Kole / Michler / Abbott Transgenic Crop Plants

Volume 1: Principles and Development
2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-04809-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 807 Seiten

Development of transgenic crop plants, their utilization for improved agriculture, health, ecology and environment and their socio-political impacts are currently important fields in education, research and industries and also of interest to policy makers, social activists and regulatory and funding agencies. This work prepared with a class-room approach on this multidisciplinary subject will fill an existing gap and meet the requirements of such a broad section of readers. Volume 1 with ten chapters contributed by 31 eminent scientists from nine countries deliberates on the basic concepts, strategies and tools for development of transgenic crop plants, including topics such as: explants used for the generation of transgenic plants, gene transfer methods, organelle transformation, selection and screening strategies, expression and stability of transgenes, silencing undesirable genes, transgene integration, biosynthesis and biotransformation and metabolic engineering of pathways and gene discovery.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kole, Chittaranjan

Michler, Charles

Abbott, Albert G.

Hall, Timothy C.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Transgenic Crop Plants;2
1.1;Title Page;3
1.2;Copyright Page;4
1.3;Preface;5
1.4;Contents;10
1.5;Contributors;12
1.6;Abbreviations;15
1.7;Chapter 1;21
1.7.1;Generation and Deployment of Transgenic Crop Plants: An Overview;21
1.7.1.1;1.1 Introduction;21
1.7.1.2;1.2 Target Cells and Organelles for Genetic Transformation;22
1.7.1.3;1.3 Methods for Introducing Genes into Plants;23
1.7.1.4;1.4 Vector Construction and Genes for Plant Transformation;26
1.7.1.4.1;1.4.1 Promoters for Plant Transformation;27
1.7.1.4.2;1.4.2 Reporter and Selectable Marker Genes;29
1.7.1.5;1.5 Methods for Screening of Genes Introduced into Putatively Transformed Plants;31
1.7.1.6;1.6 Gene Expression in Transgenic Plants;31
1.7.1.7;1.7 Target Genes for Genetic Transformation;32
1.7.1.7.1;1.7.1 Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses;33
1.7.1.7.2;1.7.2 Improvement of Quality;35
1.7.1.7.3;1.7.3 Biopharmaceuticals;36
1.7.1.7.4;1.7.4 Phytoremediation;37
1.7.1.7.5;1.7.5 Floriculture;37
1.7.1.8;1.8 Risks and Concerns;39
1.7.1.9;1.9 General Conclusions;39
1.7.1.10;References;40
1.8;Chapter 2;50
1.8.1;Explants Used for the Generation of Transgenic Plants;50
1.8.1.1;2.1 Introduction;50
1.8.1.2;2.2 Explants Used for the Transformation of Herbaceous Plants;51
1.8.1.2.1;2.2.1 Cereals;51
1.8.1.2.2;2.2.2 Brassica;51
1.8.1.2.3;2.2.3 Cassava;52
1.8.1.2.4;2.2.4 Potato;52
1.8.1.2.5;2.2.5 Sugarcane;52
1.8.1.2.6;2.2.6 Banana;53
1.8.1.2.7;2.2.7 Carnation;53
1.8.1.2.8;2.2.8 Tomato;53
1.8.1.2.9;2.2.9 Soybean;54
1.8.1.2.10;2.2.10 Alfalfa;55
1.8.1.2.11;2.2.11 Sunflower;55
1.8.1.2.12;2.2.12 Cucumber;55
1.8.1.2.13;2.2.13 Eggplant;56
1.8.1.2.14;2.2.14 Melon;56
1.8.1.2.15;2.2.15 Strawberry;56
1.8.1.3;2.3 Explants Used for the Transformation of Woody Plants;57
