Laugier / Haïat Bone Quantitative Ultrasound

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-94-007-0017-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 468 Seiten

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of bone is a relatively recent research field. The research community is steadily growing, with interdisciplinary branches in acoustics, medical imaging, biomechanics, biomedical engineering, applied mathematics, bone biology and clinical sciences, resulting in significant achievements in new ultrasound technologies to measure bone, as well as models to elucidate the interaction and the propagation of ultrasonic wave in complex bone structures. Hundreds of articles published in specialists journals are accessible from the Web and from electronic libraries. However, no compilation and synthesis of the most recent and significant research exist. The only book on QUS of bone has been published in 1999 at a time when the propagation mechanisms of ultrasound in bone were still largely unknown and the technology was immature. The research community has now reached a critical size, special sessions are organized in major international meetings (e.g., at the World Congress of Biomechanics, the annual meetings of the Acoustical Society of America, International Bone Densitometry Workshop, etc...). Consequently, the time has come for a completely up to date, comprehensive review of the topic. The book will offer the most recent experimental results and theoretical concepts developed so far and is intended for researchers, graduate or undergraduate students, engineers, and clinicians who are involved in the field. The central part of the book covers the physics of ultrasound propagation in bone. Our goal is to give the reader an extensive view of the mathematical and numerical models as an aid to understand the QUS potential and the types of variables that can be determined by QUS in order to characterize bone strength. The propagation of sound in bone is still subject of intensive research. Different models have been proposed (for example, the Biot theory of poroelasticity and the theory of scattering have been used to describe wave propagation in cancellous bone, whereas propagation in cortical bone falls in the scope of guided waves theories). An extensive review of the models has not been published so far. We intend in this book to present in details the models that are used to solve the direct problem and strategies that are currently developed to address the inverse problem. This will include analytical theories and numerical approaches that have grown exponentially in recent years. Most recent experimental findings and technological developments will also be comprehensively reviewed.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Laugier, Pascal

