Levinson / Taylor Moon Rocks and Minerals

Scientific Results of the Study of the Apollo 11 Lunar Samples with Preliminary Data on Apollo 12 Samples
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8686-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 236 Seiten, Web PDF

Moon Rocks and Minerals compiles the important findings that have resulted from the first study of the Apollo 11 lunar rocks, including preliminary data on Apollo 12 lunar samples. The compiled study samples and proposals on the lunar rocks are categorized into four general categories- mineralogy and petrology, chemical and isotope analyses, physical properties, and bioscience and organic geochemistry. In these categories, this book specifically discusses the types and mineralogy of lunar rocks and soils; chemistry of samples brought by Apollo 11 and 12; and experimental studies and origin of the lavas. The age of the lunar rocks, isotope studies, cosmic ray, and solar wind effects and origin of the moon are also deliberated. This text also covers the examination of lunar samples for the presence of biochemical organic compounds in the general context of the possibility of extraterrestrial life. This publication is beneficial to scientists of disciplines such as geochemistry, cosmochemistry, mineralogy, and geophysics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Levinson, Alfred A.

Taylor, S. Ross

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Moon Rocks and Minerals;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;PREFACE;18
7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;22
8;CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION;24
9;CHAPTER 2. THE ROCKS AND SOILS;30
9.1;THE CRYSTALLINE ROCKS (TYPE A AND B);40
9.2;BRECCIAS (TYPE C);45
9.3;FINES (TYPE D); ALSO CALLED SOILS;46
9.4;ANORTHOSITES IN THE SOILS;49
9.5;SHOCK (IMPACT) METAMORPHISM;51
9.6;REGOLITH AND SOIL MECHANICS;56
9.7;LUNAR GLASSES;60
9.8;TEKTITES;63
10;CHAPTER 3. THE MINERALS;68
10.1;AUGITE-PIGEONITE (THE PYROXENES);72
10.2;PYROXFERROITE;78
10.3;PLAGIOCLASE (AND POTASSIUM FELDSPAR);84
10.4;ILMENITE;88
10.5;OLIVINE;92
10.6;CHROMITE-ULVOSPINEL-SPINEL;94
10.7;ARMALCOLITE;98
10.8;TROILITE;100
10.9;IRON;105
10.10;RUTILE;106
10.11;CRISTOBALITE, TRIDYMITE AND QUARTZ;108
10.12;APATITE;110
10.13;WHITLOCKITE;112
10.14;COPPER (INCLUDING BRASS);113
10.15;TIN;113
10.16;ZIRCON;114
10.17;BADDELEYITE;114
10.18;MICA;114
10.19;AMPHIBOLE;115
10.20;ARAGONITE;115
10.21;PENTLANDITE;117
10.22;IRON-NICKEL;117
10.23;COHENITE;119
10.24;SCHREIBERSITE;119
10.25;UNIDENTIFIED MINERALS;119
11;CHAPTER 4. CHEMISTRY OF SAMPLES BROUGHT BY APOLLO 11 AND 12;120
11.1;INTRODUCTION;120
11.2;CHEMICAL ABUNDANCE DATA;121
11.3;PRIMITIVE, PRIMORDIAL OR COSMIC ABUNDANCES;122
11.4;MAJOR AND MINOR ELEMENTS;123
11.5;CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS;123
11.6;BRECCIAS (TYPE C);125
11.7;FINE MATERIAL (SOIL) (TYPE D);126
11.8;COMPARISON OF MAJOR ELEMENT ABUNDANCES WITH TERRESTRIAL ROCKS AND METEORITES;127
11.9;TRACE ELEMENT ABUNDANCES;128
11.10;GEOCHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS;128
11.11;ARRANGEMENT OF DATA;129
11.12;THE LARGE CATIONS (SEE TABLE 4-4.);130
11.13;THE RARE EARTHS (RE) (SEE TABLE 4-5.);132
11.14;EUROPIUM DEPLETION;134
11.15;YTTRIUM;136
11.16;THE LARGE HIGHLY CHARGED CATIONS (SEE TABLE 4-6.);136
