Kinzig / Tilman / Pacala The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity

Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions
Core Textbook
ISBN: 978-1-4008-4730-3
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 33, 392 Seiten

Reihe: Monographs in Population Biology

No detailed description available for "The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity".

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kinzig, Ann P.

Tilman, David

Pacala, Stephen W.

Pacala, Stephen

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Biowissenschaften Biowissenschaften

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xiii

List of Contributors xix

List of Figures xxi

List of Tables xxv

Chapter 1. Opening Remarks by Ann P. Kinxig

PART 1 Empirical Progress

Chapter 1. Biodiversity, Composition, and Ecosystem Processes: Theory and Concepts byDavid Tilman and Clarence Lehman 9

Introduction 9

Definitions of Diversity 11

Problems Related to Experiments and Observations 14

Diversity, Productivity, and Resource Dynamics 15

Sampling Effect Models 16

Niche Differentiation Models 23

Diversity and Stability 29

Measures of Stability 29

Components of Temporal Stability 30

Diversity and Temporal Stability in Multispecies Models 34

Summary 39

Acknowledgments 41

Chapter 2. Experimental and Observational Studies of Diversity, Productivity, and Stability by David Tilman, Johannes Kncps, David Wedin, and Peter Reich 42

Diversity and Stability 43

Diversity, Productivity, and Nutrient Dynamics 49

New Results from the Cedar Creek Biodiversity Experiment 53

Methods 53

Soil Nitrate 54

Community Cover and Biomass 54

Species Number and Composition 60

Weedy Invasion and Fungal Pathogens 63

Patterns in Native Grassland 65

Summary and Synthesis 67

Acknowledgments 70

Chapter 4. Biodiversity and the Functioning of Grassland Ecosystems: Multi-Site Comparisons by Andy Hector 71

Introduction 71

The BIODEPTH Project 72

Multiple Influences on Productivity 74

Differences between Locations 74

Species Richness versus Functional Groups 75

Richness versus Composition 79

Effects of Nitrogen Fixers 81

The Sampling Effect and Biodiversity Mechanisms 82

Testing the Sampling Effect 84

Summary of the BIODEPTH Results 89

Comparisons with Related Studies 89

Relationships within and between Sites 93

Summary 94

Acknowledgments 95

Chapter 5. Autotrophic-Heterotrophic Interactions and Their Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning by Shahid Naeem 96

Introduction 96

Fundamentals 98

Classes of Trophically Defined Functional Groups 98

The Producer-Decomposer Codependency (PDC) 100

Fundamental Trophic Structure 101

Heterotrophic Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning 101

Decomposers and Producers Affect Each Other via Carbon Exchange 102

Consumers Affect the Biomass of Producers and Decomposers 103

Trophic Structure Influences Rates of Material Cycling 104

Heterotrophic Diversity Affects Levels and Stability of Ecosystem Processes 105

Heterotrophs Modulate Producer Diversity Effects 109

Summary of Empirical Findings 111

Implications for Autotroph-Only Models 112

Decomposers 113

Trophic Levels 113

Material Pools 113

Discussion 114

Chapter 6. Empirical Evidence for Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships by Bernhard Schmid, Jasmin joshi, and Felix Schldpfer 120

Introduction 120

Plant Diversity Effects on Ecosystem Functioning 123

General Patterns under Uniform Conditions 124

General Patterns under Variable Conditions 136

Biodiversity Effects among Trophic Levels 140

Review of Empirical Studies 140

Importance of Biological Interactions 140

Designing Empirical Studies to Measure Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships 141

Relevance of Existing Studies 141

Suggestions for Future Studies 148

Acknowledgments 150

Chapter 7. The Transition from Sampling to Complementarity by Stephen Pacala and David Tilman 151

Conclusions 165

PART 2 Theoretical Extensions

Chapter 8. Introduction to Theory and the Common Ecosystem Model by Stephen Pacala and Ann P. Kinzig 169

The Common Ecosystem Model 171

Summary of the Basic Model 174

Chapter 9. Successional Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning by Ann P. Kinzig and Stephen Pacala 175

Introduction 175

The Successional Niche in a Simple Mechanistic Ecosystem Model 179

Case Studies 183

Results 185 Competition-Colonization in a Simple Mechanistic Ecosystem Model 193

Local versus Global Performance 195

Cases Considered 197

Results 202

Conclusions 212

Chapter 10. Environmental Niches and Ecosystem Functioning by Peter Chesson, Stephen Pacala, and Claudia Neuhauser 213

Introduction 213

Environmental Niches 215

Temporal Niches 216

Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Niches 222

Ecosystem Functioning 223

Ecosystem Functioning with Spatial Niches 224

Ecosystem Functioning with Temporal Niches: Lottery Models 226

Ecosystem Functioning with Temporal Niches: a Mediterranean Ecosystem 228

Discussion 237

Acknowledgments 244

Appendix 245

Cahpter 11. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: The Role of Trophic Interactions and the Importance of System Openness by Robert D. Holt and Michel Loreau 246

Introduction 246

The Sampling Effect Model and Community Assembly 247

Importance of Trophic Complexity and System Openness 248

Toward an Ecosystem Model with Trophic Interactions 250

Case I: Ecosystem Closed at Top, Open at Bottom 252

Case II: Ecosystem Closed at Bottom, Open at Top 256

Discussion 256

Conclusions 259

Acknowledgments 262

PART 3 Applications and Future Directions 12. Linking Soil Microbial Communities and Ecosystem Functioning by Teri C. Baker, Ann P. Kinzig, and Mary K. Firestone 265

Introduction 265

Challenges in Linking Microbial Communities and Ecosystem Functioning 266

Application of Macroscale Diversity Theory to Microorganisms 267 Microbial Ecology Contribution to the Study of Ecosystem Functioning 268

Ecosystem Science and Microbial Ecology 269

Linking Microbial Community Composition and Ecosystem Functioning: A Review of Concepts and Models 271

Broad versus Narrow Processes 271

Application of Physiological Ecology 272

Microbial Strategies: Physiological Constraints and Trade-Offs 276

Timeline of Microbial Response: Conceptual Model of Microbial Role in Ecosystem Functioning 278

Microbial Response: Four Phases 278

Microbial Community Response to Modulator versus Resource Change 282

Relevance to the Timescale of Global Changes 284

Conclusions and Future Research Needs 285

Acknowledgments 287

Appendix

Linking Microbial Community Composition and Ecosystem Functioning. Incorporating Microbial Dynamics in the Common Ecosystem Model 287

Chapter 13. How Relevant to Conservation Are Studies Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning? by Sharon P. Lawler, Juan J. Armesto, and Peter Kareiva 294

Introduction 294

Conservation Philosophies and Ecological Science 295

Studies of Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships: Origins and Recent Critiques 298

Four Unresolved Issues 301

Relating Biodiversity Theory and Experiments to Losses in Biodiversity Caused by Humans 308

Where Should Biodiversity Research Move in the Future If It Is to Best Address Conservation Problems? 310

Do Conservationists Need the Results of Biodiversity Experiments to Justify Their Work? 312

Acknowledgments 313

Chapter 14. Looking Back and Peering Forward by Ann P. Kinzig, Stephen Pacala, and David Tilman 314

References 331

Index 359

Über Autor(innen)

Ann P. Kinzig is Assistant Professor of Biology at Arizona State University. Stephen Pacala is Frederick D. Petrie Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University. G. David Tilman is Distinguished McKnight University Professor of Biology at the University of Minnesota and the author or editor of several books, including Spatial Ecology (Princeton).