Klingshirn / Waag / Hoffmann Zinc Oxide

From Fundamental Properties Towards Novel Applications
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10577-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 120, 300 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series in Materials Science

The book gives a comprehensive review of the present state-of-the-art in ZnO R+D, including growth, doping, lattice dynamics, electric magnetic and optical properties. The emphasis is on the electric and optical properties, because this is the area where novel applications may be expected with highest promise. The book highlights not only the most recent results but gives both an overview of past research and of the present status -- not avoiding critical and controversial discussions of various aspects such as bank symmetries and laser processes. Intended to have long-lasting impact on ZnO R+D, this monograph addresses (post-)graduate students but also advanced scientists, who want to embark on ZnO research or are already involved, the present state of the art and assists them in avoiding duplication of old results (or mistakes).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Klingshirn, Claus F.

Waag, Andreas

Hoffmann, Axel

Geurts, Jean

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;10
3;1 Introduction;15
3.1;1.1 History of ZnO Research and Contents of This Book;16
3.2;1.2 Aim of This Review;18
3.3;References;19
4;2 Crystal Structure, Chemical Binding, and Lattice Properties;21
4.1;2.1 Crystal Structure and Chemical Binding;22
4.1.1;2.1.1 ZnO Polytype Structures;22
4.1.2;2.1.2 Phase Transitions;24
4.1.3;2.1.3 Crystal Axis Polarity;24
4.2;2.2 Thermal Properties;25
4.2.1;2.2.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients;25
4.2.2;2.2.2 Specific Heat;26
4.2.3;2.2.3 Thermal Conductivity;27
4.3;2.3 The Piezoelectric Effect;28
4.3.1;2.3.1 Principle and Applications;28
4.3.2;2.3.2 The Piezoelectric Tensor;29
4.4;2.4 Lattice Dynamics;30
4.4.1;2.4.1 Phonon Symmetry and Eigenvectors of the Wurtzite Lattice;31
4.4.2;2.4.2 Phonon Dispersion Relations;32
4.4.3;2.4.3 Infrared Optical Phonon Spectroscopy;35
4.4.4;2.4.4 Raman Spectroscopy of Phonon Modes;37
4.4.5;2.4.5 Vibration Modes in Doped ZnO;40
4.4.6;2.4.6 Incorporation of Transition Metal Atoms in ZnO;42
4.4.7;2.4.7 Raman Scattering from ZnO Nanoparticles;44
4.5;2.5 Phonon–Plasmon Mixed States;45
4.5.1;2.5.1 Collective Charge-Carrier Oscillations;46
4.5.2;2.5.2 Coupling to Polar Longitudinal Phonons;47
4.6;References;49
5;3 Growth;52
5.1;3.1 Bulk Growth;53
5.1.1;3.1.1 Vapor Phase Transport;53
5.1.2;3.1.2 Solvothermal Growth;54
5.2;3.2 Epitaxial Growth Techniques;55
5.2.1;3.2.1 Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition;59
5.2.2;3.2.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy;66
5.2.3;3.2.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition;78
5.3;3.3 Growth of Self-Organized Nanostructures;79
5.3.1;3.3.1 Growth Techniques for Nano Pillars;80
5.3.2;3.3.2 Properties of Nanopillars;80
5.4;References;86
6;4 Band Structure;90
6.1;4.1 The Ordering of the Bands at the Valence Band Maximum in ZnO;90
6.2;4.2 ZnO and Its Alloys;97
6.2.1;4.2.1 Cationic Substitution: Mg, Cd, Be in ZnO;98
6.2.2;4.2.2 Anionic Substitution: S, Se in ZnO;102
6.3;4.3 Valence and Conduction Band Discontinuities;104
6.3.1;4.3.1 Iso-Valent Hetero-Structures;104
6.3.2;4.3.2 Hetero-Valent Hetero-Structures;105
6.4;References;106
7;5 Electrical Conductivity and Doping;108
7.1;5.1 Introduction;108
7.2;5.2 Hydrogen in ZnO;110
7.3;5.3 Donors in ZnO: Al, Ga, In;111
7.4;5.4 Acceptors in ZnO;112
7.5;5.5 Mobility;117
7.6;5.6 Ohmic and Schottky Contacts on ZnO;118
7.7;5.7 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas and Quantum Hall Effect;121
7.8;5.8 High-Field Transport and Varistors;123
7.9;5.9 Photoconductivity;127
