Lerche Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures

1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8880-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 832 Seiten, Web PDF

Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures deals with many aspects of the dynamical evolution of salt bodies in sedimentary basins. This book consists of four major sections. Section A deals with salt dynamics and the motion of salt. The impact of a mobile salt mass on the structural development of the overlying formations is considered in Section B, while the development of caprock, which is commonly found overlying salt diapirs, is emphasized in Section C. The last section deliberates the interrelationships between fluid flow, salt dissolution, and heat flow in the vicinity of a salt diapir, including the connections with maturation of source rocks, migration, and trapping of hydrocarbons in salt-related structures. This publication is valuable to professional geoscientists interested in processes involved in salt dynamics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lerche, I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface;12
7;Section A: Salt Structures;16
7.1;Chapter 1. Island Salt Plugs in the Middle East and Their Tectonic Implications;18
7.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;18
7.1.2;II. THE IRANIAN MODEL;20
7.1.3;III. THE GULF ISLAND SALT PLUGS;28
7.1.4;V. SALT PLUGS OF THE ARABIAN MAINLAND;42
7.1.5;V. REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS: THE AGE OF THE HORMUZ COMPLEX;45
7.1.6;VII. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS;50
7.1.7;REFERENCES;51
7.2;Chapter 2. Deformation within Salt Bodies;54
7.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;54
7.2.2;II. PHYSICAL REASONS FOR SALT DEFORMATION;55
7.2.3;III. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR SALT MOTION;57
7.2.4;IV. DISHARMONIC STRUCTURES;76
7.2.5;V. CARNALLITE DEFORMATION;81
7.2.6;VI. CONCLUSIONS;86
7.2.7;REFERENCES;89
7.3;Chapter 3. Influence of Differential Sediment Loading on Salt Tectonics in the East Texas Basin;92
7.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;92
7.3.2;II. TECTONIC FRAMEWORK;97
7.3.3;III. SEDIMENTOLOGIC FRAMEWORK;114
7.3.4;IV. DEPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL MODEL;130
7.3.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;136
7.3.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;137
7.3.7;REFERENCES;138
7.3.8;APPENDIX A: Cross-section wells;141
7.4;Chapter 4. Modelling of Buoyant Salt Diapirism;144
7.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;144
7.4.2;II. BUOYANT UPLIFT OF SALT;146
7.4.3;III. GRAVITY ANOMALIES;158
7.4.4;IV. INFLUENCE OF FORMATION STRENGTH ON DIAPIRISM;161
7.4.5;V. VISCOUS FLOW OF SALT;164
7.4.6;VI. MUSHROOM CAPS ON SALT DOMES;168
7.4.7;VII. DEFORMATION OF FORMATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF A SALT;170
7.4.8;VIII. CONCLUSIONS;176
7.4.9;REFERENCES;177
7.5;Chapter 5. Stepwise Centrifuge Modeling of the Effects of Differential Sedimentary Loading on the Formation of Salt Structures;178
7.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;178
7.5.2;II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;180
7.5.3;III. STATIC DIFFERENTIAL LOADING OF SOURCE LAYER;208
7.5.4;IV. PROGRADING DIFFERENTIAL LOAD OVER TABULAR SOURCE LAYER;216
7.5.5;V. PROGRADING DIFFERENTIAL LOAD OVER BOUNDARY OF TABULAR SOURCE LAYER ;233
7.5.6;VI. DISCUSSION;246
7.5.7;VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;264
7.5.8;APPENDIX A: EDGE EFFECTS;264
7.5.9;REFERENCES;268
8;Section B: Structural Impact of Salt on Surrounding Formations;276
8.1;Chapter 6. Active Salt Dome Development in the Levant Basin, Southeast Mediterranean;278
8.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;278
