Karlson Introduction to Modern Biochemistry

2. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6778-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 456 Seiten, Web PDF

Introduction to Modern Biochemistry, Second Edition focuses on the methodologies, processes, reactions, and technologies involved in biochemistry. The publication first takes a look at organic chemistry and biochemistry, amino acids, and peptides. Discussions focus on the determination of amino acid sequence in peptides, naturally occurring peptides, chemical properties, separation of amino acids, hydrocarbons as parent substances, functional groups, polymeric compounds, and reactions with biochemical significance. The text then ponders on proteins, enzymes and biocatalysis, and coenzymes. The manuscript examines nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis, metabolism of proteins, and porphyrins and hemins. Topics include chemical constitution of heme, significance and reactions of blood pigment, metabolism of aromatic amino acids, degradation to activated fatty acids, decarboxylation of amino acids, and biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides. The text also ponders on carbon dioxide formation in the citrate cycle, fats and fat metabolism, and phosphatides, cerebrosides, and gangliosides. The book is a valuable reference for biochemists and researchers interested in the processes, approaches, and technologies involved in biochemistry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Karlson, P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Introduction to Modern Biochemistry;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;12
5;FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION;6
6;PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION;8
7;PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION;10
8;INTRODUCTION;20
9;CHAPTER I. Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry;22
9.1;1. Hydrocarbons as Parent Substances;22
9.2;2. Functional Groups;25
9.3;3. Polymeric Compounds;34
9.4;4. Isomerisms;34
9.5;5. Reactions with Biochemical Significance;39
9.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;40
10;CHAPTER II. Amino Acids;41
10.1;1. Chemical Properties;41
10.2;2. Individual Amino Acids;45
10.3;3. Separation of Amino Acids;51
10.4;BIBLIOGRAPHY;54
11;CHAPTER III. Peptides;55
11.1;1. Structure and Nomenclature;55
11.2;2. Determination of Amino Acid Sequence in Peptides;56
11.3;3. Naturally Occurring Peptides;58
11.4;BIBLIOGRAPHY;62
12;CHAPTER IV. Proteins;63
12.1;1. Structure of Proteins;63
12.2;2. Primary Structure;64
12.3;3. Secondary Structure;66
12.4;4. Tertiary Structure and Denaturation;71
12.5;5. Molecular Weights of Proteins;75
12.6;6. Colloidal Nature of Proteins;77
12.7;7. Purification and Check of Purity;79
12.8;8. Classification of Globular Proteins;81
12.9;9. Plasma Proteins;82
12.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;88
13;CHAPTER V. Enzymes and Biocatalysis;89
13.1;1. Chemical Nature of Enzymes;89
13.2;2. Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Energetics;90
13.3;3. Catalysts and Enzymes;93
13.4;4. Dynamic Equilibrium and the Steady State;94
13.5;5. Energetic Coupling and Energy-Rich Compounds;95
13.6;6. Specificity of Enzyme Catalysis;98
13.7;7. Michaelis' Theory;100
13.8;8. The Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis;102
13.9;9. Conditions for Enzyme Activity;105
13.10;10. Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes;106
13.11;BIBLIOGRAPHY;110
14;CHAPTER VI. Coenzymes;111
14.1;1. Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups;111
14.2;2. Coenzymes and Vitamins;113
14.3;3. Structure and Classification of Coenzymes;113
14.4;4. Coenzymes of the Oxidoreduoases;115
14.5;5. Group-Transferring Coenzymes;121
14.6;6. Coenzymes of Lyases, Isomerases, and Ligases;134
14.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;135
15;CHAPTER VII. Nucleic Acids and Protein Biosynthesis;136
15.1;1. Bases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides;137
15.2;2. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides;140
15.3;3. Structure of Nucleic Acids;144
15.4;4. Deoxyribonucleic Acid as Carrier of Genetic Information;148
15.5;5. The Transfer of Information: Biosynthesis of DNA and RNA;150
15.6;6. Protein Biosynthesis;153
15.7;7. Mode of Action of Genes;156
15.8;8. Biochemistry of Viruses;159
15.9;9. Nucleic Acid-Cleaving Enzymes and Phosphatases;163
15.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;166
16;CHAPTER VIII. Metabolism of Proteins;167
16.1;1. Proteolytic Enzymes;167
16.2;2. Endopeptidases;169
16.3;3. Exopeptidases and Dipeptidases;172
16.4;4. Outline of the Metabolism of Amino Acids;173
16.5;5. Decarboxylation of Aminö Acids;175
16.6;6. Transamination;176
16.7;7. Oxidative Deamination;177
16.8;8. Urea Cycle;178
16.9;9. Fate of the Carbon Skeleton of AmLo Acids;180
16.10;10. Degradation to Activated Fatty Acids: Oxidative Decarboxylation;180