11.17;THE FERROMAGNESIAN ELEMENTS (SEE TABLE 4-7.);139
11.18;CHALCOPHILE ELEMENTS (SEE TABLE 4-9.);142
11.19;THE PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS (SEE TABLE 4-10.);143
11.20;OXYGEN;146
11.21;CARBON;146
11.22;HALOGENS;147
11.23;COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF APOLLO Ð (TRANQUILLITY BASE) AND APOLLO 12 (OCEAN OF STORMS) SAMPLES;147
11.24;APOLLO 12 ROCKS AND FINE MATERIAL;149
11.25;INTERNAL VARIATIONS IN THE APOLLO 12 ROCKS;150
11.26;RELATION OF TERRESTRIAL ROCKS AND METEORITES TO APOLLO 12 ROCKS;153
12;CHAPTER 5. BIOSCIENCE AND ORGANIC MATTER;156
12.1;TOTAL CARBON;156
12.2;ORGANIC CARBON;158
12.3;CARBIDES;159
12.4;METHANE;159
12.5;OXIDES OF CARBON;160
12.6;ALKANE HYDROCARBONS;161
12.7;AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;162
12.8;AMINO ACIDS;164
12.9;PORPHYRINS;165
12.10;BIOLIPIDS IN GENERAL;166
12.11;ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS;166
12.12;CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL;166
12.13;ISOTOPE ABUNDANCES FOR CARBON AND SULFUR;167
12.14;ORGANISMS;168
12.15;SUMMARY;169
13;CHAPTER 6. PETROLOGY: Experimental Studies and Origin of the Lavas;170
13.1;INTRODUCTION;170
13.2;EFFECTS OF HIGH PRESSURE ON LUNAR BASALTS;170
13.3;MELTING BEHAVIOR OF APOLLO 11 BASALTS;173
13.4;MELTING BEHAVIOR AT HIGHER PRESSURES;175
13.5;SILICATE LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY; RESIDUUM; MESOSTASIS;175
13.6;PETROGENESIS - ORIGIN OF THE LAVAS;179
13.7;SOURCE OF THE LAVAS;179
13.8;PARTIAL MELTING;179
13.9;IMPACT MELTING;180
13.10;SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE MELT;182
14;CHAPTER 7. AGE OF THE LUNAR ROCKS, ISOTOPE STUDIES, COSMIC RAY and SOLAR WIND EFFECTS;186
14.1;POTASSIUM(K)-ARGON(AR) DATING;188
14.2;AR 40-AR39 AGES;188
14.3;RUBIDIUM(Rb)-STRONTIUM(Sr) AGES;189
14.4;Rb-Sr AGES OF FINE MATERIAL;192
14.5;URANIUM(U)-THORIUM(Th)-LEAD(Pb) AGES;193
14.6;LEAD ROCK AGES;194
14.7;LEAD DATA FOR THE FINE MATERIAL;194
14.8;FURTHER SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAD ISOTOPE DATA;195
14.9;SIGNIFICANCE OF ROCK AGES FOR SOURCE OF MARIA BASIN MATERIAL;195
14.10;ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES;197
14.11;ISOTOPIC HOMOGENEITY IN THE SOLAR NEBULA;197
14.12;LIGHT ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION;198
14.13;OXYGEN ISOTOPES;198
14.14;CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE;200
14.15;TEKTITES;200
14.16;SULFUR ISOTOPES;200
14.17;CARBON ISOTOPES;201
14.18;HYDROGEN;202
14.19;COSMIC-RAY BOMBARDMENT OF THE LUNAR SURFACE;202
14.20;RADIOGENIC NUCLIDES (EXCEPT RARE GASES);203
14.21;NUCLEAR PARTICLE TRACK STUDIES;204
14.22;TRACK DENSITY vs. DEPTH;207
14.23;RATES OF EROSION FROM NUCLEAR TRACK DENSITIES;209
14.24;SURFACE RESIDENCE TIMES;209
14.25;RARE GASES;210
14.26;COSMIC RAY EXPOSURE AGES;212
14.27;THE ARGON ANOMALY;213
15;CHAPTER 8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES;214
15.1;INTRODUCTION;214
15.2;THE LUNAR INTERIOR - SEISMIC EVIDENCE;214
15.3;LUNAR HEAT FLOW;217
15.4;DENSITY OF LUNAR ROCKS;218
15.5;LUNAR LAVA VISCOSITY;219
15.6;MASCONS;220
16;CHAPTER 9. ORIGIN OF THE MOON;224
16.1;INTRODUCTION;224
16.2;FISSION HYPOTHESES;225
16.3;CAPTURE HYPOTHESES;226
16.4;DOUBLE PLANET HYPOTHESES;227
17;GLOSSARY;230
18;CONVERSION FACTORS;238
19;CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND ELEMENTS;240
20;SUBJECT INDEX;242