8.1.2;II. GENERAL SETTING;279
8.1.3;III. FLOW OF THE MESSINIAN EVAPORITIC SERIES;291
8.1.4;IV. DISCUSSION: CONDITIONS OF FLOWAGE OF THE MESSINIAN SERIES;304
8.1.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;310
8.1.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;312
8.1.7;REFERENCES;312
8.2;Chapter 7. Thin-Skinned Deformation over Salt;316
8.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION - SALT STRUCTURES AND FOLD BELTS;316
8.2.2;II. IDEAS ABOUT THIN-SKINNED DEFORMATION;318
8.2.3;III. WEAK DETACHMENT MECHANICS;324
8.2.4;IV. APPALACHIAN PLATEAU DEFORMATION;331
8.2.5;V. SALT-RELATED STRUCTURES IN OTHER FOLDBELTS;342
8.2.6;VI. SUMMARY;348
8.2.7;VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;349
8.2.8;REFERENCES;349
8.3;Chapter 8. Salt Control on Thrust Geometry, Structural Style and Gravitational Collapse along the Himalayan Mountain Front in the Salt Range of Northern Pakistan;354
8.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;354
8.3.2;II. TECTONIC SETTING;360
8.3.3;III. STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK;369
8.3.4;IV. STRUCTURE OF THE THRUST FRONT;377
8.3.5;V. THRUST FRONT GEOMETRY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SALT DISTRIBUTION;408
8.3.6;VI. SALT FLOWAGE AND THRUST FRONT COLLAPSE;413
8.3.7;VII. DISCUSSION;423
8.3.8;VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;431
8.3.9;REFERENCES;431
8.4;Chapter 9. Modelling of the Deformation and Faulting of Formations Overlying an Uprising Salt Dome;434
8.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;434
8.4.2;II. PRINCIPAL AXES;438
8.4.3;III. ANGLE OF FAULT PLANE;457
8.4.4;IV. RADIAL FAULTING;458
8.4.5;V. INFLUENCE OF SALT DOME SIZE;460
8.4.6;VI. STRESS RELAXATION;463
8.4.7;VII. ROCK PROPERTY VALUES;465
8.4.8;VIII. CONCLUSIONS;468
8.4.9;REFERENCES;469
8.5;Chapter 10. Fractured Chalk Overburden of a Salt Diapir, Laegerdorf, NW Germany—Exposed Example of a Possible Hydrocarbon Reservoir;472
8.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;472
8.5.2;II. GEOLOGIC SETTING;474
8.5.3;III. FRACTURING: GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS;476
8.5.4;IV. FRACTURING: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS;484
8.5.5;IV. CONCLUSIONS;489
8.5.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;491
8.5.7;REFERENCES;492
8.6;Chapter 11. The Origin and Development of Salt Structures in Northwest Germany;494
8.6.1;I. INTRODUCTION;494
8.6.2;II. SALIFEROUS SEDIMENTS IN NORTH-WEST GERMANY;494
8.6.3;III. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FORMATION OF SALT STRUCTURES;497
8.6.4;IV. DATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURES;499
8.6.5;V. DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURES IN NORTH-WEST GERMANY;502
8.6.6;VI. INTERACTION OF HALOKINESIS AND TECTONICS;506
8.6.7;REFERENCES;507
9;Section C: Caprock;510
9.1;Chapter 12. Textural and Paleomagnetic Evidence for the Mechanism and Timing of Anhydrite Cap Rock Formation, Winnfield Salt Dome, Louisiana;512
9.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;512
9.1.2;II. GEOLOGY OF THE WINNFIELD DOME;515
9.1.3;III. INTERNAL STRUCTURES WITHIN THE ANHYDRITE ZONE;524
9.1.4;IV. RELATION OF SULFIDE MINERALIZATION TO CAP ROCK FORMATION;538
9.1.5;V. PALEOMAGNETIC DATA;542
9.1.6;V. TIMING OF CAP ROCK FORMATION AT WINNFIELD DOME;546
9.1.7;VI. PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE;550
9.1.8;VII. CONCLUSIONS;554
9.1.9;VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;555
9.1.10;REFERENCES;555
9.2;Chapter 13. Evolution of Boling Dome Cap Rock with Emphasis on Included Terrigenous Clastics, Fort Bend and Wharton Counties, Texas;558
9.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;558
9.2.2;II. CAP-ROCK FACIES;566
9.2.3;III. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS;602
