Kopal Physics and Astronomy of the Moon

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-7078-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 554 Seiten, Web PDF

Physics and Astronomy of the Moon focuses on the application of principles of physics in the study of the moon, including perturbations, equations, light scattering, and photometry. The selection first offers information on the motion of the moon in space and libration of the moon. Topics include Hill's equations of motion, non-solar perturbations, improved lunar ephemeris, optical and physical libration of the moon, and adjustment of heliometric observations of the moon's libration. The text then elaborates on the dynamics of the earth-moon system, photometry of the moon, and polarization of moonlight. The publication explains lunar eclipses and the topography of the moon. Discussions focus on the photometric model of eclipses, brightness of the solar elementary ring, effects of light scattering, photometry of lunar eclipses, and determination of altitudes on the moon. The text then evaluates the interpretation of lunar craters, luminescence of the lunar surface, and the origin and history of the moon. The selection is a dependable reference for physicists and astronomers interested in the application of principles of physics in the study of the moon.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kopal, Zdenek

Kopal, Zden?k

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Physics and Astronomy of the Moon;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;List of Contributors;6
6;Preface;8
7;Chapter 1. The Motion of the Moon in Space;17
7.1;I. Introductory Remarks;17
7.2;II. The Principal Methods;24
7.3;III. Hill's Equations of Motion;30
7.4;IV. Non-Solar Perturbations;35
7.5;V. Comparison with the Observations;38
7.6;VI. The Improved Lunar Ephemeris;39
7.7;VII. Radar Distances of the Moon;40
7.8;References;41
8;Chapter 2. Libration of the Moon;43
8.1;I. Rotation of the Moon and the Laws of Cassini;43
8.2;II. Optical Libration of the Moon;43
8.3;III. Physical Libration of the Moon;47
8.4;IV. Physical Llbratlon in Lonaltude;49
8.5;V. Physical Libration in Inclination and Node;59
8.6;VI. Influence of Solar Attraction;62
8.7;VII. Determination of the Constants of the Moon's Physical Libration from Observations;62
8.8;VIII. Comparison of Heliometric Observations of the Moon with Theory;63
8.9;IX. Adjustment of Heliometric Observations of the Moon's Libration;66
8.10;X. Remarks concerning the Figure of the Moon;70
8.11;XI. Values of the Constants of the Moon's Physical Libration and Conclusion;72
8.12;References;74
9;Chapter 3. Dynamics of the Earth-Moon System;77
9.1;I. Introduction;77
9.2;II. Kinematical and Dynamical Relationships;79
9.3;III. Tidal Deformation;86
9.4;IV. Rotation of the Earth;92
9.5;V. Secular Variation: the Evidence;96
9.6;VI. The Tidal Couple;104
9.7;VII. Inclination and Eccentricity;108
9.8;Acknowledgements;112
9.9;References;112
10;Chapter 4. Photometry of the Moon;115
10.1;I. Introduction;115
10.2;II. Integral Brightness as a Function of the Phase-Angle;116
10.3;III. Absolute Magnitude and Albedo of the Moon;122
10.4;IV. Brightness of Surface Details;127
10.5;V. Laws of Reflection;129
10.6;VI. Colorimetric Characteristics;137
10.7;VII. Conclusions;141
10.8;References;144
11;Chapter 5. The Polarization of Moonlight;147
11.1;I. Introduction;147
11.2;II. Polarization of Light from the Whole Disk;148
11.3;III. Polarization by Different Regions of the Disk;149
11.4;IV. Polarization of Light by Mineral Substances;150
11.5;V. Substances with Vitreous Surfaces;150
11.6;VI. Slightly Absorbing Powdered Substances;153
11.7;VII. Substances with Rough or Diffusing Surfaces;157
11.8;VIII. Powdered Opaque Substances;159
11.9;IX. The Interpretation of the Polarization of the Light from the Moon;160
11.10;X. Origin of the Powdery Nature of Lunar Ground;162
11.11;XI. Polarization of the Ashen Light of the Moon;164
11.12;XII. The Study of the Polarization of Ashen Light;166
11.13;XIII. Origin of the Polarization of the Ashen Light;167
11.14;XIV. Polarization Curve of the Earth;167
