Kim Pedestrian Fall Safety Assessments

Improved Understanding on Slip Resistance Measurements and Investigations
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-56242-1
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 276 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering

This book examines pedestrian shoe-floor slip resistance from an engineering standpoint in order to better understand friction and wear behavior. This analysis includes an extensive investigation into the surface properties of shoes and flow, and the measurement of dynamic friction and other mechanical and physical aspects of shoe-floor tribology. Lastly, the book proposes a measurement concept for the identification and classification of operational floor surfaces under a range of different conditions.Novel techniques and methods are proposed that can improve the reliability of slip resistance assessments. The current state of knowledge is critically examined and discussed from a tribological perspective, including aspects like friction, wear, lubrication and the mechanical behavior of shoes, floors and their wider environment. Further, the book reports on extensive experimental investigations into the topographical characteristics of shoe and floor surfaces and how they affect slip resistance. Slips resulting in pedestrian falls are a major cause of injuries and deaths for all age groups. This important book provides essential insights for researchers, practicing engineers and public safety officials wishing to learn about how the risk of pedestrian slips can be assessed and understood.

Dr In-Ju Kim is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management at the University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Sydney, Australia. After earning a Ph.D. degree, he has worked for broad areas of Ergonomics, Human Factors, Industry and Occupational Safety and Health, Applied Biomechanics, and Sports Engineering and Technology through a number of research and industry projects from Australia, the UK, the USA, and Saudi Arabia over the last fifteen years.He is an active researcher in the fields of industry and occupational safety, ergonomics/human factors engineering, biomechanics, injury prevention, sports engineering, and rehabilitation science and technology. He also has served as an editor and editorial board member of four journals in the disciplinary areas of Industrial Engineering, Safety Science and Technology, and Rehabilitation Science and Technology.div>