1.8.1.3.1;2.3.1 Almond;58
1.8.1.3.2;2.3.2 Apple;59
1.8.1.3.3;2.3.3 Apricot;59
1.8.1.3.4;2.3.4 Blueberry;59
1.8.1.3.5;2.3.5 Birch;60
1.8.1.3.6;2.3.6 Citrus;61
1.8.1.3.7;2.3.7 Cherry;61
1.8.1.3.8;2.3.8 Eucalyptus;62
1.8.1.3.9;2.3.9 Kiwi;62
1.8.1.3.10;2.3.10 Larch;63
1.8.1.3.11;2.3.11 Peach;63
1.8.1.3.12;2.3.12 Pear;64
1.8.1.3.13;2.3.13 Pine;64
1.8.1.3.14;2.3.14 Plum;64
1.8.1.3.15;2.3.15 Populus;65
1.8.1.3.16;2.3.16 Spruces;65
1.8.1.3.17;2.3.17 Walnut;66
1.8.1.4;2.4 Concluding Remarks;66
1.8.1.5;References;66
1.9;Chapter 3;76
1.9.1;Gene Transfer Methods;76
1.9.1.1;3.1 Introduction;76
1.9.1.2;3.2 Gene Delivery Methods;77
1.9.1.2.1;3.2.1 Biological Methods;80
1.9.1.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer;80
1.9.1.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Agroinfection;84
1.9.1.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS);84
1.9.1.2.1.4;3.2.1.4 Other Microorganisms for DNA Delivery;85
1.9.1.3;3.3 Physical Methods;86
1.9.1.3.1;3.3.1 Liposome-Mediated Delivery;86
1.9.1.3.2;3.3.2 Nanoparticles;87
1.9.1.3.3;3.3.3 Microinjection;87
1.9.1.3.4;3.3.4 Silicon Carbide Whiskers;88
1.9.1.3.5;3.3.5 Microprojectile Bombardment;89
1.9.1.3.6;3.3.6 Electroporation;91
1.9.1.3.7;3.3.7 Other Potential Physical Methods;92
1.9.1.4;3.4 Combined Physical and Biological DNA Delivery;92
1.9.1.4.1;3.4.1 Agrolistic;92
1.9.1.4.2;3.4.2 Sonication-Assisted Delivery;93
1.9.1.5;3.5 Concluding Remarks;93
1.9.1.6;References;94
1.10;Chapter 4;103
1.10.1;Selection and Screening Strategies;103
1.10.1.1;4.1 Introduction;103
1.10.1.2;4.2 Selection Strategies;104
1.10.1.2.1;4.2.1 Positive Selection;104
1.10.1.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Shoot/Root Phenotypic-Based Positive Selection;104
1.10.1.2.1.1.1;Isopentyl Transferase;104
1.10.1.2.1.1.2;Enhancer of Shoot Regeneration 1;105
1.10.1.2.1.1.3;Histidine Kinase;106
1.10.1.2.1.1.4;Homeodomain-Containing Knotted1 Protein;106
1.10.1.2.1.1.5;b-Glucuronidase;106
1.10.1.2.1.1.6;Root Locus (ROL) Proteins;107
1.10.1.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Carbon-Based Positive Selection;107
1.10.1.2.1.2.1;Xylose Isomerase;107
1.10.1.2.1.2.2;Phosphomannose Isomerase;108
1.10.1.2.1.2.3;D-Arabitol Dehydrogenase;108
1.10.1.2.1.3;4.2.1.3 Auxotrophic Markers;108
1.10.1.2.1.4;4.2.1.4 Selection with Biotic and Abiotic Stresses;109
1.10.1.2.1.4.1;Pathogen Resistance;109
1.10.1.2.1.4.2;High Salt Tolerance;109
1.10.1.2.1.4.3;Heat Shock Tolerance;109
1.10.1.2.1.5;4.2.1.5 Antibiotics-Based Positive Selection;110
1.10.1.2.2;4.2.2 Negative Selection;110
1.10.1.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Antibiotics;110
1.10.1.2.2.1.1;Neomycin Phosphotransferase;110
1.10.1.2.2.1.2;Hygromycin Phosphotransferase;111
1.10.1.2.2.1.3;Aminoglycoside-3-N-acetyltransferase (ACC3) and Aminoglycoside-6-N-acetyltransferase (ACC6);112
1.10.1.2.2.1.4;Bleomycin-Binding Protein;112
1.10.1.2.2.1.5;Dihydropteroate Synthase;113
1.10.1.2.2.1.6;Streptothricin Acetyltransferase;113
1.10.1.2.2.1.7;Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase;113
1.10.1.2.2.1.8;ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter;114