11.15;XV. The Nature of the Lunar Ground;169
11.16;XVI. The Investigation of an Atmosphere Surrounding the Moon;170
11.17;References;175
12;Chapter 6. Lunar Eclipses;177
12.1;I. Introduction;177
12.2;II. The History of Lunar Eclipses;178
12.3;III. The Basic Characteristics of the Eclipses;180
12.4;IV. Future Eclipses;182
12.5;V. Increase of the Earth's Shadow;183
12.6;VI. The Photometric Model of the Eclipses;186
12.7;VII. General Transmission Coefficient;188
12.8;VIII. Computation of the Refraction and of the Air-mass;191
12.9;IX. Brightness of the Solar Elementary Ring;193
12.10;X. Structure of the Auxiliary Shadow;195
12.11;XI. Normal Densities of the Shadow;196
12.12;XII. The Eclipse on the Moon;200
12.13;XIII. Geographic Circumstances of Eclipses;202
12.14;XIV. Effects of Light Scattering;204
12.15;XV. Photometry of Lunar Eclipses;206
12.16;XVI. Comparison between Theory and Observations;209
12.17;XVII. Atmospheric Ozone;210
12.18;XVIII. High Absorbing Layer;214
12.19;XIX. Meteorological Analysis of the Eclipse;222
12.20;XX. Lunar Luminescence;225
12.21;XXI. Possible Manifestations of Lunar Luminescence Outside the Eclipses;229
12.22;XXII. The Variation in Brightness of the Eclipse;233
12.23;XXIII. Further Phenomena during Lunar Eclipses;238
12.24;XXIV. Allied Phenomena;240
12.25;XXV. Conclusions;241
12.26;References;242
13;Chapter 7. Topography of the Moon;247
13.1;I. Lunar Topography: a Survey;247
13.2;II. Lunar Coordinates;262
13.3;III. Determination of Altitudes on the Moon;267
13.4;IV. Formations on the Lunar Surface;281
13.5;References;297
14;Chapter 8. Interpretation of Lunar Craters;299
14.1;I. Introduction;299
14.2;II. Crater-forming Processes;301
14.3;III. Maars;307
14.4;IV. Impact Craters;325
14.5;V. Ballistics of Copernicus;341
14.6;VI. History of the Copernicus Region;362
14.7;REFERENCES;369
15;Chapter 9. Physical Observations of the Lunar Surface;379
15.1;I. Introduction;379
15.2;II. Observations by Dinsmore Alter;381
15.3;III. Spectral Observations of Alphonsus on 3rd November, 1958;381
15.4;IV. Spectral Observations of Alphonsus on 23rd October, 1959;393
15.5;V. Conclusions;400
16;Chapter 10. The Luminescence of the Lunar Surface;403
16.1;I. Introduction;403
16.2;II. Historical Survey;403
16.3;III. Observations of Line Profiles;411
16.4;IV. Photometric Accuracy Requirements;415
16.5;V. The Ideal Luminescence Spectrophotometer;417
16.6;VI. Conclusions;422
16.7;References;422
17;Chapter 11. Temperatures on the Lunar Surface;425
17.1;I. Early Infrared Measurements of the Moon;425
17.2;II. Infrared Measurements of Lunar Temperatures;425
17.3;III. Temperature of Moon in Eclipse;429
17.4;IV. Theoretical Analysis of the Surface Temperature Variation;431
17.5;V. Analysis of the Surface Temperature Variation During an Eclipse;435
17.6;VI. Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat;436
17.7;VII. Microwave and Millimetre-wave Observations;437
17.8;VIII. Interpretation of Microwave Temperatures;439
17.9;IX. Comparison of Measurements at Different Wavelengths;442
17.10;X. Departures of Observations from the Theory and Model;444
17.11;References;445
18;Chapter 12. Radio Echo Studies of the Moon;447
18.1;I. Introduction: the Radar Equation;447
18.2;II. Factors Influencing the Intensity of the Echoes;453
18.3;III. The Directivity Factor g;457
18.4;IV. The Librations of the Moon;459
18.5;V. Pulse Length Considerations;462
18.6;VI. The Early Experiments;464
18.7;VII. The Later Experiments;470
18.8;VIII. Summary of the Results;486
18.9;IX. Discussion of the Results;487
18.10;X. The Lunar Ionosphere;495
18.11;XI. Conclusion;495
18.12;References;496
19;Chapter 13. Origin and History of the Moon;499
19.1;I. Introduction;499
19.2;II. Origin of the Lunar Craters;500
19.3;III. The Imbrium Collision;502
19.4;IV. Time of Formation of the Lunar Surface;507
19.5;V. The Figure of the Moon;509
19.6;VI. The Heat Balance of the Moon;513
19.7;VII. Density and Composition of the Moon;523
19.8;VIII. The Chemical Composition of the Surface Regions;528
19.9;IX. The Origin of the Moon;531
19.10;X. Conclusions;539
19.11;References;539
20;Author Index;543
21;Subject Index;551