Lee Jesus and Gospel Traditions in Bilingual Context

A Study in the Interdirectionality of Language
1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-3-11-026714-3
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 540 Seiten

Reihe: ISSN

Most historical Jesus and Gospel scholars have supposed three hypotheses of unidirectionality: geographically, the more Judaeo-Palestinian, the earlier; modally, the more oral, the earlier; and linguistically, the more Aramaized, the earlier. These are based on the chronological assumption of'the earlier, the more original'. These four long-held hypotheses have been applied as authenticity criteria. However, this book proposes that linguistic milieus of 1st-century Palestine and the Roman Near East were bilingual in Greek and vernacular languages and that the earliest church in Jerusalem was a bilingual Christian community. The study of bilingualism blurs the lines between each of the temporal dichotomies. The bilingual approach undermines unidirectional assumptions prevalent among Gospels and Acts scholarship with regard to the major issues of source criticism, textual criticism, form criticism, redaction criticism, literary criticism, the Synoptic Problem, the Historical Jesus, provenances of the Gospels and Acts, the development of Christological titles and the development of early Christianity. There is a need for New Testament studies to rethink the major issues from the perspective of the interdirectionality theory based on bilingualism.

Zielgruppe

Academics, Libraries, Institutes

Autoren/Hrsg.

Lee, Sang-Il

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Kirchengeschichte Frühes Christentum, Patristik, Christliche Archäologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Bibelwissenschaften Neues Testament: Exegese, Geschichte
• Geisteswissenschaften Christentum, Christliche Theologie Bibelwissenschaften Historisch-Kritische Jesusforschung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;8
2;Abbreviations;18
3;1 The Directionality of the Transmission of the Jesus and Gospel Traditions: A History of Research;20
3.1;1.1 Herman Gunkel;21
3.2;1.2 Sitz im Leben Unidirectionality from Judaeo-Palestinian into Hellenistic Tradition;25
3.2.1;1.2.1 Martin Dibelius;25
3.2.2;1.2.2 Rudolf Bultmann;31
3.2.3;1.2.3 Gerd Theissen;35
3.3;1.3 Modal Unidirectionality from Oral into Written Tradition;39
3.3.1;1.3.1 Scandinavian School;41
3.3.1.1;1.3.1.1 Harald Riesenfeld;41
3.3.1.2;1.3.1.2 Birger Gerhardsson;42
3.3.2;1.3.2 Orality Theory;44
3.3.2.1;1.3.2.1 Werner Kelber;46
3.3.2.2;1.3.2.2 Joanna Dewey;50
3.3.3;1.3.3 The Earliest Written Tradition: Earle Ellis;52
3.4;1.4 Linguistic Unidirectionality from Aramaic into Greek Tradition;55
3.4.1;1.4.1 Aramaic Language as a Criterion;57
3.4.1.1;1.4.1.1 Charles C. Torrey;58
3.4.1.2;1.4.1.2 Matthew Black;62
3.4.1.3;1.4.1.3 Joachim Jeremias;64
3.4.1.4;1.4.1.4 Joseph Fitzmyer;66
3.4.2;1.4.2 Greek Language as a Criterion;69
3.4.2.1;1.4.2.1 Alexander Roberts;70
3.4.2.2;1.4.2.2 Aubrey Argyle;72
3.4.2.3;1.4.2.3 Nigel Turner;73
3.4.2.4;1.4.2.4 Robert Gundry;73
3.4.2.5;1.4.2.5 Stanley Porter;74