Haïat, Guillaume

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Introduction;7
2.1;References;11
3;Bone Overview;13
3.1;1.1 Introduction;14
3.2;1.2 Bone Description ;14
3.3;1.3 Bone Biomechanics;18
3.4;1.4 Densitometric and Morphological Parameters;30
3.5;1.5 Osteoporosis ;33
3.6;1.6 Conclusion;36
3.7;References;36
4;Introduction to the Physics of Ultrasound;41
4.1;2.1 Fundamentals of Ultrasound;41
4.2;2.2 Tissue Interaction;49
4.3;References;55
5;Quantitative Ultrasound Instrumentation for Bone In Vivo Characterization;58
5.1;3.1 Introduction;59
5.2;3.2 Transverse Transmission;60
5.3;3.3 Axial Transmission;71
5.4;3.4 Discussion and Conclusion;75
5.5;References;77
6;Clinical Applications;83
6.1;4.1 Introduction;83
6.2;4.2 QUS for Fracture Risk Assessment;84
6.3;4.3 Diagnosis of Osteoporosis;85
6.4;4.4 Treatment Initiation;86
6.5;4.5 Monitoring Treatment with QUS;87
6.6;4.6 Quality Control;88
6.7;4.7 Summary;89
6.8;References;89
7;Poromechanical Models;92
7.1;5.1 Introduction;93
7.2;5.2 Biot Theory ;94
7.3;5.3 Review of the Application of Biot Theory to Propagation Through Cancellous Bone;103
7.4;5.4 Sensitivity of the Biot’s Model to Selected Parameters;116
7.5;5.5 Conclusions;123
7.6;References;125
8;Scattering by Trabecular Bone;131
8.1;6.1 Introduction ;131
8.2;6.2 Scattering Models for Cancellous Bones ;133
8.3;6.3 Estimation of Cancellous Bone Properties Using Scattering ;138
8.4;6.4 Is Cancellous Bone a Multiple Scattering Medium?;143
8.5;6.5 Clinical Applications of Scattering;145
8.6;6.6 Discussion and Conclusion ;146
8.7;References;148
9;Guided Waves in Cortical Bone;154
9.1;7.1 Introduction;154
9.2;7.2 Idealized Waveguides;156
9.3;7.3 Guided WaveMeasurements in Axial Transmission Configuration;168
9.4;7.4 Current Measurement Techniques on Long Cortical Bone;175
9.5;7.5 Challenges;179
9.6;References;181
10;Numerical Methods for Ultrasonic Bone Characterization;187
10.1;8.1 Introduction;187
10.2;8.2 Methodology;190
10.3;8.3 Literature Review;220
10.4;8.4 Conclusion;227
10.5;References;230
11;Homogenization Theories and Inverse Problems;235
11.1;9.1 Introduction;235
11.2;9.2 Diphasic Macroscopic Model for Cancellous Bone;236
11.3;9.3 Random Distribution of Pores;241
11.4;9.4 Blood-Marrow Mixture as a Non-Newtonian Fluid;249
11.5;9.5 Numerical Upscaling;254
11.6;9.6 Inverse Problems;260
11.7;9.7 Concluding Remarks;265
11.8;References;266
12;Linear Acoustics of Trabecular Bone;270
12.1;10.1 Introduction;271
12.2;10.2 Experimental Methods and Parameters for Quantitative Bone Ultrasound;272
12.3;10.3 Dual Frequency Ultrasound Technique;279
12.4;10.4 Relationships of Ultrasound Parameters with Bone Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties;283
12.5;10.5 Clinical Suitability of Quantitative Bone Ultrasound;288
12.6;References;289
13;The Fast and SlowWave Propagation in Cancellous Bone: Experiments and Simulations;295
13.1;11.1 Introduction;296
13.2;11.2 Experimental Approach: Measurement of Fast and Slow Waves ;297
13.3;11.3 Comparative Study of Experiments and Simulations ;307
13.4;11.4 Towards Clinical Application of the Two-Wave Phenomenon ;314
13.5;11.5 Conclusions;318
13.6;References;319
14;Phase Velocity of Cancellous Bone: Negative Dispersion Arising from Fast and SlowWaves, Interference, Diffraction, and Phase Cancellation at Piezoelectric Receiving Elements;323
14.1;12.1 Introduction;323
14.2;12.2 Calculation of Phase Velocity;324
14.3;12.3 Anomalous Negative Dispersion in Cancellous Bone;324
14.4;12.4 Proposed Explanations of Negative Dispersion in Bone;325
14.5;12.5 Interfering Wave Modes;326
14.6;12.6 Analysis of Interfering Waves Using Bayesian Probability Theory;327
14.7;12.7 Phase Cancellation and Diffraction Effects;330
14.8;12.8 Conclusion;331
14.9;References;331
15;Linear Ultrasonic Properties of Cortical Bone: In Vitro Studies;335
15.1;13.1 Introduction;335
15.2;13.2 Material and Methods ;338
15.3;13.3 Velocity Measurements;341
15.4;13.4 Attenuation Measurements ;345
15.5;13.5 Dispersion Measurements;352
15.6;13.6 Conclusion;359
15.7;References;359
16;Ultrasonic Monitoring of Fracture Healing;365
16.1;14.1 Introduction;366
16.2;14.2 Ultrasonic Configurations and Measured Quantities;367
16.3;14.3 Experimental Studies ;368
16.4;14.4 Computational Studies;375
16.5;14.5 Conclusion;380
16.6;References;381
17;Nonlinear Acoustics for Non-invasive Assessment of Bone Micro- damage;384
17.1;15.1 Introduction;385
17.2;15.2 Application of Nonlinear Acoustics to Experimental Assessment of Damage in Bone;385
17.3;15.3 Theoretical Modeling of Damage-induced Nonlinearity, Limitations of the Technique ;403
17.4;15.4 Conclusion;407
17.5;References;408
18;Microscopic Elastic Properties;412
18.1;16.1 Introduction;412
18.2;16.2 Material and Methods ;424
18.3;16.3 Results ;429
18.4;16.4 Conclusion;438
18.5;References;440
19;Ultrasonic Computed Tomography;443
19.1;17.1 Introduction;444
19.2;17.2 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography;445
19.3;17.3 The UCT-Scanner;450
19.4;17.4 Results;451
19.5;17.5 Conclusion;458
19.6;References;459
20;Index;462