Kolodner Case-Based Reasoning

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-9449-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 612 Seiten, Web PDF

Case-based reasoning is one of the fastest growing areas in the field of knowledge-based systems and this book, authored by a leader in the field, is the first comprehensive text on the subject. Case-based reasoning systems are systems that store information about situations in their memory. As new problems arise, similar situations are searched out to help solve these problems. Problems are understood and inferences are made by finding the closest cases in memory, comparing and contrasting the problem with those cases, making inferences based on those comparisons, and asking questions when inferences can't be made. This book presents the state of the art in case-based reasoning. The author synthesizes and analyzes a broad range of approaches, with special emphasis on applying case-based reasoning to complex real-world problem-solving tasks such as medical diagnosis, design, conflict resolution, and planning. The author's approach combines cognitive science and engineering, and is based on analysis of both expert and common-sense tasks. Guidelines for building case-based expert systems are provided, such as how to represent knowledge in cases, how to index cases for accessibility, how to implement retrieval processes for efficiency, and how to adapt old solutions to fit new situations. This book is an excellent text for courses and tutorials on case-based reasoning. It is also a useful resource for computer professionals and cognitive scientists interested in learning more about this fast-growing field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kolodner, Janet

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Case-Based Reasoning;2
3;Copyright Page;3
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Preface;14
6;Part I: Background;20
6.1;Chapter 1. What Is Case-Based Reasoning?;22
6.1.1;1.1 Introduction;22
6.1.2;1.2 What Is a Case?;27
6.1.3;1.3 Major CBR Issues: Composition and Specificity;33
6.1.4;1.4 Processes and Issues;35
6.1.5;1.5 Applicability of Case-Based Reasoning;42
6.1.6;1.6 Cognitive Model, or Methodology for Building Expert Systems?;46
6.1.7;1.7 A Note to Readers;48
6.1.8;1.8 Summary;49
6.2;Chapter 2. Case Studies of Several Case-Based Reasoners;52
6.2.1;2.1 CHEF;53
6.2.2;2.2 CASEY;59
6.2.3;2.3 JULIA;62
6.2.4;2.4 HYPO;67
6.2.5;2.5 PROTOS;70
6.2.6;2.6 CLAVIER;74
6.2.7;2.7 Retrieval-Only Aiding and Advisory Systems;79
6.2.8;2.8 Summary;90
6.3;Chapter 3. Reasoning Using Cases;92
6.3.1;3.1 Case-Based Inference;93
6.3.2;3.2 CBR and Problem Solving;96
6.3.3;3.3 Interpretive CBR;105
6.3.4;3.4 Case-Based and Other Reasoning Methods;111
6.3.5;3.5 Summary;116
6.4;Chapter 4. The Cognitive Model;118
6.4.1;4.1 A Short Intellectual History;118
6.4.2;4.2 Dynamic Memory;124
6.4.3;4.3 Beyond Intentional Situations: Dynamic Memory and Model-Based Reasoning;135
6.4.4;4.4 Some Running Cognitive Models;139
6.4.5;4.5 Summary of Claims;152
6.4.6;4.6 Evidence of Case-Based Reasoning in People and Its Implications;156
7;Part II: The Case Library: Representing and Indexing Cases;160
7.1;Chapter 5. Representing Cases;164
7.1.1;5.1 Component Parts of Cases;165
7.1.2;5.2 The Issue of Case Presentation;179
7.1.3;5.3 Case Studies;182
7.1.4;5.4 Advanced Issues;199
7.1.5;5.5 Summary;209
7.2;Chapter 6. Indexing Vocabulary;212
7.2.1;6.1 Qualities of Good Indexes;217
7.2.2;6.2 Choosing Vocabulary;221
7.2.3;6.3 Toward a Generally Applicable Indexing Vocabulary;238
7.2.4;6.4 The Universal Index Frame: A Vocabulary for Intentional Situations;240
7.2.5;6.5 Generally Applicable Indexing Schemes: Lessons Illustrated by the UIF;257