3.5;1.5 Interdirectionality Hypothesis;77
3.5.1;1.5.1 Sitz im Leben Interdirectionality: Martin Hengel;77
3.5.2;1.5.2 Modal Interdirectionality;80
3.5.2.1;1.5.2.1 Form Criticism: Helmut Koester;80
3.5.2.2;1.5.2.2 Textual Criticism: David Parker;82
3.5.2.3;1.5.2.3 Scandinavian School: Samuel Byrskog;83
3.5.2.4;1.5.2.4 Liturgical Use and Canon Formation: Harry Gamble;85
3.5.2.5;1.5.2.5 Notebook Theory: Graham Stanton and Richard Bauckham;86
3.5.3;1.5.3 Linguistic Interdirectionality: E. P. Sanders;89
3.5.4;1.5.4 Interdirectionality Hypotheses and Gospel Studies;91
4;Part I: Bilingualism of First-Century Palestine and the Roman Near East;94
4.1;2 Bilingualism and Diglossia;96
4.1.1;2.1 Definitions;98
4.1.1.1;2.1.1 Bilingualism;98
4.1.1.2;2.1.2 Bilingual Community;100
4.1.1.3;2.1.3 Bilingualism and Multilingualism;100
4.1.1.4;2.1.4 Early Bilingualism vs. Late Bilingualism;100
4.1.1.5;2.1.5 Primary Bilingualism vs. Acquired Bilingualism;101
4.1.1.6;2.1.6 Oral Bilingualism vs. Literate Bilingualism;102
4.1.1.7;2.1.7 Stages of Bilingualism;103
4.1.1.8;2.1.8 Balanced Bilingualism vs. Dominant Bilingualism;103
4.1.1.9;2.1.9 Matrix Language vs. Embedded Language;103
4.1.1.10;2.1.10 Substratum, Adstratum and Superstratum;104
4.1.1.11;2.1.11 Ancestor, Daughter and Sister Language;104
4.1.2;2.2 Diglossia in First Century Palestine?;105
4.1.2.1;2.2.1 Charles Ferguson;106
4.1.2.2;2.2.2 Joshua Fishman;107
4.1.2.3;2.2.3 Pinchas Lapide;107
4.1.2.4;2.2.4 Chaim Rabin;109
4.1.2.5;2.2.5 Bernard Spolsky;111
4.1.2.6;2.2.6 Jonathan Watt;113
4.1.3;2.3 Bilingualism and Diglossia Models;115
4.1.3.1;2.3.1 Characteristics of the Four Languages in First-Century Palestine;115
4.1.3.2;2.3.2 Language Preference Theory;116
4.1.3.3;2.3.3 Maximalism and Minimalism;118
4.1.3.4;2.3.4 Biliteracy of First-Century Palestine;122
4.2;3 Bilingualism of Jews in First-Century Palestine;124
4.2.1;3.1 Regional Bilingualism;124
4.2.1.1;3.1.1 Inscriptional Evidence;125
4.2.1.2;3.1.2 Papyrological Evidence;127
4.2.1.3;3.1.3 Population Geographical Evidence;129
4.2.2;3.2 Personal Bilingualism;131
4.2.2.1;3.2.1 Military Invasion and Colonization;132
4.2.2.2;3.2.2 Migration or Inflow;133
4.2.2.3;3.2.3 Ethnic Awareness;133
4.2.2.4;3.2.4 Bilingual Parents or Region;134
4.2.2.5;3.2.5 Formal Education;139
4.2.2.6;3.2.6 Occupation;149
4.2.3;3.3 Bilingualism of First-Century Palestine and Interdirectionality;152
4.3;4 Bilingualism of Jews in the First-Century Diaspora;154
4.3.1;4.1 Grounds for Bilingualism in the Jewish Diaspora;156
4.3.1.1;4.1.1 Bilingualism of the Roman Empire;157
4.3.1.2;4.1.2 Successive Immigration;160
4.3.1.3;4.1.3 Periodic Connection with Jerusalem;164
4.3.1.4;4.1.4 Learning Aramaic in Jerusalem;166
4.3.2;4.2 Alexandria;169
4.3.2.1;4.2.1 Bilingualism of Ptolemaic and Early Roman Alexandria;170
4.3.2.2;4.2.2 Archaeological Evidence;175
4.3.2.3;4.2.3 Successive Immigration;179
4.3.2.4;4.2.4 Periodic Connection with Jerusalem;180
4.3.3;4.3 Antioch;181
4.3.3.1;4.3.1 Bilingualism of Roman Antioch;182
4.3.3.2;4.3.2 Bilingualism of the Antiochene Jews;186
4.3.3.3;4.3.3 Bilingualism of the Antiochene Christians;189
