Kretzer Information Materials

Smart Materials for Adaptive Architecture
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-35150-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 198 Seiten

This book considers the potential of new, smart materials and their use in architecture. It begins with an overview of current global tendencies (technological, demographic, and socio-anthropological) and their relevance for architectural design. Expanding upon approaches for flexible design solutions to address change and uncertainty, Dr. Kretzer begins by exploring adaptive architecture and proceeds to introduce the topic of 'information materials,' which encompasses smart and functional materials, their current usage, and their potential for the creation of future spaces. The second chapter provides a comprehensive overview of architectural materials, past and present, split into the topics: natural, industrial, synthetic, digital, and information materials. Chapter three introduces an educational approach for the mediation of information material usage in design courses and student workshops. The final section provides detailed information on a range of emerging material phenomena, including aerogels, bioluminescence, bio plastics, dye-sensitized solar cells, electroluminescent displays, electroactive polymers, soft robotics, and thermochromics. Each section explains its respective history, working principles, fabrication and (potential) usage in architecture and design, and provides hands-on tutorials on how to self-produce these materials, and displays class-tested experimental installations. The book concludes with an outlook into the domain of synthetic biology and the prospects of a 'living' architecture. It is ideal for students of structural materials engineering, architecture, and urban planning; professionals working these in areas, as well as materials science/engineering and architecture educators. 

Manuel Kretzer is responsible for coordinating and leading the postgraduate Master of Advanced Studies class's digital design and production modules at ETH Zurich. His research aims at the notion of a soft and dynamic architecture with a specific focus on new (smart) material performance. In 2012 he established the materiability research network, a platform that brings together architects, artists, designers, students, scientists and researchers who share a common fascination with smart, programmable materials and their potential integration into architecture. He is also partner and co-founder of responsive design studio, based in Cologne and Zurich.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kretzer, Manuel

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;9
4;1 Current Global Challenges, the Concept of Adaptive Architecture, and the Possibilities of Information Materials;13
4.1;1.1 Introduction;13
4.2;1.2 Global Developments and Their Relevance for the Architectural Discourse;15
4.2.1;1.2.1 Technological Advancements;15
4.2.2;1.2.2 Demographic Growth;16
4.2.3;1.2.3 Socio-anthropological Trends;17
4.3;1.3 Challenges for Architecture and Building;18
4.3.1;1.3.1 Junkspace or the Loss of Architectural Identity;20
4.3.2;1.3.2 Superficiality and the Digitization of Materiality;20
4.4;1.4 Flexibility as a Spatial Method to Address Change and Progress;21
4.4.1;1.4.1 Adaptive Architecture;23
4.4.2;1.4.2 Types of Adaptive Architecture;24
4.4.3;1.4.3 Material Intelligence;24
4.5;1.5 Information Materials;25
4.5.1;1.5.1 Potential of Information Materials for Architectural Usage;27
4.5.2;1.5.2 Shortcomings of Current Information Material Usage;28
4.5.2.1;1.5.2.1 Conjunction with Rigid Materials;28
4.5.2.2;1.5.2.2 Replacement of Existing Technologies;28
4.5.2.3;1.5.2.3 Standardization and Inclusion in Established Catalogs;28
4.5.2.4;1.5.2.4 Scientific Mystification and Commercial (Un-)Availability;29
4.6;1.6 Toward a New Softness;29
