Kritzer / Sale Marine Metapopulations

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-08-045471-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 576 Seiten

Technological improvements have greatly increased the ability of marine scientists to collect and analyze data over large spatial scales, and the resultant insights attainable from interpreting those data vastly increase understanding of poplation dynamics, evolution and biogeography. Marine Metapopulations provides a synthesis of existing information and understanding, and frames the most important future directions and issues.
* First book to systematically apply metapopulation theory directly to marine systems
*Contributions from leading international ecologists and fisheries biologists
*Perspectives on a broad array of marine organisms and ecosystems, from coastal estuaries to shallow reefs to deep-sea hydrothermal vents
*Critical science for improved management of marine resources
*Paves the way for future research on large-scale spatial ecology of marine systems

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kritzer, Jacob P.

Sale, Peter F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Title page;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Table of contents;6
5;FOREWORD;18
6;PREFACE;22
7;ABOUT THE EDITORS;26
8;CONTRIBUTORS;28
9;PART I: Introduction;30
9.1;1: The Merging of Metapopulation Theory and Marine Ecology: Establishing the Historical Context;32
9.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;32
9.1.2;II. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS;35
9.1.2.1;A. DESCRIBING ACTUAL SPATIAL POPULATION PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES;35
9.1.2.2;B. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASKING RESEARCH QUESTIONS;37
9.1.2.3;C. A PARADIGM FOR POPULATION AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY;38
9.1.2.4;D. APPLICATIONS TO MARINE POPULATIONS;39
9.1.3;III. HISTORY AND EFFECTS OF PREDOMINANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN MARINE ECOLOGY;41
9.1.4;IV. CONSERVATION AND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES ON MARINE ECOLOGY;46
9.1.4.1;A. SCALE OF STUDY;46
9.1.4.2;B. SPATIAL RESOLUTION;47
9.1.4.3;C. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS;48
9.1.5;V. SUMMARY;49
9.1.6;REFERENCES;51
10;PART II: Fishes;58
10.1;2: The Metapopulation Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes;60
10.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;60
10.1.2;II. SPATIAL STRUCTURE;63
10.1.2.1;A. GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT;63
10.1.2.2;B. SPATIAL SUBDIVISION;64
10.1.2.3;C. INTERPATCH SPACE;70
10.1.3;III. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF CORAL REEF FISHES;71
10.1.3.1;A. POSTSETTLEMENT LIFE STAGES;71
10.1.3.2;B. DISPERSAL AND CONNECTIVITY;80
10.1.3.3;C. METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS;80
10.1.4;IV. FACTORS DISSOLVING METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE;84
10.1.4.1;A. SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS;85
10.1.4.2;B. NURSERY HABITATS;86
10.1.5;V. SUMMARY;89
10.1.6;REFERENCES;90
10.2;3: Temperate Rocky Reef Fishes;98
10.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;99