4.3.4;4.4 Bilingualism of the Jewish Diaspora and Interdirectionality;191
4.4;5 The Bilingualism of the Earliest Christian Church in Jerusalem;194
4.4.1;5.1 The State of Affairs;195
4.4.2;5.2 Bilingualism of the Hebrews and Hellenists;201
4.4.2.1;5.2.1 Hebrews: Aramaic-Matrix Christians;203
4.4.2.2;5.2.2 Hellenists: Greek-Matrix Christians;208
4.4.3;5.3 The Bilingual Seven;216
4.4.3.1;5.3.1 Onomastica;216
4.4.3.2;5.3.2 Geographical Evidence;217
4.4.3.2.1;5.3.2.1 Caesarea Maritima;218
4.4.3.2.2;5.3.2.2 Samaria;219
4.4.3.2.3;5.3.2.3 Ethiopia;220
4.4.3.2.4;5.3.2.4 Antioch;222
4.4.3.3;5.3.3 Performance of Their Duty;223
4.4.4;5.4 Bilingualism of the Jerusalem Church and the Interdirectionality of the Jesus Tradition;228
5;Part II: Interdirectional Transmission of the Jesus and Gospel Traditions in Bilingual Contexts at the Levels of Syntax, Phonology, and Semantics;232
5.1;6 Syntax;242
5.1.1;6.1 Contact-Induced Syntactic Change Hypothesis in New Testament Scholarship;244
5.1.1.1;6.1.1 Adolf Deissmann;245
5.1.1.2;6.1.2 Linguistic Relatedness between Syntactic Changes;249
5.1.1.3;6.1.3 Bilingual Jewish Greek Theory;250
5.1.1.4;6.1.4 Hellenistic Greek Theory;253
5.1.1.5;6.1.5 Semitisms and Septuagintalisms;256
5.1.2;6.2 Internal-Induced Syntactic Change Hypothesis;259
5.1.2.1;6.2.1 Comparisons between Cognitive Linguistics and Other Linguistic Theories;260
5.1.2.1.1;6.2.1.1 Theoretical and Empirical;260
5.1.2.1.2;6.2.1.2 Diachronic and Synchronic;261
5.1.2.1.3;6.2.1.3 Langue and Parole;261
5.1.2.1.4;6.2.1.4 Significance of Semantics;263
5.1.2.2;6.2.2 Some Basic Concepts;263
5.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Grammaticalization;263
5.1.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 Unidirectionality Hypothesis;264
5.1.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 Five Principles of Grammaticalization;265
5.1.2.2.4;6.2.2.4 Metaphor and Metonymy;266
5.1.2.2.5;6.2.2.5 Abstractness;267
5.1.2.2.6;6.2.2.6 Grammatical Polysemy;268
5.1.2.3;6.2.3 Grammaticalization and Language Contact;268
5.1.3;6.3 Syntactic Change of New Testament Greek as Grammatical Polysemy;269
5.1.3.1;6.3.1 Verbs;270
5.1.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 SAY Verb: ....;271
5.1.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 Movement Verbs: ....µa. and p..e..µa.;274
5.1.3.1.3;6.3.1.3 Posture Verbs;275
5.1.3.1.3.1;6.3.1.3.1 st... and .st.µ.;276
5.1.3.1.3.2;6.3.1.3.2 ...st.µ. and ..e...;278
5.1.3.1.3.3;6.3.1.3.3 .a.... and ....µa.;279
5.1.3.2;6.3.2 Conjunctions;280
5.1.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 ..a;280
5.1.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 .t.;289
5.1.3.3;6.3.3 Adverbs: Matthean t.te, Marcan e...., and Johannine ...;293
5.1.4;6.4 Syntactic Change as Grammatical Polysemy and Interdirectionality;297
5.2;7 Phonology;300
5.2.1;7.1 Linguistic Factors of Transliterated Variants in Bilingual Contexts;302
5.2.1.1;7.1.1 Different Phonetic System;302
5.2.1.2;7.1.2 Representation;307
5.2.1.3;7.1.3 Phonetic Change;311
5.2.1.4;7.1.4 Dialects;313
5.2.2;7.2 Three Views of Variant Spellings in Transliteration;314