4.6.1;1.6.1 A Different Kind of Material Thinking;30
4.6.2;1.6.2 Structure of the Book;31
4.6.3;1.6.3 Line of Argumentation;31
4.6.3.1;1.6.3.1 Chapter 2: The Ever-Changing Nature of Materiality and the Meaning of Materials in Architecture and Construction;31
4.6.3.2;1.6.3.2 Chapter 3: An Attempt for the Education of an Information Material Literacy in Respect to Emerging Materials;32
4.6.3.3;1.6.3.3 Chapter 4: A Selection of Emerging Information Materials, Their Properties, Fabrication, and Application in Speculative Spatial Installations;32
4.6.3.4;1.6.3.4 Chapter 5: Toward a New Softness;33
4.7;References;33
5;2 The Ever-Changing Nature of Materiality and the Meaning of Materials in Architecture and Construction;36
5.1;2.1 Introduction;36
5.1.1;2.1.1 Structure of the Present Chapter;38
5.2;2.2 Natural Materials;40
5.2.1;2.2.1 The Influence of Vitruvian Thought on Current New Materialism Positions;41
5.2.2;2.2.2 The Growing Detachment of Form from Materiality;43
5.2.3;2.2.3 The Domination of Human Intellect Over Natural Materiality;45
5.3;2.3 Industrial Materials;47
5.3.1;2.3.1 Durand’s Grammars in Relation to Schumacher’s Parametricism;49
5.3.2;2.3.2 The Intellectual Emancipation of Form from Materiality;50
5.3.3;2.3.3 Technological and Material Advancement During the Industrial Revolution;51
5.3.4;2.3.4 Functionality Takes Precedence Over Aesthetics and Form;52
5.4;2.4 Synthetic Materials;53
5.4.1;2.4.1 The Age of Plastics;54
5.4.2;2.4.2 Utopian Visions for a Better Tomorrow;55
5.5;2.5 Intermediate Summary and Conclusion;56
5.6;2.6 Digital Materials;57
5.6.1;2.6.1 The Emergence of Digital Design and Fabrication Techniques;59
5.6.2;2.6.2 New Instruments for the Architectural Design Practice;60
5.6.3;2.6.3 The Digital Chain: From Design to Production;62
5.7;2.7 Information Materials;63
5.7.1;2.7.1 Programmable Matter;63
5.7.2;2.7.2 The Soft Kinetics of Smart Materials;64
5.7.3;2.7.3 Definitions of Smart Materials;65
5.7.4;2.7.4 Concepts for Information Materials Usage in Architecture;67
5.7.5;2.7.5 Material Behavior in Regards to Energy, Time, and Space;69
5.8;2.8 Final Summary and Conclusion;71
5.9;References;73
6;3 Materiability—An Attempt for the Education of an Information Material Literacy in Respect to Emerging Materials;77
6.1;3.1 Introduction;77
6.2;3.2 The Process of Physical Making;80
6.2.1;3.2.1 The Inherent Dynamics of Information Materials;81
6.2.2;3.2.2 The Educational Framework of the Materiability Approach;81
6.3;3.3 Access to Information;83
6.3.1;3.3.1 Approaches for the Mediation of Material Knowledge;85
6.3.2;3.3.2 The Materiability Research Network: Access to Information Materials;86
6.4;3.4 Information Material Literacy;87
6.4.1;3.4.1 Collective Making in the Third Industrial Revolution;88
6.4.2;3.4.2 The Materiability Research Network: A Growing Community;89
6.5;3.5 Summary and Conclusion;91
6.6;References;92
7;4 A Selection of Emerging Information Materials, Their Properties, Fabrication, and Application in Speculative Spatial Installations;94
7.1;4.1 Introduction;94
7.2;4.2 Aerogels;95
7.2.1;4.2.1 History;95
7.2.2;4.2.2 Material Structure and Synthesis;96
7.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Sol-Gel Process;97
7.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Supercritical Drying;97
7.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Supercritical CO2 Drying;98
7.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 Freeze-Drying;98
7.2.2.5;4.2.2.5 Ambient Pressure Drying;99
7.2.3;4.2.3 Fabrication;99
7.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 Materials and Tools;99
7.2.3.2;4.2.3.2 Steps;99
7.2.4;4.2.4 Applications;104
7.3;4.3 Bioluminescence;104
7.3.1;4.3.1 History;105
7.3.2;4.3.2 Material Structure and Operation;105
7.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Insects;106
7.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 Foxfire;106
7.3.2.3;4.3.2.3 Luminous Bacteria;106
