Legge Air Quality and Ecological Impacts

Relating Sources to Effects
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-095202-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 335 Seiten

This work reviews the characterization of air quality as it pertains to specific emission sources and their environmental effect. Since emissions from multiple sources impact the same location, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to relate atmospheric processes to terrestrial vegetation. As global industrial expansions continue, air quality is no longer governed by isolated point sources (e.g., a single coal-fired power plant), but by source clusters or complexes. To address these issues, atmospheric receptor models have been developed and are continually being improved. The benefits of any air quality control measures based on receptor modeling must be verified by assessing changes or bettering in environmental impacts. Until now, such an approach has not been well integrated and practiced. This book provides the needed concepts and methods in conducting the studies to establish cause-and-effect relationships under ambient conditions, which is valuable to policy makers both in industrialized and developing nations.
•Offers approaches for identifying the emissions components from specific air pollution sources
•Details methods for using pollutant accumulation in plants for ecological effects assessment
•Establishes cause (air quality) and effect (plant responses) relationships under ambient conditions

Autoren/Hrsg.

Legge, Allan H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Air Quality and Ecological Impacts: Relating Sources to Effects;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Dedication;6
5;Contents;8
6;List of Contributors;10
7;Acknowledgments;16
8;Preface;18
9;Introduction;20
10;Chapter 1. Theory and Application of Atmospheric Source Apportionment;24
10.1;1.1. Introduction;24
10.2;1.2. Background;25
10.3;1.3. Receptor models;26
10.4;1.4. Methods incorporating back trajectories;40
10.5;1.5. Using the trajectories;41
10.6;1.6. Future directions;50
10.7;Acknowledgments;51
10.8;References;51
11;Chapter 2. Use of Trace Metals as Source Fingerprints;58
11.1;2.1. Introduction;58
11.2;2.2. Methods;59
11.3;2.3. Sample applications;63
11.4;2.4. Conclusions;82
11.5;Acknowledgments;82
11.6;References;82
12;Chapter 3. Plants as Accumulators of Atmospheric Emissions;84
12.1;3.1. Introduction;84
12.2;3.2. Mechanisms of uptake for different air pollutants;85
12.3;3.3. The use of plant accumulation as a bioindicator;93
12.4;3.4. The value of plants as bioindicators;105
12.5;3.5. Examples of the application of plant accumulation;108
12.6;3.6. Conclusions;113
12.7;References;114
13;Chapter 4. Relating Source-Specific Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Inputs to Ecological Effects Assessment in a Complex Terrain;122
13.1;4.1. Introduction;123
13.2;4.2. Els Ports-Maestrat regional-scale case study of atmospheric SO2;124
13.3;4.3. Atmosphere as a source of S in plant tissues;135
13.4;4.4. Conclusions;140
13.5;References;142
14;Chapter 5. Negative vs. Positive Functional Plant Responses to Air Pollution: A Study Establishing Cause-Effect Relationships of SO2 and H2S;144
14.1;5.1. Introduction;144
14.2;5.2. Foliar uptake of sulfurous pollutants;145
14.3;5.3. Phytotoxicity of sulfurous air pollutants;148
14.4;5.4. Metabolism of sulfurous air pollutants;149
14.5;5.5. Sulfurous air pollutants: Toxicity vs. metabolism;154
14.6;5.6. Conclusions;155
14.7;References;155
15;Chapter 6. Hormesis-Its Relevance in Phytotoxicology;160
15.1;6.1. Introduction;160
15.2;6.2. Numerical description of hormesis;164
15.3;6.3. Hormetic responses of plants to some environmental factors;164
15.4;6.4. Implications of hormesis in understanding air pollutant exposure-plant response relationships;168
15.5;6.5. Conclusions;171
15.6;Acknowledgment;172
15.7;References;172
16;Chapter 7. Evaluating Ozone Effects on Growth of Mature Forest Trees™with High-Resolution Dendrometer Systems;176
16.1;7.1. Introduction;176
16.2;7.2. Materials and methods;179
16.3;7.3. Results;183
16.4;7.4. Discussion;195
16.5;7.5. Conclusions;198
16.6;Acknowledgments;198
16.7;References;199
17;Chapter 8. Methods for Measuring Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition™Inputs in Arid and Montane Ecosystems of™Western™North America;202
17.1;8.1. Introduction;203
17.2;8.2. Measuring atmospheric N deposition in arid systems;208
17.3;8.3. Passive monitoring techniques;220
17.4;8.4. Simulation modeling of deposition;226
17.5;8.5. Measuring deposition in high-elevation basins in the Western United States;234
17.6;8.6. Conclusions;243
17.7;Acknowledgments;243
17.8;References;244
18;Chapter 9. Air Quality Changes in an Urban Region as Inferred from Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes;252
18.1;9.1. Introduction;252
18.2;9.2. A regional setting;254
18.3;9.3. Analytical procedures;257
18.4;9.4. Results;259
18.5;9.5. Interpretations and discussion;261
18.6;9.6. Conclusions;265
18.7;Acknowledgments;266
18.8;References;266
19;Chapter 10. Lichen Monitoring of Urban Air Quality, Hamilton, Ontario;270
19.1;10.1. Introduction;270
19.2;10.2. Development of a lichen monitoring program for Canada;272
19.3;10.3. Methodology;273
19.4;10.4. Results;278
19.5;10.5. Discussion;285
19.6;10.6. Conclusions and recommendations;287
19.7;Acknowledgments;288
19.8;References;288
20;Chapter 11. Ozone Exposure-Based Growth Response Models for Trembling Aspen and White Birch;292
20.1;11.1. Introduction;293
20.2;11.2. Materials and methods;296
20.3;11.3. Results;299
20.4;11.4. Discussion;308
20.5;11.5. Conclusions;312
20.6;Acknowledgments;312
20.7;References;313
21;Chapter 12. Concluding Remarks;318
21.1;12.1. Introduction;318
21.2;12.2. Relating source emissions to receptor sites;321
21.3;12.3. Elemental tracers of source emissions and their accumulation in receptors;322
21.4;12.4. Relating elemental accumulation to vegetation effects;324
21.5;12.5. Future perspectives;325
21.6;References;327
22;Author Index;330
23;Subject Index;332