Dwdm

Networks, Devices, and Technology
1. Auflage 2002
ISBN: 978-0-471-26905-2
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 512 Seiten, Format (B × H): 175 mm x 265 mm, Gewicht: 1415 g

An A-to-Z look at an increasingly important technology: DWDM

The race for unprecedented bandwidth is on - and DWDM(Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing) is opening the way. DWDM is the technology that allows multiple streams of data to flow in one optical fiber of optical communication network. DWDM is the key technology at the heart of new systems and networks that offers more bandwidth at less cost. Soon, DWDM promises to change bandwidth from a premium to a commodity item.

DWDM: Networks, Devices, and Technology provides a comprehensive treatment of DWDM, its technology, systems, and networks, as well as engineering design. It explains how DWDM works, how it is used in system design, how optical network architecture can benefit from DWDM, and what the design issues are.

Written by an expert in the field, the book covers:

- Current telecommunication networks and their issues
- Current telecommunication systems and networks
- New and emerging photonic technologies in development
- Optical and photonic physics that describe DWDM componentsâ??the building blocks of DWDM - and how they are used
- New optical systems, devices, and networks that are replacing electronics How optical and photonic devices are used in photonic systems
- How DWDM systems are engineered and constructed using photonic components
- The strengths, faults, efficiencies, and issues relevant to DWDM systems and networks
- New emerging technologies Suitably detailed yet clear and concise, this is a comprehensive reference that makes this new technology wholly accessible to both practicing engineers and students.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kartalopoulos, Stamatios V

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Nachrichten- und Kommunikationstechnik Optische Nachrichtentechnik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