5.2.2.1;7.2.1 Orthographical View;314
5.2.2.2;7.2.2 Variational View;317
5.2.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Ephraim Speiser;317
5.2.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 James Barr;318
5.2.2.2.3;7.2.2.3 Alan Millard;318
5.2.2.2.4;7.2.2.4 Some Scholars of New Testament Greek;319
5.2.2.3;7.2.3 Bilingual View;320
5.2.3;7.3 Variant Spellings as Transliterated Allolexemes in Bilingual Contexts;321
5.2.3.1;7.3.1 Transliterated Allolexemes;321
5.2.3.2;7.3.2 Consonants;323
5.2.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Plosives and Fricatives;324
5.2.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Sibilants;324
5.2.3.2.3;7.3.2.3 Liquids;325
5.2.3.2.4;7.3.2.4 Gutturals;325
5.2.3.2.5;7.3.2.5 Additions of Consonants;326
5.2.3.3;7.3.3 Vowels;327
5.2.4;7.4 Variant Spellings as Transliterated Allolexemes in the Four Gospels and Acts;329
5.2.4.1;7.4.1 Local Proper Nouns;329
5.2.4.1.1;7.4.1.1.e...sa..µ and .e..s...µa;330
5.2.4.1.2;7.4.1.2 .a.a.. and .a.a...;330
5.2.4.1.3;7.4.1.3 Ge...s.. and Ge...sa..t;333
5.2.4.2;7.4.2 Personal Proper Nouns;336
5.2.4.2.1;7.4.2.1 S.µ../S.µe.. and ..t.../.....;336
5.2.4.2.2;7.4.2.2 ...s.ß. and ...s.ßet;338
5.2.4.3;7.4.3 Other Transliterated Words;339
5.2.4.3.1;7.4.3.1 The Cry from the Cross;339
5.2.4.3.2;7.4.3.2 .ess.a./...st..;344
5.2.5;7.5 Variant Spellings as Allolexemes and Interdirectionality;347
5.3;8 Semantics;350
5.3.1;8.1 Aramaic Embedded Words as Codeswitching;353
5.3.1.1;8.1.1 Codeswitching, Interference, and Borrowing in a Bilingual Society;354
5.3.1.2;8.1.2 Codeswitching in New Testament Scholarship;360
5.3.1.3;8.1.3 Types of Codeswitching;365
5.3.1.4;8.1.4 Pragmatic Functions of Codeswitching;365
5.3.1.4.1;8.1.4.1 Vividness;366
5.3.1.4.2;8.1.4.2 Emphasis;366
5.3.1.4.3;8.1.4.3 Politeness;366
5.3.1.4.4;8.1.4.4 Solidarity;367
5.3.2;8.2 .µ.. Found in All Four Gospels;368
5.3.3;8.3 Codeswitchings in the Gospel of Mark;379
5.3.3.1;8.3.1 .ßßa . pat..;381
5.3.3.2;8.3.2 .a...a ...µ and effa.a in the Miracle Stories;389
5.3.4;8.4 Codeswitchings in the Gospel of Luke and Acts;395
5.3.4.1;8.4.1 Language Change;396
5.3.4.2;8.4.2 Personal Names;397
5.3.4.2.1;8.4.2.1 S.µ../S.µe.. and ..t.../..f..;399
5.3.4.2.2;8.4.2.2 Sa..../.a.... and Sa...;402
5.3.4.3;8.4.3 Names of Places;404
5.3.4.3.1;8.4.3.1 .e...sa..µ and .e..s...µa;404
5.3.4.3.2;8.4.3.2 .a.a.. and .a.a...;406
5.3.5;8.5 Embedded Aramaic Words as Codeswitchings and Interdirectionality;410
5.4;9 Summary and Suggestions for Further Study;414
5.4.1;9.1 Summary of Results;414
5.4.2;9.2 The Gospel Tradition as Jesus Tradition;428
5.4.3;9.3 The Relationship between Historical Criticism and Literary Criticism;429
5.4.4;9.4 The Synoptic Problem;429
5.4.5;9.5 The Historical Jesus;433
5.4.6;9.6 Textual Criticism;435
5.4.7;9.7 Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity;436
5.4.8;9.8 Bilingual Christology;436
6;Bibliography;438
7;Index of Ancient Sources;506
8;Index of Languages and Place Names;522
9;Index of Modern Authors;524
10;Index of Subjects;534

Über Autor(innen)

Sang-Il Lee, Chongshin Theological Seminary, Yongin, Republic of Korea.