1.10.1.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Herbicides;114
1.10.1.2.2.2.1;Phosphinothricin Acetyltransferase;114
1.10.1.2.2.2.2;5-Enolpyruvyl-Shikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase and Glyphosate Oxidase;114
1.10.1.2.2.2.3;Acetolactate Synthase;116
1.10.1.2.2.2.4;Bromoxynil-Specific Nitrilase;117
1.10.1.2.2.2.5;Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase;117
1.10.1.2.2.2.6;Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase;118
1.10.1.2.2.2.7;Organophosphate Hydrolase;118
1.10.1.2.2.2.8;Mutant a-Tubulin Genes;118
1.10.1.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Other Toxic Compounds;119
1.10.1.2.2.3.1;2-Deoxyglucose;119
1.10.1.2.2.3.2;Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (BADH);119
1.10.1.2.2.3.3;Dihydrodipicolinate Synthase and Aspartate Kinase;122
1.10.1.2.2.3.4;Tryptophan Decarboxylase;122
1.10.1.2.2.3.5;Dihydrofolate Reductase;123
1.10.1.2.2.3.6;Tryptophan Synthase b1;123
1.10.1.2.2.3.7;Peptide Deformylase;123
1.10.1.2.2.3.8;Threonine Deaminase;124
1.10.1.2.2.3.9;Anthranilate Synthase;124
1.10.1.2.2.3.10;D-Amino Acid Deaminase;125
1.10.1.2.2.3.11;Glutamate-1-semialdehyde Aminotransferase;125
1.10.1.2.2.3.12;Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyltransferase;126
1.10.1.2.2.3.13;Cyanamide Hydratase;126
1.10.1.2.2.3.14;Octopine Synthase;126
1.10.1.3;4.3 Screening Strategies;126
1.10.1.3.1;4.3.1 Scorable Markers;127
1.10.1.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 b-Galactosidase;127
1.10.1.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 GUS, b-Glucuronidase (uidA);129
1.10.1.3.1.3;4.3.1.3 Luciferase;131
1.10.1.3.1.4;4.3.1.4 GFPs;131
1.10.1.3.1.5;4.3.1.5 Reef Coral Proteins;132
1.10.1.3.1.6;4.3.1.6 Oxalate Oxidases;133
1.10.1.3.1.7;4.3.1.7 Anthocyanin Formation (Maize R, C1, and B Transcription Factors);133
1.10.1.3.1.8;4.3.1.8 Phytoene Synthase;134
1.10.1.3.1.9;4.3.1.9 NPTII;134
1.10.1.3.1.10;4.3.1.10 Opines;134
1.10.1.3.1.11;4.3.1.11 Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase;135
1.10.1.3.2;4.3.2 PCR-Based Screening;135
1.10.1.3.3;4.3.3 Southern Hybridization Analysis;137
1.10.1.3.4;4.3.4 ELISA;139
1.10.1.4;4.4 Marker-Removal Strategies;139
1.10.1.4.1;4.4.1 Cotransformation and Subsequent Segregation;140
1.10.1.4.2;4.4.2 Transposon-based Marker Gene Removal;142
1.10.1.4.3;4.4.3 Site-specific Recombination-mediated Marker Deletion;142
1.10.1.4.4;4.4.4 Intrachromosomal Homologous Recombination System;145
1.10.1.4.5;4.4.5 Cytokinin-Based Backbone-Free Approach;145
1.10.1.4.6;4.4.6 Radiation Method;145
1.10.1.5;4.5 Conclusions;146
1.11;Chapter 5;162
1.11.1;Levels and Stability of Expression of Transgenes;162
1.11.1.1;5.1 Introduction;162
1.11.1.2;5.2 Gene Design for Insertion;163
1.11.1.3;5.3 Quantification of Transgene Expression;163
1.11.1.4;5.4 Promoters;164
1.11.1.4.1;5.4.1 Types of Promoters and Their Applications in Transgenic Crops;165
1.11.1.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 Constitutive Promoters;165
1.11.1.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 Nonconstitutive (Tissue-Enhanced) Promoters;172
1.11.1.4.1.3;Roots;173
1.11.1.4.1.4;Root Nodules;173