7.3.2.4;4.3.2.4 Deep-Sea Bioluminescence;107
7.3.2.5;4.3.2.5 Synthetic Bioluminescence;108
7.3.3;4.3.3 Fabrication;108
7.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Materials and Tools;108
7.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Steps;109
7.3.4;4.3.4 Applications;110
7.4;4.4 Bioplastics;111
7.4.1;4.4.1 History;111
7.4.2;4.4.2 Material Structure and Synthesis;112
7.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Polysaccharides;113
7.4.2.2;4.4.2.2 Proteins;113
7.4.2.3;4.4.2.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates;113
7.4.2.4;4.4.2.4 Polylactides;114
7.4.2.5;4.4.2.5 Polycaprolactones;114
7.4.2.6;4.4.2.6 Polyamides;114
7.4.3;4.4.3 Fabrication;115
7.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 Materials and Tools;115
7.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Steps;115
7.4.3.3;4.4.3.3 Alternative Recipes;117
7.4.4;4.4.4 Case Studies;117
7.4.4.1;4.4.4.1 Phototropia (2012);117
7.4.4.2;4.4.4.2 Bioplastic Formfinding Workshop (2012);118
7.4.5;4.4.5 Applications;119
7.5;4.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells;120
7.5.1;4.5.1 History;121
7.5.2;4.5.2 Material Structure and Operation;121
7.5.3;4.5.3 Fabrication;122
7.5.3.1;4.5.3.1 Materials and Tools;123
7.5.3.2;4.5.3.2 Steps;123
7.5.4;4.5.4 Case Studies;125
7.5.4.1;4.5.4.1 Phototropia (2012);125
7.5.5;4.5.5 Applications;128
7.6;4.6 Electroluminescent Displays;128
7.6.1;4.6.1 History;129
7.6.2;4.6.2 Material Structure and Operation;130
7.6.3;4.6.3 Fabrication;131
7.6.3.1;4.6.3.1 Materials and Tools;131
7.6.3.2;4.6.3.2 Steps;132
7.6.4;4.6.4 Case Studies;135
7.6.4.1;4.6.4.1 Material Animation (2011);135
7.6.4.2;4.6.4.2 Actuated Matter (2011);137
7.6.4.3;4.6.4.3 Luminous Textiles (2015);138
7.6.5;4.6.5 Applications;138
7.7;4.7 Electroactive Polymers;139
7.7.1;4.7.1 History;139
7.7.2;4.7.2 Material Structure and Operation;140
7.7.3;4.7.3 Fabrication;141
7.7.3.1;4.7.3.1 Materials and Tools;142
7.7.3.2;4.7.3.2 Steps;142
7.7.4;4.7.4 Case Studies;144
7.7.4.1;4.7.4.1 ShapeShift (2010);145
7.7.4.2;4.7.4.2 Animated Textiles (2012);146
7.7.5;4.7.5 Applications;146
7.8;4.8 Soft Robotics;147
7.8.1;4.8.1 Material Structure and Operation;148
7.8.1.1;4.8.1.1 Locomotion;148
7.8.1.2;4.8.1.2 Gripping;149
7.8.1.3;4.8.1.3 Camouflage;149
7.8.1.4;4.8.1.4 Immediacy;149
7.8.2;4.8.2 Fabrication;150
7.8.2.1;4.8.2.1 Materials and Tools;150
7.8.2.2;4.8.2.2 Steps;150
7.8.3;4.8.3 Case Studies;152
7.8.3.1;4.8.3.1 Soft Motion and Liquids (2012);152
7.8.4;4.8.4 Applications;153
7.9;4.9 Thermochromics;154
7.9.1;4.9.1 History;154
7.9.2;4.9.2 Material Structure and Operation;155
7.9.2.1;4.9.2.1 Leuco Dye Systems;155
7.9.2.2;4.9.2.2 Liquid Crystal Systems;156
7.9.3;4.9.3 Fabrication;157
7.9.3.1;4.9.3.1 Materials and Tools;158
7.9.3.2;4.9.3.2 Steps;158
7.9.4;4.9.4 Case Studies;161
7.9.4.1;4.9.4.1 Resinance (2013);162
7.9.4.2;4.9.4.2 Resinance 2.0 (2013);165
7.9.4.3;4.9.4.3 Dynamics in Extreme Environments (2015);166
7.9.5;4.9.5 Applications;168
7.10;4.10 Summary and Conclusion;169
7.11;References;170
8;5 Towards a New Softness;176
8.1;5.1 Introduction and Book Summary;176
8.2;5.2 Thinking Information Materials;178
8.2.1;5.2.1 How Has Material Development and Usage Evolved in Architecture Over the Course of Time and How Has This Influenced the Practice and Education of the Architect?;178
8.2.2;5.2.2 What Is the Current Meaning and Usage of Information Materials in Architecture and How Might It Change in the Future?;179
8.2.3;5.2.3 What Are Didactic Models that Focus on the Mediation of Dynamics, Processes, and Behaviors and How Can Explorative Material Research Become a Vital Aspect of Architectural Education?;180
8.2.4;5.2.4 How Can a Distinct Pedagogic Approach Be Evaluated and How Can Research Results Be Disseminated to a Large, Global Audience?;181
8.3;5.3 Liquid Architecture;182
8.4;5.4 Towards a New Softness;184
8.5;References;187
9;Appendix A;189
10;Glossary;196