3;6.6.3 Thermal Balance and Thermal Conductivity;400
11.6.4;6.6.4 Lubrication and Cooling;418
11.6.5;6.6.5 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.6;428
11.7;6.7 Noise Behaviour;430
11.7.1;6.7.1 Basic Principles;430
11.7.2;6.7.2 Mechanical Noise Generation;436
11.7.3;6.7.3 Metrological Determination of Sound Power;448
11.7.4;6.7.4 Sound Power Level of Gear Drives;452
11.7.5;6.7.5 Examples of Sound Power Levels of Various Machines;457
11.7.6;6.7.6 Structural Measures for Noise Reduction;458
11.7.7;6.7.7 Structure-Borne Sound and Diagnostics;479
11.7.8;6.7.8 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.7;480
12;7 Design of Gearing and Gear Transmissions;484
12.1;7.1 Number of Stages and Splitting the Total Transmission Ratio;484
12.1.1;7.1.1 Preliminary Considerations;484
12.1.2;7.1.2 Design for Minimum Mass;484
12.2;7.2 Approximate Determination of the Dimensions;489
12.2.1;7.2.1 Draft Calculation for the Tooth Flanks (Pitting);489
12.2.2;7.2.2 Draft Calculation for the Tooth Root;491
12.3;7.3 Selection and Partitioning of Profile Shift;492
12.3.1;7.3.1 Criteria and Tendencies;492
12.3.2;7.3.2 Recommendations;500
12.4;7.4 Selection of Materials: Strength Values;504
12.4.1;7.4.1 Basics of Selecting Materials and Basic Values for Material Strength;504
12.4.2;7.4.2 Materials for Gears without Surface-Layer Hardening: The Basics;513
12.4.3;7.4.3 Materials for Gears with Surface-Layer Hardening: The Basics;523
12.4.4;7.4.4 Strength Values for Gears;543
12.4.5;7.4.5 Comparison of Endurance Limit Values;572
12.4.6;7.4.6 S-N Curves;574
12.4.7;7.4.7 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 7.4;577
13;8 Ensuring the Accuracy of Cylindrical Gears;579
13.1;8.1 Introduction;579
13.1.1;8.1.1 Standardization;579
13.1.2;8.1.2 Tolerance System;579
13.1.3;8.1.3 Gear: System of Fits;580
13.2;8.2 Metrological Fundamentals;582
13.2.1;8.2.1 Limit Deviations and Tolerances;582
13.2.2;8.2.2 Actual Values and Actual Deviations;582
13.2.3;8.2.3 Referencing of Measured Quantities and Measurement Methods;583
13.2.4;8.2.4 Uncertainty of the Measurement Results;584
13.3;8.3 Quality Parameters;585
13.3.1;8.3.1 Flank Deviations;585
13.3.2;8.3.2 Pitch Deviations;597
13.3.3;8.3.3 Runout Deviation;600
13.4;8.4 Backlash Allowance Parameters;600
13.4.1;8.4.1 Backlash;600
13.4.2;8.4.2 Tooth Thickness;601
13.4.3;8.4.3 Tooth Thickness Test Dimensions;602
13.5;8.5 Roll Deviations;607
13.5.1;8.5.1 Preliminary Remarks;607
13.5.2;8.5.2 Single-Flank Roll Test;607
13.5.3;8.5.3 Double-Flank Roll Test;609
13.5.4;8.5.4 Deviations in Transmission Gear Pairs;609
13.6;8.6 Contact Pattern;610
13.7;8.7 Roughness Measurement;611
13.8;8.8 Noise;612
13.9;8.9 Use of Spline Gauges;612
13.10;8.10 Symbols and Symbol Explanations;612
14;9 Drawing Data;615
14.1;9.1 Overview;615
14.2;9.2 Geometric Data;615
14.3;9.3 Information on Heat Treatment and Surface Coating;621
14.3.1;9.3.1 Information on Heat Treatment;621
14.3.2;9.3.2 Information on Surface Coating;628
14.4;9.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations;629
15;10 Manufacturing of Cylindrical Gearings;630
15.1;10.1 General Manufacturing Process for Cylindrical Gears;630
15.2;10.2 Tooth-shape Forming Methods;634
15.2.1;10.2.1 General Structure of the Tooth-shape Forming Methods;634
15.2.2;10.2.2 Primary Shaping Manufacture of Cylindrical Gears;635
15.2.3;10.2.3 Primary Shaping and Separating Tooth-shape Forming;636
15.2.4;10.2.4 Chip-removal Tooth-shape Forming Using Tools with Geometrically Defined Blades;641
15.2.5;10.2.5 Chip-removal Tooth-shape Forming Using Tools with Geometrically Undefined Blades;659
15.2.6;10.2.6 Testing Ground Cylindrical Gears for Damage to the Surface Layer;675
15.2.7;10.2.7 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Sections 10.1 and 10.2;689
15.3;10.3 Heat Treatment;689
15.3.1;10.3.1 Heat Treatment Suitable for Manufacturing;691
15.3.2;10.3.2 Heat Treatment Appropriate for the Strain;694
15.4;10.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 10.3;731
16;Table of Appendices;734
17;Bibliography;816
18;List of Advertisers;860
19;Index;862

Über Autor(innen)

Linke, Heinz
Prof. em. Dr.-Ing. habil. Heinz Linke war Lehrstuhlinhaber am Institut für Maschinenelemente und Maschinenkonstruktion der TU Dresden und ist im Bereich Stirnradverzahnungen nach wie vor forschend und beratend tätig.

Börner, Jörg
Dr.-Ing. Jörg Börner ist als Spezialist für Getriebeentwicklung und -berechnung bei der ZF Friedrichshafen AG tätig. In der Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik e. V. ist er Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppe für Stirnradverzahnungen.