7.2.6;6.6 Beyond the Universal Index Frame;262
7.2.7;6.7 Summary;264
7.3;Chapter 7. Methods for Index Selection;266
7.3.1;7.1 Choosing Indexes by Hand;268
7.3.2;7.2 Choosing Indexes by Machine;276
7.3.3;7.3 Choosing Indexes Based on a Checklist;276
7.3.4;7.4 Difference-Based Indexing;285
7.3.5;7.5 Combining Difference-Based and Checklist-Based Methods;285
7.3.6;7.6 Explanation-Based Indexing;287
7.3.7;7.7 Combining Explanation-Based, Checklist-Based, and Difference-Based Methods;297
7.3.8;7.8 Choosing an Automated Indexing Method;297
7.3.9;7.9 Summary;299
8;Part III: Retrieving Cases from the Case Library;302
8.1;Chapter 8. Organizational Structures and Retrieval Algorithms;308
8.1.1;8.1 A Note About Matching;310
8.1.2;8.2 A Set of Cases;311
8.1.3;8.3 Flat Memory, Serial Search;312
8.1.4;8.4 Hierarchical Organizations of Cases: Shared Feature Networks;314
8.1.5;8.5 Discrimination Networks;319
8.1.6;8.6 A Major Disadvantage;322
8.1.7;8.7 Redundant Discrimination Networks;322
8.1.8;8.8 Flat Library, Parallel Search;328
8.1.9;8.9 Hierarchical Memory, Parallel Search;331
8.1.10;8.10 Discussion;333
8.1.11;8.11 Summary;339
8.2;Chapter 9. Matching and Ranking Cases;340
8.2.1;9.1 Some Definitions;344
8.2.2;9.2 The Building Blocks of Matching and Ranking Processes;349
8.2.3;9.3 Putting It All Together;372
8.2.4;9.4 Summary;386
8.3;Chapter 10. Indexing and Retrieval;388
8.3.1;10.1 Situation Assessment: Choosing Indexes for Retrieval;390
8.3.2;10.2 Implementing Indexes;402
8.3.3;10.3 Achieving Efficiency, Accuracy, and Flexibility;403
8.3.4;10.4 Summary;407
9;Part IV: Using Cases;410
9.1;Chapter 11. Adaptation Methods and Strategies;412
9.1.1;11.1 Substitution;416
9.1.2;11.2 Transformation;437
9.1.3;11.3 Special-Purpose Adaptation and Repair Heuristics;450
9.1.4;11.4 Derivational Replay;454
9.1.5;11.5 Summary;455
9.2;Chapter 12. Controlling Adaptation;458
9.2.1;12.1 Identifying What Needs To Be Fixed;459
9.2.2;12.2 Choosing an Adaptation Strategy;473
9.2.3;12.3 Choosing What Gets Adapted and the Method of Adaptation in Tandem;479
9.2.4;12.4 Flow of Control;482
9.2.5;12.5 Summary;486
9.3;Chapter 13. Using Cases for Interpretation and Evaluation;488
9.3.1;13.1 Exemplar-based Classification;494
9.3.2;13.2 Case-Based Interpretation;501
9.3.3;13.3 Critiquing Solutions: Case-Based Projection;514
9.3.4;13.4 Summary;521
9.4;Chapter 14. Using Cases: Some Additional Issues;524
9.4.1;14.1 Using Reasoning Goals to Guide Case-Based Processes;526
9.4.2;14.2 Anticipating Potential Problems and Opportunities for Enhancement;532
9.4.3;14.3 Deriving Subgoals;535
9.4.4;14.4 Types of Reasoning Goals and Tasks;536
9.4.5;14.5 Goal Scheduling;538
9.4.6;14.6 Integrating the Goal Scheduler With the Case-Based Reasoner;540
9.4.7;14.7 When to Use a Goal Scheduler;540
9.4.8;14.8 A Neglected Complexity: Merging Pieces of Several Solutions;541
9.4.9;14.9 Summary;543
10;Part V: Pulling It All Together;546
10.1;Chapter 15. Building a Case-Based Reasoner;548
10.1.1;15.1 First Things First: When Should a Case-Based Reasoner Be Used?;551
10.1.2;15.2 Which Tasks and Subtasks Should the Case-Based Reasoner Support?;556
10.1.3;15.3 What Degree of Automation Should Be Used?;559
10.1.4;15.4 Building and Maintaining the Case Library;562
10.1.5;15.5 Maintaining the Case Library;566
10.1.6;15.6 Case Presentation and Human-Computer Interaction;575
10.1.7;15.7 Summary;580
10.2;Chapter 16. Conclusions, Opportunities, Challenges;582
10.2.1;16.1 Case-Based Reasoning And Learning;584
10.2.2;16.2 Conclusions;587
10.2.3;16.3 Challenges And Opportunities;590
10.2.4;16.4 The Future;598
11;Appendix: A Case Library of Case-Based Reasoning Systems;600
12;Bibliography;648
13;Index;670