1.11.1.4.1.5;Tubers;174
1.11.1.4.1.6;Leaves;175
1.11.1.4.1.7;Flowers;176
1.11.1.4.1.8;Pistils;177
1.11.1.4.1.9;Pollen/Anther;177
1.11.1.4.1.10;Fruit;179
1.11.1.4.1.11;Seeds;180
1.11.1.5;5.5 Factors Affecting Stability and Level of Transgene Expression;181
1.11.1.5.1;5.5.1 SAR/MAR Effect on Transgene Expression;181
1.11.1.5.2;5.5.2 Effect of 50 and 30 UTR Regions;182
1.11.1.5.3;5.5.3 Effect of Introns;184
1.11.1.5.4;5.5.4 Role of Transcription Factors;186
1.11.1.5.5;5.5.5 Effect of DNA Acetylation and Methylation;187
1.11.1.5.6;5.6 Conclusions;189
1.11.1.6;References;190
1.12;Chapter 6;204
1.12.1;Silencing as a Tool for Transgenic Crop Improvement;204
1.12.1.1;6.1 Introduction;204
1.12.1.2;6.2 Procedures for Development of RNAi-Based Transgenic Gene-Silencing Lines;205
1.12.1.3;6.3 Crop Improvements with Silencing Tools;206
1.12.1.3.1;6.3.1 RNAi for Resistance to Diseases and Pests;206
1.12.1.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 RNAi for Resistance to Viruses;206
1.12.1.3.1.2;6.3.1.2 RNAi for Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes;207
1.12.1.3.1.3;6.3.1.3 RNAi for Resistance to Insects;208
1.12.1.3.2;6.3.2 RNAi to Enhance Quality Traits;209
1.12.1.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Decaffeinated Coffee;209
1.12.1.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Reduction of Toxic Gossypol in Cotton;210
1.12.1.3.2.3;6.3.2.3 Tearless Onions;211
1.12.1.3.2.4;6.3.2.4 Low-acrylamide French Fries and Potato Chips;211
1.12.1.4;6.4 Limitations of RNAi-Silencing Technology;212
1.12.1.5;6.5 Future Directions;213
1.12.1.6;References;214
1.13;Chapter 7;217
1.13.1;Transgene Integration, Expression and Stability in Plants: Strategies for Improvements;217
1.13.1.1;7.1 Introduction;217
1.13.1.2;7.2 Methods for the Analysis of Transgenic Loci;218
1.13.1.3;7.3 Locus Structure in Plants Transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens;221
1.13.1.3.1;7.3.1 Principles of Gene Transfer;221
1.13.1.3.2;7.3.2 T-DNA Locus Structure;222
1.13.1.3.3;7.3.3 T-DNA Integration Mechanism;223
1.13.1.3.4;7.3.4 Cotransfer of Vector Backbone Sequences;225
1.13.1.4;7.4 Locus Structure in Plants Transformed by Direct DNA Transfer;226
1.13.1.4.1;7.4.1 Principles of Gene Transfer;226
1.13.1.4.2;7.4.2 Transgenic Locus Structure;227
1.13.1.4.3;7.4.3 Mechanisms of Transgene Integration;231
1.13.1.5;7.5 Locus Structure and Transgene Stability;235
1.13.1.5.1;7.5.1 Position Effects;235
1.13.1.5.2;7.5.2 Locus Structure Effects;236
1.13.1.5.3;7.5.3 Overcoming Position and Locus Structure Effects by Buffering the Transgene;237
1.13.1.5.4;7.5.4 Overcoming Position and Locus Structure Effects by Homologous Recombination;238
1.13.1.5.5;7.5.5 Overcoming Position and Locus Structure Effects by Organelle Transformation;239
1.13.1.5.6;7.5.6 Overcoming Position and Locus Structure Effects by Site-specific Recombination;240
1.13.1.5.7;7.5.7 Overcoming Position and Locus Structure Effects Using Minichromosomes;241
1.13.1.6;7.6 Epigenetic Silencing Phenomena Resulting From Complex Locus Structures and High-Level Expression;242
1.13.1.7;7.7 Conclusions;244
1.13.1.8;References;245