List of Physical Constants xxi

Introduction xxiii

1 The Physics of Optical Components 1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. The Nature of Light 3

1.2.1. The Wave Nature of Light 3

1.2.2. The Particle Nature of Light 7

1.2.3. Huygens–Fresnel Principle 8

1.2.4. Interference 8

1.2.5. Holography 10

1.2.6. Optical Correlators and Storage 12

1.2.7. Light Attributes 12

1.3. Optical Materials 13

1.3.1. Transparent Versus Opaque Matter 13

1.3.2. Homogeneity and Heterogeneity 13

1.3.3. Isotropy and Anisotropy 13

1.3.4. Organic Materials 14

1.3.5. Photochromaticity 14

1.4. Light Meets Matter 15

1.4.1. Reflection and Refraction: Snell’s Law 15

1.4.2. Critical Angle 16

1.4.3. Antireflection 17

1.4.4. Prisms and Superprisms 18

1.4.5. Propagation of Light 20

1.4.6. Diffraction 22

1.4.7. Polarization 25

1.4.8. Extinction Ratio 33

1.4.9. Phase Shift 34

1.4.10. Birefringence 34

1.4.11. Material Dispersion 37

1.4.12. Electro-Optic Effects 38

1.4.13. Material Attributes 41

1.5. The Fiber as an Optical Transmission Medium 41

1.5.1. Composite Refractive Indices 44

1.5.2. Fiber Modes 44

1.5.3. Fiber Attenuation and Power Loss 49

1.5.4. Fiber Birefringence 54

1.5.5. Dispersion 55

1.5.6. Spectral Broadening 72

1.5.7. Self-Phase Modulation 73

1.5.8. Self-Modulation or Modulation Instability 73

1.5.9. Effect of Pulse Broadening on Bit Error Rate 74

1.6. Nonlinear Phenomena 75

1.6.1. Stimulated Raman Scattering 76

1.6.2. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 77

1.6.3. Four-Wave Mixing 77

1.6.4. Temporal FWM, Near-End and Far-End 79

1.6.5. Impact of FWM on DWDM Transmission Systems 80

1.6.6. Countermeasures to Reduce FWM 80

1.7. Solitons 80

1.8. Summary of Nonlinear Phenomena 82

1.9. Factors that Affect Matter and Light 82

1.10. Regarding Optical Fiber 83

1.10.1. Ideal Fiber Versus Real Fiber 84

1.10.2. The Evolving Bandwidth-Span Product 84

1.10.3. Fiber Amplifiers and Spectral Continuum 84

1.10.4. New Fibers 85

1.10.5. How Strong Is Fiber? 86

1.11. Fiber Connectivity 86

1.12. Optical PWBs 87

Exercises 88

References 89

Standards 91

2 Optical Components 93

2.1. Introduction 93

2.1.1. Geometrical Optics 93

2.1.2. Insertion Loss and Isolation 95

2.1.3. Parameters Common to All Components 95

2.2. Optical Filters 96

2.2.1. Fabry–Perot Interferometer 98

2.2.2. Dielectric Thin Film 104

2.2.3. Diffraction Gratings 105

2.2.4. Bragg Gratings 110

2.2.5. Mach–Zehnder Interferometry 116

2.2.6. Arrayed Waveguide Grating Filters 118

2.2.7. Polarizing Filters 120

2.2.8. Absorption Filters 121

2.2.9. Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters 122

2.2.10. Hybrid Filters 124

2.2.11. Comparing Tunable Filters 124

2.3. Optical Directional Couplers 125

2.4. Optical Power Attenuators 128

2.5. Polarizers and Rotators 129

2.6. Beam Splitters 129

2.7. Optical Isolators and Circulators 130

2.8. Quarter-Wavelength and Half-Wavelength Plates 132

2.9. Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 132

2.9.1. Prisms and Superprisms 132

2.9.2. Gratings 133

2.9.3. Mach–Zehnder Demultiplexer 133

2.9.4. Arrayed Waveguide Grating Demultiplexers 133

2.9.5. Channel Interleavers and Channel Splitters 134

2.10. Optical Cross-Connects 135

2.10.1. Free-Space Optical Switching 137

2.10.2. Solid-State Cross-Connects 140

2.10.3. Polymers and Inks 142

2.10.4. Photochromic Materials 143

2.10.5. Technologies and Switching Speeds 143

2.11. Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers 145

2.12. Optical Equalizers 147

2.13. Light Sources 149

2.13.1. Light-Emitting Diodes 150

2.13.2. Lasers 152

2.14. Laser Beams 166

2.14.1. Gaussian Beams 166

2.14.2. Near-Field and Far-Field Distribution 167

2.14.3. Peak Wavelength 168

2.14.4. Degree of Coherence 168

2.14.5. Laser Safety 169

2.15. Modulators 171

2.15.1. Types of Modulators 173

2.15.2. A Case: Amplitude Modulation 174

2.15.3. Modulation and Bit Error Probabilities 175

2.16. Photodetectors and Receivers 178

2.16.1. The PIN Photodiode 181

2.16.2. The APD Photodiode 181

2.16.3. Photodetector Figure of Merit 183

2.16.4. ITU-T Nominal Center Frequencies 183

2.17. Optical Amplifiers 183

2.17.1. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 186

2.17.2. Rare Earth–Doped Fiber Optical Amplifiers 187

2.17.3. Optical Parametric Amplifiers 197

2.17.4. Raman Amplifiers 198

2.17.5. Synergistic Amplification 205

2.17.6. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 205

2.17.7. Amplification in the Low-Loss Spectral Range 206

2.18. Wavelength Converters 208

2.18.1. Cross-Gain Modulation 208

2.18.2. Cross-Phase Modulation 209

2.18.3. Four-Wave Mixing 209

2.18.4. Optical Frequency Shifting 209

2.19. Optical Phase-Locked Loops 210

2.20. Ring Resonators 211

2.21. Optical Attenuators 212

2.22. Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio 212

2.22.1. Bit Error Rate 213

2.22.2. BER and Eye Diagram 215

2.23. New Materials and Components 219

2.23.1. Optical Materials 219

2.23.2. Hollow Fibers 220

2.23.3. Lasers and Receivers 220

2.23.4. Optical Cross-Connects 221

2.23.5. Optical Memories 221

2.23.6. Optical Integration 222

Exercises 222

References 224

Standards 233

3 Communications Fundamentals 235

3.1. Introduction 235

3.2. Pulse Coded Modulation 236

3.3. Loop Accessing Methods 237

3.3.1. xDSL 238

3.3.2. Other High-Speed Short-Reach Technologies 242

3.4. Time Division Multiplexing Systems 244

3.4.1. Access and Pair-Gain Systems 246

3.4.2. Fiber-to-the-Home Technology 249

3.4.3. Switching Systems 251

3.4.4. Digital Cross-Connect Systems 253

3.5. Getting Connected 254

3.6. Data Systems 255

3.6.1. The OSI Model 258

3.6.2. Local Area Networks 260

3.6.3. Packet Networks 265

3.6.4. Frame Relay 267

3.6.5. ATM 267

3.6.6. Quality of Service 269

3.7. SONET and SDH 270

3.7.1. SONET Topologies 271

3.7.2. SONET and SDH Rates 271

3.7.3. SONET and SDH Frames 271

3.7.4. Floating Frames and Pointers 275

3.7.5. Overhead Definition 275

3.7.6. Frequency Justification 278

3.7.7. Path Overhead 278

3.7.8. Maintenance 278

3.7.9. Operations Communications Interface 280

3.7.10. Interworking 281

3.7.11. Next-Generation SONET 282

3.8. Internet 282

3.8.1. Voice over IP 283

3.8.2. Fax over IP (FoIP) 284

3.8.3. ATM over SONET 285

3.8.4. IP over SONET 287

3.9. Optical Networks 287

3.10. What Is a DWDM System and Network? 288

Exercises 289

References 290

Standards 292

4 DWDM Systems 294

4.1. Introduction 294

4.2. DWDM Network Topologies-Review 295

4.3. DWDM Systems and Network Layers 299

4.3.1. DWDM and Standards 299

4.3.2. Domains or Functions 301

4.3.3. System Partitioning and Remoting 301

4.4. Key Building Blocks of a DWDM System 303

4.4.1. Transmitters and Receivers 304

4.4.2. Optical Amplifiers and Regenerators 311

4.4.3. Dispersion Compensating Solutions 318

4.4.4. Optical Gain Equalizers 322

4.4.5. Optical Wavelength Translators 324

4.4.6. Timing 325

4.4.7. Optical Switching 327

4.4.8. Control Architectures and Controllers 329

4.

Über Autor(innen)

STAMATIOS V. KARTALOPOULOS, PhD, is currently the Williams Professor in Telecommunications Networking in the Telecommunications graduate program of the University of Oklahoma, Tulsa. Previously, he enjoyed a twenty-two-year tenure with such telecom giants as Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, and AT&T. Dr. Kartalopoulos's previous optical networking texts include Understanding SONET/SDH and ATM: Communications Networks for the Next Millennium, Introduction to DWDM Technology: Data in a Rainbow, Fault Detectability in DWDM: Toward Higher Signal Quality and System Reliability, and DWDM: Networks, Devices, and Technology, all published by Wiley-IEEE Press.