Laflamme Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-323-31195-3
Verlag: Elsevier HealthScience EN
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 44-4, 185 Seiten

Reihe: The Clinics: Veterinary Medicine

Nutrition, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice,

Autoren/Hrsg.

Laflamme, Dottie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Clinical Nutrition;2
3;copyright
;3
4;Contributors;4
5;Contents;6
6;Veterinary clinics of
North america: small
Animal practice
;9
7;Preface
;10
8;Nutritional Concepts for the Veterinary Practitioner;12
8.1;Key points;12
8.2;Introduction;12
8.3;Diseases and nutrition;13
8.4;Evaluation of pet foods;14
8.5;Helping owners choose a diet;16
8.6;Pet food labels;16
8.7;Nutritional assessment of dogs and cats;20
8.7.1;What is a Nutritional Assessment?;20
8.7.2;Screening and Extended Evaluations;22
8.7.3;Dietary and Feeding Management Plan;22
8.8;Integrating nutritional assessments into a busy general practice;26
8.8.1;Awareness and Education (Secure Staff Support);26
8.8.2;Initiation;26
8.8.3;Monitor and Review;28
8.8.4;Comments;28
8.9;Nutrition myths and misconceptions;28
8.9.1;Myth: Large-Breed Puppies Should Be Fed an Adult Maintenance Diet to Prevent Developmental Orthopedic Disease;28
8.9.2;Myth: Dry Diets Cause Gastric Dilation Volvulus;28
8.9.3;Myth: Fasting Is an Effect Method for Weight Loss;29
8.9.4;Myth: Feeding Brewer’s Yeast, or Onions, or Garlic, Prevents Fleas;29
8.9.5;Myth: Dogs Should Have Bones to Eat/Chew;29
8.9.6;Myth: Raw Diets Are Better Because They Are More Natural;29
8.9.7;Myth: Gluten-Free Diets Are Healthier for Dogs and Cats;29
8.9.8;Myth: Senior Dogs and Cats Should Be Fed a Low-Protein Diet to Prevent Kidney Disease;30
8.9.9;Myth: By-Products Are Poor Quality Ingredients;30
8.9.10;Myth: Feeding Dry Food to Cats Causes Diabetes Mellitus Because of the High-Carbohydrate Content;30
8.10;Summary;31
8.11;References;31
9;Handling Alternative Dietary Requests from Pet Owners;34
9.1;Key points;34
9.2;Introduction;35
9.2.1;What Is a “Conventional” Versus an “Unconventional” Diet?;35
9.2.2;New Thinking: “Alternative” Diets;36
9.2.3;Dietary Options Available to Owners;37
9.3;How to assess alternative diets;38
9.3.1;North American Pet Food Regulations;38
9.3.2;Determining Nutritional Adequacy of a Patient’s Diet;41
9.3.2.1;Nutritionally complete and balanced;41
9.3.2.1.1;Species;41
9.3.2.1.2;Life stage;42
9.3.2.1.3;Method of determining nutritional adequacy;42
9.3.2.1.3.1;Action;43
9.3.2.2;Intermittent or supplemental feeding only;43
9.3.2.2.1;Action;43
9.3.2.3;Feed under the supervision or direction of a veterinarian;43
9.3.2.3.1;Action;44
9.3.2.3.2;Product recalls;44
9.3.2.3.3;Products without a nutritional adequacy statement;44
9.3.2.3.4;Premade “homemade” diets;44
9.3.2.3.5;Premade products;45
9.3.2.3.6;Mixers and toppers;45
9.3.2.3.7;Homemade or home-prepared diets;45
9.3.2.3.8;Determining product safety;46
9.4;How to assess patients on alternative diets;48
9.4.1;Body Weight Trends, Body Condition Scores, and Muscle Condition Scores;50
9.4.2;Feces;51
9.4.3;Skin and Coat;51
9.4.4;Eyes and Vision;52
9.4.5;Skeleton;52
9.4.6;Laboratory Data;53
9.5;Summary;53
9.6;References;53
10;Myths and Misperceptions About Ingredients Used in Commercial Pet Foods;56
10.1;Key points;56
10.2;Grains in pet foods;58
10.2.1;Allergies and Grains;59
10.2.2;Carbohydrates in Pet Foods;59
10.3;Meat or poultry by-products and meals;60
10.3.1;Animal Versus Vegetable Source Proteins: Determinants of Protein Quality;61
10.4;Effect of cooking on quality and digestibility of nutrients;62
10.4.1;About Extrusion Cooking;62
10.5;Additives and preservatives;62
10.6;Summary;63
10.7;References;63
11;Macronutrients in Feline Health;66
11.1;Key points;66
11.2;Introduction;66
11.3;Macronutrient requirements for cats: minimums and maximums;67
11.3.1;Protein Requirements;67
11.3.2;Fat Requirements;68
11.3.3;Carbohydrate Requirements;70
11.4;Macronutrient preferences of cats;70
11.5;Macronutrients and age;71
11.6;Macronutrients and maintaining a healthy body weight;72
11.6.1;The Role of Protein;72
11.6.1.1;Satiety;73
11.6.1.2;Thermogenesis;74
11.6.1.3;Lean body mass preservation;75
11.6.2;Weight Gain: Fat or Carbohydrates?;75
11.7;Macronutrients and prevention of diseases: what is the evidence?;76
11.7.1;Diabetes Mellitus;76
11.7.2;Chronic Kidney Disease;78
11.8;Summary;78
11.9;References;79
12;Nutrition for Working and Service Dogs;86
12.1;Key points;86
12.2;Introduction;86
12.3;The energetic cost of activity;86
12.4;Energy and demand: fat and carbohydrate;88
12.5;Protein requirements for the canine athlete;90
12.6;Body condition and exercise;91
12.7;Fat: beyond energy;92
12.8;Carbohydrates: timing and strategy;93
12.9;Dietary fiber;93
12.10;Electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins in the working canine;94