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kim, In-Ju

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword I;6
2;Foreword II;8
3;Preface;9
3.1;Background and Motivation;9
3.2;Main Aims of This Book;10
3.3;Construction of This Book;10
3.4;Final Remarks;15
4;Contents;16
5;Glossary Terms, Abbreviations and Acronyms;21
6;List of Figures;24
7;List of Tables;29
8;1 Introduction;31
8.1;1.1 Backgrounds;31
8.2;1.2 Major Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements;34
8.3;1.3 Surface Finishes Versus Slip Resistance Performance;36
8.4;1.4 Wear Development Versus Slip Resistance Performance;36
8.5;1.5 Optimal Floor Surface Finishes;38
8.6;1.6 Major Significances and Contributions;38
8.7;1.7 Specific Aims;39
8.8;1.8 Limitations;40
8.9;1.9 Summary;41
8.10;References;42
9;2 Pedestrian Fall Incidence and Slip Resistance Measurements;46
9.1;2.1 Brief Overview of Slip and Fall Incidences;46
9.2;2.2 Injuries Owing to Slips and Falls;47
9.3;2.3 Improvements of Fall Prevention;48
9.4;2.4 Factors Influencing Pedestrian Fall Incidence;49
9.4.1;2.4.1 Intrinsic Fall Risk Factors;50
9.4.2;2.4.2 Extrinsic Fall Risk Factors;51
9.4.3;2.4.3 Mechanics of Human Walking;51
9.5;2.5 Human Gait and Its Impacts on Fall Incidents;52
9.6;2.6 Observation of Human Gait;54
9.7;2.7 Gait Analysis and Fall Risk Prediction;55
9.8;2.8 Measuring Devices for Slip Resistance Properties;57
9.8.1;2.8.1 Articulated Strut Devices;57
9.8.2;2.8.2 Drag and Towed-Sled Devices;57
9.8.3;2.8.3 Pendulum Type Devices;60
9.8.4;2.8.4 Other Type Devices;60
9.8.5;2.8.5 Slip Measuring Testers Used in This Book;63
9.8.6;2.8.6 Comparisons of Slip Measuring Devices;66
9.9;2.9 Testing Standards and Safety Criteria for Slip Resistance Performance;68
9.9.1;2.9.1 Slip Resistance Test Methods and Safety Criteria;68
9.9.1.1;2.9.1.1 The Pendulum Slip Resistance Tester;69
9.9.1.2;2.9.1.2 Tortus Digital Tribometer;70
9.9.1.3;2.9.1.3 BOT 3000 Slip Tester;71
9.9.1.4;2.9.1.4 Variable Angle R73
9.9.1.5;2.9.1.5 SlipAlert Slip Tester;74
9.9.2;2.9.2 Undependable Test Methods and Removed Standards;75
9.9.2.1;2.9.2.1 ASTM C1028-07;75
9.9.2.2;2.9.2.2 Brungraber Mark II (PIAST) and English XL (VIT) Tribometers;75
9.9.3;2.9.3 Clean and Dry and Wet Slip Resistance Measurements;76
9.9.3.1;2.9.3.1 Importance of Dry Slip Resistance Measurement;76
9.9.3.2;2.9.3.2 The Sine Qua Non for Slip Safety Assessments;77
9.10;2.10 Relationships Between Human Gait and Slip Resistance Properties;79
9.11;2.11 Chapter Summary;83
9.12;References;84
10;3 Pedestrian Slip Resistance Measurements: Verities and Challenges;95
10.1;3.1 Introduction;95
10.2;3.2 Brief Overview;96
10.3;3.3 Theoretical Backgrounds;98
10.4;3.4 Mislead Issues on Slip Resistance Measurements;100
10.5;3.5 Definition of a COF;101
10.6;3.6 Friction Development Between Two Solid Surfaces;103
10.7;3.7 What Does a COF Quantity Mean?—Misconception and Restraint;107
10.8;3.8 A Concept of Average COF—Case Study No. 1;108
10.9;3.9 A Concept of Average COF—Case Study No. 2;110
10.10;3.10 Issues of Frictional Force and Heel Strike Angle;112
10.10.1;3.10.1 Frictional Force;112
10.10.2;3.10.2 Heel Strike Angle;115
10.11;3.11 Maintenance Issues;116
10.12;3.12 Conclusions;117
10.13;3.13 Chapter Summary;118
10.14;References;119
11;4 Tribological Approaches for the Pedestrian Safety Measurements and Assessments;123
11.1;4.1 Introduction;123
11.2;4.2 Tribo-Physical Approaches;123
11.2.1;4.2.1 Overview;123
11.2.2;4.2.2 Limitations and Issues;124
11.2.3;4.2.3 Main Problems;128
11.3;4.3 Studies on Surface Roughness Measurements;130
11.3.1;4.3.1 Background;130
11.3.2;4.3.2 Measuring Devices for Surface Roughness;132
11.4;4.4 Understanding of the Shoe-Floor Sliding Friction Interface;134
11.4.1;4.4.1 Significance of Friction Process;135
11.4.2;4.4.2 Measuring Slipperiness;135
11.4.3;4.4.3 Measuring Devices for Slip Resistance;136
11.5;4.5 Basic Tribology for the Shoe-Floor Sliding Friction Mechanism;137
11.5.1;4.5.1 Pedestrian Slip Resistance Requirements;137
11.5.2;4.5.2 Shoe-Floor Friction and COF Measurements;137
11.5.3;4.5.3 Function of Shoes on Slip Resistance;138
11.5.4;4.5.4 Function of Floors on Slip Resistance;138
11.5.5;4.5.5 Factors Affecting Film Formations;139
11.6;4.6 Slip Resistance Measurement and Reaction;140
11.7;4.7 Conflict over Slip Resistance, Hygiene, and Maintenance;141
11.8;4.8 Chapter Summary;142
11.9;References;142
12;5 Friction and Wear Mechanisms;148
12.1;5.1 Introduction;148
12.2;5.2 Friction Mechanism;149
12.2.1;5.2.1 Definition of Friction;149
12.2.2;5.2.2 The Laws of Friction;150
12.2.3;5.2.3 The Origins of Friction;153
12.2.3.1;5.2.3.1 Introduction;153
12.2.3.2;5.2.3.2 The Amonton’s Laws;153