1.14;Chapter 8;254
1.14.1;Organelle Transformations;254
1.14.2;8.1 Introduction;254
1.14.3;8.2 Overview of Organelle Transformation;255
1.14.3.1;8.2.1 Plastids;255
1.14.3.2;8.2.2 Mitochondria;258
1.14.4;8.3 Achievements and Technique Used in Organelle Transformation;258
1.14.4.1;8.3.1 Plastids;258
1.14.4.1.1;8.3.1.1 Biolistics Transformation;258
1.14.4.1.2;8.3.1.2 Electroporation;260
1.14.4.1.3;8.3.1.3 Other Systems;260
1.14.4.1.4;8.3.2 Mitochondria;260
1.14.5;8.4 Conclusions;260
1.14.6;References;261
1.15;Chapter 9;265
1.15.1;Biosynthesis and Biotransformation;265
1.15.2;9.1 Introduction;265
1.15.3;9.2 Biosynthesis of Useful Secondary Metabolites by Plant Cell Cultures;265
1.15.3.1;9.2.1 Useful Secondary Metabolites Produced by Cell Suspension Cultures;266
1.15.3.1.1;9.2.1.1 Shikonin;266
1.15.3.1.2;9.2.1.2 Paclitaxel;268
1.15.3.1.3;9.2.1.3 Other Useful Metabolites Produced in the Undifferentiated Cells;269
1.15.3.2;9.2.2 Useful Secondary Metabolites Produced by Hairy Root Cultures;270
1.15.3.2.1;9.2.2.1 Tropane Alkaloids;271
1.15.3.2.2;9.2.2.2 Camptothecin;272
1.15.3.2.3;9.2.2.3 Morphine;273
1.15.3.2.4;9.2.2.4 Other Useful Metabolites Produced by Hairy Root Cultures;274
1.15.3.3;9.2.3 Useful Secondary Products That Are Hardly Produced by Plant Cell Cultures;275
1.15.3.3.1;9.2.3.1 Vinca Alkaloids;275
1.15.3.3.2;9.2.3.2 Glycyrrhizin;277
1.15.4;9.3 Biotransformation;278
1.15.4.1;9.3.1 Glycosylation;278
1.15.4.1.1;9.3.1.1 Arbutin;279
1.15.4.1.2;9.3.1.2 Curcumin;279
1.15.4.1.3;9.3.1.3 Capsaicin;280
1.15.4.1.4;9.3.1.4 Monoterpene Alcohols;281
1.15.4.2;9.3.2 Hydroxylation;282
1.15.4.2.1;9.3.2.1 Digitoxin;282
1.15.4.3;9.3.3 Miscellaneous;283
1.15.4.3.1;9.3.3.1 Podophyllotoxin;283
1.15.4.3.2;9.3.3.2 Scopolamine;283
1.15.5;References;284
1.16;Chapter 10;289
1.16.1;Metabolic Engineering of Pathways and Gene Discovery;289
1.16.1.1;10.1 Introduction;289
1.16.1.2;10.2 The Beginnings and Early Years of Metabolic Engineering;290
1.16.1.3;10.3 The Basic Goals and Strategies of Metabolic Engineering;291
1.16.1.3.1;10.3.1 Biochemical Pathways;291
1.16.1.3.2;10.3.2 Functional Genomics;291
1.16.1.3.3;10.3.3 Compartmentalization, Transport, and Storage;292
1.16.1.3.4;10.3.4 Basic Strategies;292
1.16.1.4;10.4 Engineering Primary Metabolic Pathways;294
1.16.1.4.1;10.4.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism;294
1.16.1.4.2;10.4.2 Amino Acid Metabolism;295
1.16.1.4.3;10.4.3 Polyamine Metabolism;296
1.16.1.4.4;10.4.4 Lipid Metabolism;298
1.16.1.4.5;10.4.5 Metabolic Engineering in Chloroplast Genome;300
1.16.1.5;10.5 Engineering Secondary Metabolic Pathways;302
1.16.1.5.1;10.5.1 Transcription Factors as Tools for Metabolic Engineering;302
1.16.1.5.2;10.5.2 Flavonoids;303
1.16.1.5.2.1;10.5.2.1 Isoflavone Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering;305
1.16.1.5.2.2;10.5.2.2 Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering;306
1.16.1.6;10.6 Future Roadmap;308
1.16.1.6.1;10.6.1 Food for the World;309
1.16.1.6.2;10.6.2 Biofortification of Plant-Based Foods;309
1.16.1.6.3;10.6.3 Biofuel From Plants;310
1.16.1.7;10.7 Conclusion: Factories of the Future;311
1.16.1.8;References;312
1.17;Index;321