10.2.2;II. GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THE TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATE REEF HABITAT;100
10.2.2.1;A. SUBDUCTION, VOLCANISM, AND FAULTING;103
10.2.2.2;B. GLACIATION;105
10.2.2.3;C. FLUVIAL AND DYNAMIC SUBMARINE EROSIVE PROCESSES;105
10.2.3;III. TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES;107
10.2.3.1;A. BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCES AND TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES;107
10.2.3.2;B. DEPTH AS A MASTER VARIABLE IN TEMPERATE REEF FISH COMMUNITIES;108
10.2.3.3;C. TYPICAL FISH FAUNA OF TEMPERATE ROCKY REEF COMMUNITIES;109
10.2.4;IV. THE ROLE OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING;109
10.2.4.1;A. MAJOR OCEANOGRAPHIC DOMAINS;112
10.2.4.2;B. DISPERSAL AND RETENTION MECHANISMS;113
10.2.5;V. CLIMATE, CLIMATE CYCLES, AND HISTORICAL METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING;114
10.2.6;VI. THE ROLE OF LIFE HISTORY IN METAPOPULATION STRUCTURING;116
10.2.6.1;A. EARLY LIFE HISTORY;116
10.2.6.2;B. JUVENILES;117
10.2.6.3;C. ADULTS;119
10.2.6.4;D. LONGEVITY;121
10.2.7;VII. EMPIRICAL APPROACHES TO MEASURING DISPERSAL AND METAPOPULATION STRUCTURE;123
10.2.8;VIII. POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES IN NORTH PACIFIC ROCKY REEF FISHES;125
10.2.9;IX. HUMAN IMPACTS;132
10.2.10;X. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR METAPOPULATION STUDIES OF TEMPERATE REEF FISHES;134
10.2.11;REFERENCES;137
10.3;4: Estuarine and Diadromous Fish Metapopulations;148
10.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION TO METAPOPULATION CONCEPTS IN ESTUARINE AND DIADROMOUS FISH;148
10.3.2;II. MECHANISMS THAT FORM DISTINCT POPULATIONS;154
10.3.3;III. TOOLS TO QUANTIFY MIGRATION IN DIADROMOUS FISH;156
10.3.3.1;A. GENETICS;156
10.3.3.2;B. ARTIFICIAL TAGS;157
10.3.3.3;C. NATURAL TAGS WITH EMPHASIS ON OTOLITH–GEOCHEMICAL TAGS;158
10.3.4;IV. DIADROMOUS FISH EXEMPLIFY METAPOPULATION THEORY;159
10.3.4.1;A. SALMONIDS;160
10.3.4.2;B. ALOSINES;164
10.3.4.3;C. COMPARING SALMONIDS AND ALOSINE HERRINGS;166
10.3.4.4;D. SCIAENIDS;166
10.3.4.5;E. ATHERINIDS;167
10.3.5;V. VALUE OF THE METAPOPULATION CONCEPT IN UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING DIADROMOUS FISHERIES;168
10.3.5.1;A. CONSERVATION OF LOCAL POPULATIONS;169
10.3.5.2;B. HISTORICAL MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL POPULATIONS IN A FISHERIES CONTEXT;169
10.3.5.3;C. MIXED-STOCK ANALYSIS;171
10.3.5.4;D. EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHY ON METAPOPULATION MANAGEMENT;172
10.3.5.5;E. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AS A SPATIAL MANAGEMENT TOOL;173
10.3.5.6;F. C AN FISHERIES BE MANAGED AS METAPOPULATIONS?;173
10.3.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;175
10.3.7;REFERENCES;175
11;PART III: Invertebrates;184
11.1;5: Metapopulation Dynamics of Hard Corals;186
11.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;187
11.1.2;II. STRUCTURE OF THIS CHAPTER;189
11.1.3;III. SUMMARY OF MODEL STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERIZATION;189
11.1.4;IV. EXISTING MODELS OF DYNAMICS ON CORAL REEFS;195
11.1.5;V. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE MODEL OF SPATIALLY STRUCTURED CORAL REEF COMMUNITIES;196
