Kaushal / Jain / Kar Free Space Optical Communication

1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-81-322-3691-7
Verlag: Springer India
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 233 Seiten

Reihe: Optical Networks

This book provides an in-depth understanding of free space optical (FSO) communication with a particular emphasis on optical beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The book is structured in such a way that it provides a basic framework for the beginners and also gives a concise description from a designer's perspective. The book provides an exposure to FSO technology, fundamental limitations, design methodologies, system trade-offs, acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) techniques and link-feasibility analysis. The contents of this book will be of interest to professionals and researchers alike. The book may also be used as a textbook for engineering coursework and professional training. 

Hemani Kaushal is currently working as Associate Professor at The NorthCap University (former name ITM University), Gurgaon, India. Dr. Kaushal received her Ph. D degree from the Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi, India. She completed her Master of Engineering in Electronics Product Design and Technology from the Punjab Engineering College University of Technology (PECUT), Chandigarh and Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Punjab, India. She has worked on various industry sponsored projects related to free space optical communication for Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), India. Her areas of research include wireless communication systems specifically in free-space, underwater, and indoor visible-light optical communications. She has over 30+ publications in international journals and conferences. She has received best presentation award in International Conference on Light: OPTICS'11 held at National Institute of Technology (NIT), Calicut, Kerala, India in May 2011. She also received second best award on National Science Day held at IIT Delhi in Feb 2011. She is a life member of Indian Society of Technical Education (ISTE) and member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), USA. Virander Kumar Jain is working as Professor of Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi. He obtained his Master of Science (Electronics) degree in 1973 from the Meerut University, India. He did M.Sc. (Tech.) in Electronics from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani in 1975. He completed his Ph. D in Communication Engineering from IIT Delhi. His research areas are photonics switching and networking, optical fiber and optical space communications, optoelectronic instrumentation, wireless communications, digital communications, noise study and modeling. He has published over 160 papers in various International and National journals and conferences. He has also co-authored 2 books entitled 'Optical Communication Systems' and 'Optical Communications: Components and Systems'. He is a life member of ISTE, Senior Member, IEEE and Fellow, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), India. Subrat Kar is a Professor of Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi. His research interests are optics, embedded telecom systems, telecom transmission and switching, automotive networks, deep space communications and bio-medical instrumentation. Dr. Kar has over 80 journal publications to his credit. He has also co-authored a book titled 'Optical Fiber Communication: Principles and Systems'.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kaushal, Hemani

Jain, V. K.