12.11;Feeding strategies in canine athletes;96
12.12;Diet in the geriatric athlete;97
12.13;Diets for future canine athletes: nutritional considerations during growth;100
12.14;Summary;101
12.15;References;101
13;Nutrition of Aging Dogs;108
13.1;Key points;108
13.2;Introduction;108
13.2.1;Relevance;108
13.2.2;When Are Dogs Considered Seniors?;108
13.3;Assessment;109
13.4;Physiologic changes associated with aging;110
13.4.1;Impact of Aging on Nutrient Absorption;111
13.4.2;Impact of Aging on Gut Microbiota;112
13.4.3;Impact of Aging on the Brain;113
13.4.4;Impact of Aging on Immune Health;113
13.4.5;Impact of Aging on Gene Expression;113
13.4.6;Impact of Aging on Special Senses and Metabolic Flexibility;113
13.5;Nutritional management of physiologic aging changes;114
13.5.1;Energy;114
13.5.2;Protein;114
13.5.3;Phosphorus;115
13.5.4;Sodium;115
13.6;Nutritional management of selected age-related diseases;115
13.6.1;Nutritional Intervention for Cognitive Dysfunction;115
13.6.1.1;Antioxidants;115
13.6.1.2;Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids;116
13.6.1.3;Alternative fuel sources;116
13.6.2;Nutritional Intervention for Declining Immunity;116
13.6.3;Nutritional Intervention for Degenerative Joint Disease;117
13.6.3.1;Management of body fat and muscle mass;117
13.6.3.2;Long-chain omega-3 PUFA;117
13.6.3.3;Green-lipped mussel extract;117
13.6.3.4;Glucosamine and chondroitin;118
13.6.3.5;Other nutraceuticals;118
13.7;Reassessment and treatment adjustment;118
13.8;Discussion;118
13.9;Summary;119
13.10;References;119
14;Nutrition of Aging Cats;128
14.1;Key points;128
14.2;Introduction;128
14.3;Physical and nutritional evaluation of aging cats;129
14.4;Nutritional requirements of aging cats;130
14.4.1;Energy Requirements Change with Age;130
14.4.2;Body Weight and Body Composition Changes with Age;130
14.4.3;Balancing the Diet: Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates;131
14.4.4;Feeding Management;132
14.5;Therapeutic nutrition for specific conditions;134
14.5.1;Feline Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome;134
14.5.2;Diabetes Mellitus;134
14.5.3;Chronic Kidney Disease;135
14.5.4;Osteoarthritis;136
14.5.5;Hyperthyroidism;137
14.6;References;138
15;Dietary Management of Feline Endocrine Disease;142
15.1;Key points;142
15.2;Introduction;142
15.3;Hyperthyroidism in cats;143
15.3.1;The Many Metabolic Problems Facing the Hyperthyroid Cat;143
15.3.1.1;Weight loss and muscle wasting;143
15.3.1.2;Hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and overt diabetes;143
15.3.1.3;Hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic kidney disease;144
15.3.1.4;Sarcopenia of aging;144
15.3.2;Management Goals;145
15.3.3;Nutritional Strategies and Recommendations for Hyperthyroid Cats;145
15.3.3.1;High dietary protein;145
15.3.3.2;Low dietary carbohydrates;146
15.3.3.3;Lower dietary phosphate;146
15.4;Diabetes mellitus;147
15.4.1;The Many Metabolic Problems Facing the Diabetic Cat;147
15.4.1.1;Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, glucose toxicity;148
15.4.1.2;Weight loss or gain, obesity, muscle wasting;148
15.4.1.3;Sarcopenia of aging;148
15.4.2;Nutritional Management Goals;148
15.4.3;Nutritional Strategies and Recommendations for Diabetic Cats;149
15.4.3.1;Low dietary carbohydrates;149
15.4.3.2;High dietary protein;149
15.5;References;150
16;Pet Obesity Management;156
16.1;Key points;156
16.2;Introduction;156
16.2.1;The Status of Pet Obesity;157
16.2.2;Risk Factors for Obesity;157
16.2.3;Perception of Obesity;158
16.3;Clinical considerations in obesity;158
16.3.1;Client Cost for Obesity;158
16.3.2;Adjusted Body Weight and Medication Dosage;158
16.4;Consequences of obesity;158
16.4.1;Subclinical Consequences of Obesity;159
16.4.2;Clinical Diseases Associated with Obesity;159
16.4.3;Quality of Life in Obese Pets;159
16.5;Prevention;159
16.6;Initial approach to weight management;160
16.6.1;Pet Assessment;160
16.6.2;Owner Assessment;161
16.7;Selecting a diet: nutrients of concern;161
16.7.1;Lower Calorie Density;162
16.7.2;Macronutrient Profile (Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fat);162
16.7.3;Micronutrient Profile;162
16.7.4;Additional Nutrients;162
16.7.5;Treats;162
16.8;Energy restriction;163
16.8.1;Initial Calculation;163
16.8.2;Rate of Weight Loss;163
16.8.3;Special Considerations;163
16.8.4;Energy Restriction for Maintenance of Weight Loss;163
16.9;Physical activity for management of obesity;164
16.10;How to integrate human-animal interaction into obesity prevention and treatment;164
16.10.1;The Discussion of Pet Obesity;164
16.10.2;Creating Effective Weight Management Plans by Understanding Owner-Pet Attachment;165
16.10.3;Incorporating Family Dynamics to Address Challenges in Weight Management Plans;167
16.11;Partnering with pets to achieve wellness;168
16.12;Summary;168
16.13;Supplementary data;168
16.14;References;168
17;Index;174