9.2.4;IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;603
9.2.5;REFERENCES;604
9.3;Chapter 14. Mixed Carbon Sources for Calcite Cap rocks of Gulf Coast Salt Domes;608
9.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;608
9.3.2;II. GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY;613
9.3.3;III. DISCUSSION;627
9.3.4;IV. MODEL;639
9.3.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;642
9.3.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;643
9.3.7;REFERENCES;643
9.4;Chapter 15. Organic Geochemistry of Salt Dome Cap Rocks, Gulf Coast Salt Basin;646
9.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;646
9.4.2;II. GULF COAST SALT DOME CAP ROCKS;647
9.4.3;III. ORIGIN OF GULF COAST OIL AND GAS;652
9.4.4;IV. EVIDENCE FOR CRUDE OIL BIODEGRADATION;657
9.4.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;661
10;Section D: Fluid Flow, Salt Dissolution, Heat Flow, and Hydrocarbon Migration;666
10.1;Chapter 16. Dynamics of Subsurface Salt Dissolution at the Welsh Dome, Louisiana Gulf Coast;668
10.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;668
10.1.2;II. STUDY AREA AND TECHNIQUES;669
10.1.3;III. PHYSICAL SETTING AND SALINITY REGIME;671
10.1.4;IV. MASS TRANSPORT REGIME;676
10.1.5;V. DISCUSSION;688
10.1.6;VI. CONCLUSIONS;690
10.1.7;VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;691
10.1.8;REFERENCES;691
10.2;Chapter 17. The Development by Salt Diapirs of Superficial Overhang Features, and Effects on Associated Sediments;694
10.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;694
10.2.2;II. PRINCIPAL FORCES INVOLVED IN DIAPIR EMPLACEMENT;695
10.2.3;III. PRINCIPAL FACTORS GOVERNING DIAPIR MORPHOLOGY;697
10.2.4;IV. SUPERFICIAL SPREADING OVERHANG FEATURES;698
10.2.5;V. A SEISMIC EXAMPLE OF LATERAL SPREADING OF SALT;705
10.2.6;VI. THE EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTION;708
10.2.7;VII. OVERBURDEN THICKNESS DURING LATERAL INJECTION;714
10.2.8;VIII. CAPROCK;717
10.2.9;IX. "REGRESSIVE" CAPROCK;721
10.2.10;X. CONCLUSIONS;722
10.2.11;XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;723
10.2.12;REFERENCES;723
10.3;Chapter 18. Heat Flow and Thermal Maturation near Salt Diapirs;726
10.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;726
10.3.2;II. SALT DOME EMBEDDED IN AN INFINITE MEDIUM;729
10.3.3;III. SALT DOME EMBEDDED IN A SEMI-INFINITE MEDIUM;738
10.3.4;IV. ANALYTICAL MODEL RESULTS;742
10.3.5;V. INFLUENCE ON HYDROCARBON MATURATION;751
10.3.6;VI. COMPARISON OF THEORY WITH OBSERVATIONS;755
10.3.7;VII. CONCLUSIONS;763
10.3.8;REFERENCES;765
10.4;Chapter 19. Salt Domes, Organic-Rich Source Beds and Reservoirs in Intraslope Basins of the Gulf Coast Region;766
10.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;766
10.4.2;II. SALT STRUCTURES AND EXPLORATION PLAYS IN THE GULF COAST REGION;768
10.4.3;III. INTRASLOPE BASINS AS SITES FOR SOURCE BEDS ON THE GULF COAST MARGIN;773
10.4.4;IV. HIGH SALINITY BASIN WATERS AND INTRASLOPE BASINS;776
10.4.5;V. THE "RADIATOR EFFECT" OF SALT DOMES: THERMAL ANOMALIES AND ENHANCED HEAT FLUX IN SURROUNDING SEDIMENTS;782
10.4.6;VI. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SALT MOVEMENT, BASINAL
DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIC-RICH SOURCE BEDS ON THE GULF COST MARGIN;787
10.4.7;VII. CONCLUSIONS;795
10.4.8;VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;797
10.4.9;REFERENCES;797
10.5;Chapter 20. Model for the Origins of Geopressured Brines, Hydrocarbons, Cap Rocks and Metallic Mineral Deposits: Gulf Coast, U.S.A.;802
10.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;802
10.5.2;II. SALT DIAPIRISM;816
10.5.3;III. FORMATION OF SALT DOME CAP ROCKS;819
10.5.4;IV. GROWTH FAULT SYSTEMS;836
10.5.5;V. CONCLUSIONS;837
10.5.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;839
10.5.7;REFERENCES;840
11;Index;846