11.1.5.1;A. SCALES;196
11.1.5.2;B. REPRODUCTION;198
11.1.5.3;C. CONNECTIVITY;199
11.1.5.4;D. RECRUITMENT;200
11.1.5.5;E. GROWTH;203
11.1.5.6;F. M ORTALITY;204
11.1.5.7;G. COMPETITION (AND MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETITORS);207
11.1.5.8;H. HERBIVORY;210
11.1.6;VI. TESTING THE MODEL: PHASE SHIFTS IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE;214
11.1.7;VII. SENSITIVITY OF MODEL TO INITIAL CONDITIONS;215
11.1.8;VIII. EXPLORATION OF MODEL BEHAVIOR;218
11.1.8.1;A. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN INITIAL CORAL COVER, ALGAL OVERGROWTH RATE, CORAL GROWTH RATE, AND HERBIVORY;218
11.1.8.2;B. RECRUITMENT SCENARIO AND OVERFISHING OF HERBIVORES;219
11.1.8.3;C. IMPACT OF HURRICANE FREQUENCY ON LOCAL DYNAMICS;222
11.1.8.4;D. EFFECT OF REDUCED HURRICANE FREQUENCY ON A RESERVE NETWORK;223
11.1.9;IX. SUMMARY;224
11.1.10;X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;224
11.1.11;REFERENCES;225
11.2;6: Population and Spatial Structure of Two Common Temperate Reef Herbivores: Abalone and Sea Urchins;234
11.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;235
11.2.2;II. LIFE HISTORY;236
11.2.2.1;A. ABALONE;236
11.2.2.2;B. SEA URCHINS;237
11.2.3;III. LARVAL DISPERSAL AND SETTLEMENT;238
11.2.3.1;A. ABALONE;238
11.2.3.2;B. SEA URCHINS;241
11.2.3.3;C. SUMMARY OF LARVAL DISPERSAL;246
11.2.4;IV. POPULATION GENETICS;247
11.2.4.1;A. ABALONE;247
11.2.4.2;B. SEA URCHINS;248
11.2.4.3;C. SUMMARY OF GENETICS;250
11.2.5;V. SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN ADULT DISTRIBUTIONS AND DEMOGRAPHICS;250
11.2.5.1;A. ABALONE: ADULT HABITAT AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE;252
11.2.5.2;B. SEA URCHINS: ADULT HABITAT AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE;255
11.2.6;VI. FISHING AND MANAGEMENT;257
11.2.6.1;A. ABALONE;257
11.2.6.2;B. SEA URCHINS;258
11.2.6.3;C. OPTIMAL HARVESTING OF INVERTEBRATE METAPOPULATIONS;260
11.2.7;VII. SUMMARY;262
11.2.8;VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;263
11.2.9;REFERENCES;263
11.3;7: Rocky Intertidal Invertebrates: The Potential for Metapopulations within and among Shores;276
11.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;276
11.3.2;II. PATCH MODELS;278
11.3.3;III. WITHIN-SHORE METAPOPULATIONS;280
11.3.4;IV. METAPOPULATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCALES;286
11.3.5;V. MEASURED SCALES OF VARIABILITY;289
11.3.6;VI. SUMMARY;292
11.3.7;REFERENCES;295
11.4;8: Metapopulation Dynamics of Coastal Decapods;300
11.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;300
11.4.2;II. DECAPOD LIFE HISTORIES;303
11.4.3;III. IDENTIFYING DECAPOD METAPOPULATIONS;306
11.4.4;IV. CASE STUDIES;308
11.4.4.1;A. AMERICAN LOBSTER (HOMARUS AMERICANUS);308
11.4.4.2;B. BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS);314
11.4.4.3;C. DUNGENESS CRAB (CANCER MAGISTER);322
11.4.4.4;D. PINK SHRIMP (PANDALUS BOREALIS);329
11.4.5;V. DISCUSSION;334
11.4.6;VI. SUMMARY;339
11.4.7;VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;340
11.4.8;REFERENCES;340
11.5;9: A Metapopulation Approach to Interpreting Diversity at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents;350
11.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;350
11.5.2;II. VENT SYSTEMS AS METAPOPULATIONS;357