12.2.3.3;5.2.3.3 Sliding Friction;154
12.2.3.4;5.2.3.4 Adhesion Force;155
12.2.3.4.1;Simple Adhesion Theory;155
12.2.3.4.2;Extension of Simple Adhesion Theory;157
12.2.3.5;5.2.3.5 Deformation Force;157
12.2.3.5.1;Deformation;157
12.2.3.5.2;Deformation Theories;158
12.3;5.3 Friction Mechanism at the Shoe-Floor Sliding Interface;160
12.3.1;5.3.1 Introduction;160
12.3.2;5.3.2 Adhesion Component;161
12.3.3;5.3.3 Deformation Component;164
12.4;5.4 Wear Mechanism;166
12.4.1;5.4.1 Introduction;166
12.4.2;5.4.2 Main Considerations;166
12.5;5.5 Wear Model for the Shoe-Floor Sliding Friction System;168
12.6;5.6 Chapter Summary;171
12.7;References;172
13;6 Surface Measurement and Analysis;176
13.1;6.1 Introduction;176
13.2;6.2 Nature of Surfaces and Their Contact Mechanism;177
13.2.1;6.2.1 Fundamental Concepts;177
13.2.2;6.2.2 Contact Mechanism Between Two Surfaces;178
13.2.3;6.2.3 Simple Theory of Rough Surface Contact;179
13.2.4;6.2.4 Statistical Theories of Rough Surface Contact;182
13.3;6.3 Some Geometrical Properties of Surface Texture;184
13.3.1;6.3.1 Introduction;184
13.3.2;6.3.2 Surface Texture;184
13.4;6.4 Measurement of Surface Topography;187
13.4.1;6.4.1 Surface Texture Analysis;187
13.4.2;6.4.2 Surface Profilometry;187
13.4.3;6.4.3 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope;192
13.4.3.1;6.4.3.1 Introduction;192
13.4.3.2;6.4.3.2 The Principles of Confocal Imaging;192
13.4.3.3;6.4.3.3 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM);195
13.5;6.5 Importance of Surface Analysis for Slip Resistance Assessment;196
13.6;6.6 Effects of Surface Roughness on Slip Resistance Performance;197
13.7;6.7 Quantifying Surface Roughness;198
13.7.1;6.7.1 Introduction;198
13.7.2;6.7.2 Measuring Lengths;199
13.7.3;6.7.3 Reference Line;199
13.7.4;6.7.4 Traditional Surface Roughness Parameters;200
13.8;6.8 Statistical Analysis of Surface Finishes;201
13.8.1;6.8.1 Background;201
13.8.2;6.8.2 Statistical Analysis of Surface Roughness;202
13.8.3;6.8.3 Height Distribution of Surface Texture;202
13.8.3.1;6.8.3.1 CLA and RMS Roughness;203
13.8.3.2;6.8.3.2 Extreme Value Roughness Parameters;205
13.8.3.3;6.8.3.3 Shape Parameters;207
13.8.4;6.8.4 Spatial Distribution of Surface Texture;209
13.8.4.1;6.8.4.1 Average Wavelength;209
13.8.4.2;6.8.4.2 RMS Wavelength;210
13.8.4.3;6.8.4.3 High Spot Count (HSC);210
13.8.5;6.8.5 Hybrid Parameters;210
13.8.5.1;6.8.5.1 Mean Slope (?a and ?q);211
13.9;6.9 Relationships Amongst Surface Roughness Parameters;212
13.10;6.10 Surface Analysis for the Shoe-Floor Friction System;213
13.11;6.11 Development of a Contact Model Between the Shoe and Floor Surface;214
13.11.1;6.11.1 Introduction;214
13.11.2;6.11.2 Main Hypotheses for Contact Model Development;215
13.11.3;6.11.3 Model Development;217
13.11.3.1;6.11.3.1 Consideration of Normal Loading;218
13.11.3.2;6.11.3.2 Consideration of Frictional (or Tangential) Loading;219
13.12;6.12 Conclusions;219
13.13;6.13 Chapter Summary;220
13.14;References;221
14;7 A Practical Design Search for Optimal Floor Surface Finishes—A Case Study;226
14.1;7.1 Introduction;226
14.2;7.2 Theory Development;228
14.2.1;7.2.1 Main Hypothesis;228
14.2.2;7.2.2 A Floor-Surface Model for Optimal Operational Levels;229
14.3;7.3 A Case Study—Experimental Methods and Materials;230
14.3.1;7.3.1 Dynamic Friction Tester;230
14.3.2;7.3.2 Test System Conditions;232
14.3.2.1;7.3.2.1 Test Speed;232
14.3.2.2;7.3.2.2 Contact Angle;233
14.3.2.3;7.3.2.3 Normal Force;233
14.3.2.4;7.3.2.4 Dynamic Friction Test Output;233
14.3.3;7.3.3 Floor and Shoe Specimens;234
14.3.4;7.3.4 Environmental Conditions;235
14.3.5;7.3.5 Floor Surface Roughness Measurements;235
14.3.6;7.3.6 Statistical Analysis and Design;235
14.4;7.4 Results of the Case Study;236
14.4.1;7.4.1 Slip Resistance Performance;236
14.4.2;7.4.2 Interactions Between Floor Types and Environments;236
14.4.3;7.4.3 Interactions Between Shoe Types and Environments;239
14.4.4;7.4.4 Operational Ranges of Floor Surface Roughness;240
14.5;7.5 Assessments and Verifications of Findings;244
14.5.1;7.5.1 Interactions Between Floor Types and Environments;244
14.5.2;7.5.2 Interactions Between Shoe Types and Environments;245
14.5.3;7.5.3 Operational Ranges of Floor Surface Roughness;245
14.6;7.6 Study Limitations;246
14.7;7.7 Conclusions;247
14.8;7.8 Chapter Summary;247
14.9;References;248
15;8 Future Works;252
15.1;8.1 Introduction;252
15.2;8.2 Review of Overall Aims;253
15.3;8.3 Recommendations for the Future Studies;254
15.3.1;8.3.1 Necessary Advancements in the Tribo-physical Model;254
15.3.2;8.3.2 Long Term Plan for the Tribo-physical Model;255
15.3.3;8.3.3 Improvement for Slip Measuring Concepts;255
15.4;8.4 Conclusions;257
15.5;Reference;257
16;Index;258