7.10;References;130
8;6 Intrinsic Linear Optical Properties Close to the Fundamental Absorption Edge;133
8.1;6.1 Free Excitons in Bulk Samples;133
8.1.1;6.1.1 Free Excitons in Bulk Samples, Epitaxial Layers, and NanoRods;137
8.1.2;6.1.2 Experimental Observations;141
8.2;6.2 ZnO-Based Alloys;157
8.3;6.3 Surface Exciton Polaritons;162
8.4;6.4 Excitons in Structures of Reduced Dimensionality;165
8.4.1;6.4.1 Excitons in Quantum Wells and Superlattices;165
8.4.2;6.4.2 Quantum Wires;167
8.4.3;6.4.3 Quantum Dots;170
8.4.4;6.4.4 Cavity Polaritons;174
8.5;References;175
9;7 Bound Exciton Complexes;181
9.1;7.1 ZnO Luminescence: An Overview;181
9.2;7.2 Neutral Donor Bound Excitons (A-Valence Band) and Their Two Electron Satellites;184
9.3;7.3 Ionized Donor Bound Excitons (A-Valence Band);189
9.4;7.4 A Comparison of the Localization Energies with Theoretical Predictions (the Haynes Rule);192
9.5;7.5 Excited State Properties of the Bound Excitons;195
9.6;7.6 Donor–Acceptor Pair Transitions;201
9.7;References;209
10;8 Influence of External Fields;212
10.1;8.1 Excitons in Magnetic Fields;212
10.1.1;8.1.1 Zeeman Effect;213
10.1.2;8.1.2 Free and Bound Excitons;214
10.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Zeeman Splitting of Neutral Donor and Acceptor Bound Excitons;214
10.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Identification of Neutral Donor or Acceptor Bound Excitons;217
10.1.2.3;8.1.2.3 Zeeman Splitting of Ionized Bound Excitons;218
10.1.2.4;8.1.2.4 Zeeman Splitting of Free Excitons;220
10.1.3;8.1.3 Selection Rules for Zeeman Splitting of Exciton States in Magnetic Fields;223
10.1.4;8.1.4 Symmetry of Exciton Hole States;224
10.2;8.2 Excitons in Strain Fields;226
10.2.1;8.2.1 Uniaxial Pressure;228
10.2.2;8.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure;230
10.2.3;8.2.3 Biaxial In-Plane Strain;236
10.3;References;240
11;9 Deep Centres in ZnO;244
11.1;9.1 The Green and Yellow Emission Bands;244
11.2;9.2 Transition Metal Ions;250
11.2.1;9.2.1 ZnO/V;252
11.2.2;9.2.2 ZnO/Fe;255
11.2.3;9.2.3 ZnO/Fe3+;256
11.2.4;9.2.4 ZnO/Fe2+;260
11.2.5;9.2.5 ZnO/Co;264
11.2.6;9.2.6 ZnO/Ni;265
11.2.7;9.2.7 ZnO/Cu;269
11.3;9.3 Outlook;275
11.4;References;275
12;10 Magnetic Properties;278
12.1;10.1 General Overview of the Topic;278
12.2;10.2 Short Overview of the Situation in ZnO;280
12.3;References;283
13;11 Nonlinear Optics, High Density Effects and Stimulated Emission;285
13.1;11.1 Nonlinear Optics;285
13.2;11.2 High Excitation Effects;287
13.2.1;11.2.1 The Intermediate Density Regime;287
13.2.2;11.2.2 Electron–Hole Plasma;292
13.3;11.3 Processes for Stimulated Emission;295
13.3.1;11.3.1 Bulk Samples and Epilayers;296
13.3.2;11.3.2 Quantum Wells and Superlattices;303
13.3.3;11.3.3 Nano Rods and Their Cavity Modes;304
13.3.4;11.3.4 Quantum Dots and Random Lasing;306
13.3.5;11.3.5 Cavity Modes, Photonic Crystals and Polariton Lasers;309
13.4;References;312
14;12 Dynamic Processes;317
14.1;12.1 Dephasing Dynamics;318
14.2;12.2 Relaxation Dynamics;321
14.3;12.3 Recombination Dynamics;324
14.4;References;330
15;13 Past, Present and Future Applications;334
15.1;13.1 Past Applications;334
15.1.1;13.1.1 The Electro Fax Copy;334
15.1.2;13.1.2 Ferrite Properties;335
15.2;13.2 Present and Emerging Applications;335
15.2.1;13.2.1 Cement, Rubber, Paint and Glazes;335
15.2.2;13.2.2 Catalysts, Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics and Food Additives;336
15.2.3;13.2.3 Electronics;336
15.2.4;13.2.4 Gas Sensors;339
15.2.5;13.2.5 TCO, Solar Cells and Some Further Applications;340
15.3;13.3 Visions of Future Applications;341
15.3.1;13.3.1 pn Junctions;342
15.3.2;13.3.2 Light Emitting Diodes;343
15.3.3;13.3.3 Field Emitters;347
15.3.4;13.3.4 Spintronics;347
15.4;References;348
16;14 Conclusion and Outlook;355
16.1;14.1 Conclusions;355
16.2;14.2 Outlook;356
16.3;References;357
17;Index;358