11.5.2.1;A. DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF VENT HABITAT;357
11.5.2.2;B. DISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION;357
11.5.3;III. SPECIES INTERACTIONS;361
11.5.4;IV. BIOGEOGRAPHY AND DIVERSITY;362
11.5.5;V. METAPOPULATION MODELS FOR VENT FAUNAL DIVERSITY;364
11.5.5.1;A. A NULL MODEL;366
11.5.5.2;B. FACILITATION;370
11.5.6;VI. SUMMARY;372
11.5.7;REFERENCES;376
12;PART IV: Plants and Algae;380
12.1;10: A Metapopulation Perspective on the Patch Dynamics of Giant Kelp in Southern California;382
12.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;382
12.1.2;II. DYNAMICS OF GIANT KELP POPULATIONS;384
12.1.3;III. FACTORS AFFECTING COLONIZATION;389
12.1.3.1;A. LIFE HISTORY CONSTRAINTS;389
12.1.3.2;B. MODES OF COLONIZATION;392
12.1.3.3;C. SPORE PRODUCTION, RELEASE, AND COMPETENCY;394
12.1.3.4;D. POSTSETTLEMENT PROCESSES;395
12.1.4;IV. SPORE DISPERSAL;396
12.1.4.1;A. FACTORS AFFECTING COLONIZATION DISTANCE;396
12.1.4.2;B. EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF SPORE DISPERSAL;397
12.1.4.3;C. MODELED ESTIMATES OF SPORE DISPERSAL;400
12.1.5;V. CONNECTIVITY AMONG LOCAL POPULATIONS;404
12.1.6;VI. SUMMARY;406
12.1.7;VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;410
12.1.8;REFERENCES;410
12.2;11: Seagrasses and the Metapopulation Concept: Developing a Regional Approach to the Study of Extinction, Colonization, and Dispersal;416
12.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;417
12.2.2;II. SEAGRASS REPRODUCTION;418
12.2.3;III. PATCHES: COLONIZATION AND EXTINCTION;420
12.2.4;IV. EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL SEAGRASS METAPOPULATIONS;423
12.2.4.1;A. HALOPHILA DECIPIENS ON THE WEST FLORIDA SHELF: A LOCAL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS PATCH EXTINCTION AND REGIONAL RECRUITMENT;425
12.2.4.2;B. PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI ON EXPOSED PACIFIC SHORES: REGIONAL PATTERNS OF SUITABLE SITES EXIST AMONG A MATRIX OF UNSUITABLE SITES; PATCH EXTINCTION DOCUMENTED;428
12.2.4.3;C. HALOPHILA JOHNSONII IN SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA: A WELL-DEFINED REGIONAL POPULATION WITH LIMITED DISPERSAL BETWEEN PATCHES; EXTINCTION OF PATCHES DOCUMENTED;428
12.2.5;V. THE METAPOPULATION MODEL AND SEAGRASS POPULATIONS: A USEFUL CONCEPT?;429
12.2.5.1;A. COLLECTION OF GOOD INFORMATION ON SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF SEAGRASSES;430
12.2.5.2;B. COLLECTION OF GENETIC INFORMATION TO HELP ANALYZE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF A POPULATION;431
12.2.5.3;C. SEED DORMANCY: A SPECIAL PROBLEM FOR PLANT POPULATIONS;431
12.2.6;VI. SUMMARY;432
12.2.7;VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;432
12.2.8;REFERENCES;433
13;PART V: Perspectives;438
13.1;12: Conservation Dynamics of Marine Metapopulations with Dispersing Larvae;440
13.1.1;I. INTRODUCTION;440
13.1.2;II. SINGLE POPULATION PERSISTENCE;442
13.1.3;III. METAPOPULATION PERSISTENCE;445
13.1.3.1;A. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEROPLANKTONIC SPECIES;449
13.1.3.2;B. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE SUCCESS OF MARINE RESERVES;450
13.1.4;IV. ROLE OF VARIABILITY;450
13.1.5;V. DISCUSSION;451
13.1.6;VI. SUMMARY;455
13.1.7;REFERENCES;455