Kar, Subrat

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Contents;9
3;List of Figures;13
4;List of Tables;19
5;List of Symbols;21
6;List of Abbreviations;26
7;1 Overview of Wireless Optical Communication Systems;29
7.1;1.1 Introduction;29
7.1.1;1.1.1 History;32
7.1.2;1.1.2 Indoor Wireless Optical Communication;33
7.1.2.1;1.1.2.1 Types of Link Configurations;34
7.1.3;1.1.3 Outdoor/Free-Space Optical Communication;38
7.2;1.2 Comparison of FSO and Radio-Frequency Communication Systems;40
7.3;1.3 Choice of Wavelength in FSO Communication System;42
7.4;1.4 Range Equation for FSO Link;43
7.5;1.5 Technologies Used in FSO;48
7.5.1;1.5.1 Direct Detection System;49
7.5.1.1;1.5.1.1 Baseband Modulation;50
7.5.1.2;1.5.1.2 Statistical Model for Direct Detection;51
7.5.1.3;1.5.1.3 Subcarrier Modulation;54
7.5.2;1.5.2 Coherent Detection;55
7.5.3;1.5.3 Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing;57
7.6;1.6 Eye Safety and Regulations;60
7.7;1.7 Applications of FSO Communication Systems;62
7.8;1.8 Summary;65
7.9;Bibliography;65
8;2 Free-Space Optical Channel Models;68
8.1;2.1 Atmospheric Channel;68
8.1.1;2.1.1 Atmospheric Losses;71
8.1.1.1;2.1.1.1 Absorption and Scattering Losses;71
8.1.1.2;2.1.1.2 Free-Space Loss;74
8.1.1.3;2.1.1.3 Beam Divergence Loss;74
8.1.1.4;2.1.1.4 Loss due to Weather Conditions;76
8.1.1.5;2.1.1.5 Pointing Loss;79
8.1.2;2.1.2 Atmospheric Turbulence;80
8.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 The Effect of Beam Wander;83
8.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 The Scintillation Effect;86
8.1.3;2.1.3 Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence on Gaussian Beam;90
8.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Conventional Rytov Approximation;93
8.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Modified Rytov Approximation;96
8.2;2.2 Atmospheric Turbulent Channel Model;97
8.3;2.3 Techniques for Turbulence Mitigation;103
8.3.1;2.3.1 Aperture Averaging;104
8.3.2;2.3.2 Spatial Diversity;107
8.3.3;2.3.3 Adaptive Optics;109
8.3.4;2.3.4 Coding;110
8.3.5;2.3.5 Hybrid RF/FSO;111
8.4;2.4 Summary;112
8.5;Bibliography;113
9;3 FSO System Modules and Design Issues;117
9.1;3.1 Optical Transmitter;118
9.1.1;3.1.1 Choice of Laser;120
9.1.2;3.1.2 Modulators;122
9.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Modulation Schemes;124
9.2;3.2 Optical Receiver;125
9.2.1;Background noise:;126
9.2.2;Dark current noise:;128
9.2.3;Signal shot noise:;128
9.2.4;Thermal noise:;129
9.2.5;3.2.1 Types of Detectors;129
9.2.6;3.2.2 Receiver Configuration;131
9.2.6.1;3.2.2.1 Coherent PSK Homodyne Receiver;132
9.2.6.2;3.2.2.2 Coherent FSK Heterodyne Receiver;134
9.2.6.3;3.2.2.3 Direct Detection (PIN+OA) Receiver for OOK;134
9.2.6.4;3.2.2.4 Direct Detection (APD) Receiver for OOK;136
9.2.6.5;3.2.2.5 Direct Detection (APD) for M-PPM;138
9.3;3.3 Optical Post and Preamplifiers;139
9.4;3.4 Link Design Trade-Off;141
9.4.1;3.4.1 Operating Wavelength;141
9.4.2;3.4.2 Aperture Diameter;142
9.4.3;3.4.3 Receiver Optical Bandwidth;142
9.5;3.5 Summary;143
9.6;Bibliography;144
10;4 Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing;145
10.1;4.1 Acquisition Link Configuration;145
10.1.1;4.1.1 Acquisition Uncertainty Area;148
10.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Probability Distribution Function of Satellite Position;149
10.1.2;4.1.2 Scanning Techniques;150
10.1.3;4.1.3 Acquisition Approach;153
10.1.4;4.1.4 Beam Divergence and Power Criteria for Acquisition;155
10.2;4.2 Tracking and Pointing Requirements;156
10.3;4.3 Integration of Complete ATP System;159
10.4;4.4 ATP Link Budget;160
10.5;4.5 Summary;162
10.6;Bibliography;162
11;5 BER Performance of FSO System;164
11.1;5.1 System Model;164
11.2;5.2 BER Evaluation;164
11.2.1;5.2.1 Coherent Subcarrier Modulation Schemes;166
11.2.2;5.2.2 Noncoherent Modulation Schemes;170
11.2.2.1;5.2.2.1 On Off Keying;170
11.2.2.2;5.2.2.2 M-ary Pulse-Position Modulation;173
11.2.2.3;5.2.2.3 Differential PPM;175
11.2.2.4;5.2.2.4 Differential Amplitude Pulse-Position Modulation;178
11.2.2.5;5.2.2.5 Digital Pulse Interval Modulation;179
11.2.2.6;5.2.2.6 Dual Header-Pulse Interval Modulation;181
11.3;5.3 Summary;184
11.4;Bibliography;184
12;6 Link Performance Improvement Techniques;186
12.1;6.1 Aperture Averaging;186
12.1.1;6.1.1 Aperture Averaging Factor;187
12.1.1.1;6.1.1.1 Plane Wave with Small lo;187
12.1.1.2;6.1.1.2 Plane Wave with Large lo;188
12.1.1.3;6.1.1.3 Spherical Wave with Small lo;189
12.1.1.4;6.1.1.4 Spherical Wave with Large lo;189
12.2;6.2 Aperture Averaging Experiment;191
12.3;6.3 Diversity;193
12.3.1;6.3.1 Types of Diversity Techniques;195
12.3.2;6.3.2 Diversity Combining Techniques;196
12.3.3;6.3.3 Alamouti's Transmit Diversity Scheme;200
12.3.4;6.3.4 Two Transmitter and One Receiver Scheme;201
12.3.5;6.3.5 BER Performance with and Without Spatial Diversity;203
12.4;6.4 Coding;206
12.5;6.5 Channel Capacity;207
12.5.1;6.5.1 Channel Coding in FSO System;208
12.5.1.1;6.5.1.1 Convolutional Codes;209
12.5.1.2;6.5.1.2 Low Density Parity Check Codes;212
12.6;6.6 Adaptive Optics;214
12.7;6.7 Relay-Assisted FSO Transmission;217
12.8;6.8 Summary;218
12.9;Bibliography;219
13;7 Link Feasibility Study;221
13.1;7.1 Link Requirements and Basic Parameters;221
13.1.1;7.1.1 Transmitter Parameters;222
13.1.2;7.1.2 Atmospheric Transmission Loss Parameter;224
13.1.3;7.1.3 Receiver Parameters;224
13.2;7.2 Link Power Budget;225
13.3;7.3 Summary;227
13.4;Bibliography;228
14;Index;229