13.2;13: Genetic Approaches to Understanding Marine Metapopulation Dynamics;460
13.2.1;I. INTRODUCTION;460
13.2.1.1;A. SUBDIVISION IN MARINE POPULATIONS;461
13.2.1.2;B. THE ISLAND MODEL AND ITS LIMITATIONS;461
13.2.2;II. DELINEATING POPULATIONS;463
13.2.3;III. INFERRING PATTERNS OF CONNECTIVITY;467
13.2.4;IV. INFERRING NONEQUILIBRIUM POPULATION DYNAMICS;470
13.2.4.1;A. POPULATION EXTINCTION AND RECOLONIZATION;471
13.2.4.2;B. SOURCE–SINK RELATIONSHIPS;473
13.2.4.3;C. MIXING IN THE PLANKTON AND THE GENETICS OF LARVAL COHORTS;474
13.2.5;V. SUMMARY;476
13.2.6;VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT;478
13.2.7;REFERENCES;478
13.3;14: Metapopulation Dynamics and Community Ecology of Marine Systems;486
13.3.1;I. INTRODUCTION;487
13.3.1.1;A. SCALE OF DISPERSAL;489
13.3.1.2;B. DISPERSAL AND POPULATION DYNAMICS;491
13.3.1.3;C. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES;494
13.3.2;II. METACOMMUNITIES AND SPECIES–AREA RELATIONSHIPS;495
13.3.2.1;A. BACKGROUND;495
13.3.2.2;B. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES;498
13.3.2.3;C. REGIONAL-SCALE DIFFERENTIATION;499
13.3.2.4;D. SUMMARY;500
13.3.3;III. METACOMMUNITIES AND LOCAL–REGIONAL SPECIES RICHNESS RELATIONSHIPS;501
13.3.3.1;A. BACKGROUND;501
13.3.3.2;B. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES;503
13.3.3.3;C. EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND RELATIVE ISLAND POSITION;505
13.3.3.4;D. SUMMARY;506
13.3.4;IV. METACOMMUNITIES AND RELATIVE SPECIES ABUNDANCE PATTERNS;506
13.3.4.1;A. BACKGROUND;506
13.3.4.2;B. METACOMMUNITIES AND RELATIVE SPECIES ABUNDANCE PATTERNS;507
13.3.4.3;C. RELEVANCE TO MARINE METACOMMUNITIES;511
13.3.4.4;D. SUMMARY;512
13.3.5;V. SUMMARY;512
13.3.6;REFERENCES;513
13.4;15: Metapopulation Ecology Marine Conservationand;520
13.4.1;I. INTRODUCTION;520
13.4.2;II. SOURCES, SINKS, AND METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS;523
13.4.3;III. CASE STUDIES;524
13.4.3.1;A. CORAL REEF FISHES;524
13.4.3.2;B. CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER (PANULIRUS PARGUS);528
13.4.3.3;C. RED SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS FRANCISCANUS);533
13.4.3.4;D. LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA);538
13.4.4;IV. SUMMARY;539
13.4.5;REFERENCES;540
13.5;16: The Future of Metapopulation Science in Marine Ecology;546
13.5.1;I. INTRODUCTION;546
13.5.2;II. THE AMPHIBIOUSNESS OF METAPOPULATION THEORY;547
13.5.2.1;A. COMMONALITIES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY;547
13.5.2.2;B. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS;548
13.5.3;III. WHERE IN THE SEA IS METAPOPULATION THEORY LESS RELEVANT?;550
13.5.3.1;A. HIGHLY MOBILE SPECIES;550
13.5.3.2;B. HIGHLY ISOLATED POPULATIONS;551
13.5.3.3;C. WIDELY DISPERSING SPECIES;552
13.5.3.4;D. THE SPECIAL CASE OF CLONAL ORGANISMS;552
13.5.4;IV. OUTSTANDING RESEARCH QUESTIONS;553
13.5.4.1;A. KNOWLEDGE OF DISPERSAL PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS;553
13.5.4.2;B. KNOWLEDGE OF RATES AND EXTENTS OF CONNECTIVITY;554
13.5.4.3;C. MARINE METACOMMUNITIES;554
13.5.5;V. SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MANAGEMENT OF MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES;555
13.5.6;VI. SUMMARY;556
13.5.7;REFERENCES;557
14;INDEX;560