16.11;11. Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids;182
16.12;12. Amino Acids Supplying Ci Fragments;186
16.13;13. Ketoglutaric Acid or C4-Dicarboxylic-Acid-Supplying Amino Acids;188
16.14;BIBLIOGRAPHY;193
17;CHAPTER IX. Porphyrins and Hemins;194
17.1;1. Biosynthesis of the Porphyrin System;194
17.2;2. Chemical Constitution of Heme;199
17.3;3. Multiplicity of Porphyrin Catalysis;200
17.4;4. The Significance and Reactions of Blood Pigment;201
17.5;5. Degradation of the Blood Pigment;203
17.6;6. Cytochromes, Catalases, and Peroxidases. Chlorophyll;205
17.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;207
18;CHAPTER X. Biologic Oxidation—Metabolism of Oxygen;208
18.1;1. Combustion and Biologic Oxidation;208
18.2;2. Oxidation as a Loss of Electrons;209
18.3;3. The Redox Potential;211
18.4;4. The Respiratory Chain;213
18.5;5. The Electron-Transport Particles;219
18.6;6. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Respiratory Chain Phosphorylation);220
18.7;7. Other Oxygen-Activating Enzymes;222
18.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;225
19;CHAPTER XI. Carbon Dioxide Formationin the Citrate Cycle;226
19.1;1. Significance of the Citrate Cycle;226
19.2;2. The Individual Steps;228
19.3;3. Energy Yield of the Citrate Cycle;230
19.4;4. Relations to Synthetic Tasks. Glyoxylate Cycle;231
19.5;BIBLIOGRAPHY;232
20;CHAPTER XII. Fats and FatMetabolism;233
20.1;1. Chemical Composition of Fats;233
20.2;2. Fats as Depot Material;236
20.3;3. 0-Oxidation of Fatty Acids;237
20.4;4. Formation of Acetoacetate—"Ketogenesis";240
20.5;5. Metabolism of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids;241
20.6;6. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids;243
20.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;245
21;CHAPTER XIII. Phosphatides, Cerebrosides,Gangliosides;246
21.1;1. Occurrence and Classification;246
21.2;2. Glycerophosphatides;247
21.3;3. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Glycerophosphatides;250
21.4;4. Sphingolipids;252
21.5;BIBLIOGRAPHY;255
22;CHAPTER XIV. Isoprenoid Lipids:Steroids and Carotenoids;256
22.1;1. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol;256
22.2;2. Nomenclature and Stereochemistry of the Steroids;259
22.3;3. Sterols and Plant Steroids;262
22.4;4. Vitamin D;263
22.5;5. Bile Acids;265
22.6;6. Steroid Hormones;265
22.7;7. Carotenoids;270
22.8;8. Vitamin A and Visual Purple;272
22.9;9. Tocopherol, Phylloquînone, Ubiquinone, and Plastoquinone;273
22.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;276
23;CHAPTER XV. Simple Sugars,Monosaccharides;277
23.1;1. Nomenclature and Definitions;277
23.2;2. Hemiacetal Formulas;280
23.3;3. General Reactions of Monosaccharides;282
23.4;4. The Individual Sugars;285
23.5;5. Interconversion of Sugars;289
23.6;6. Glucose Oxidation Through the Pentose Phosphate Cycle;292
23.7;7. Glycolysis and Alcoholic Fermentation;294
23.8;8. The Metabolism of Fructose;300
23.9;9. Aerobic Carbohydrate Breakdown;301
23.10;10. Resynthesis of Glucose: Gluconeogenesis;302
23.11;BIBLIOGRAPHY;304
24;CHAPTER XVI. Photosynthesis1;305
24.1;1. Importance of Photosynthesis;305
24.2;2. Photophosphorylation;306
24.3;3. Photolysis of Water;307
24.4;4. Binding of CO2 and Reduction to Carbohydrate;309
24.5;5. Further Synthetic Activities of Plants;311
24.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;314
25;CHAPTER XVII. Glycosides, Oligosaccharides,Polysaccharides;315
25.1;1. The Glycoside Bond;315
25.2;2. Disaccharides;317
25.3;3. Enzymic Cleavage of Oligosaccharides;319
25.4;4. Biosynthesis of Glycosides and Oligosaccharides;320
25.5;5. Polysaccharides: Homoglycanes;324
25.6;6. Enzymic Breakdown of Polysaccharides;327
25.7;7. Mucopolysaccharides;332
25.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;335
26;CHAPTER XVIII. Correlations inIntermediary Metabolism;336
26.1;1. Metabolism of Carbohydrates;336
26.2;2. Metabolism of Fatty Acids;338
26.3;3. Citrate Cycle and Respiratory Chain;339
26.4;4. Metabolism of Proteins;341
26.5;5. The Common Pool of Intermediary Metabolism;342
26.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;343
27;CHAPTER XIX. Topochemistry of the Cell;344
27.1;1. The Nucleus of the Cell;344
27.2;2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum;347
27.3;3. Mitochondria;349
27.4;4. The Cytoplasm;351
27.5;5. Significance of the Compartments;352
27.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;352
28;CHAPTER XX. Hormones;353
28.1;1. Principle of Hormonal Regulation;353
28.2;2. Adrenocortrcal Hormones;356
28.3;3. Gonadal Hormones;359
28.4;4. Thyroid Hormones;361
28.5;5. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla;364
28.6;6. The Hormone of the Pineal Gland;365
28.7;7. The Parathyroid Hormone;365
28.8;8. The Pancreatic Hormones;366
28.9;9. Hypophyseal Hormones;367
28.10;10. Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose;371
28.11;11. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle;374
28.12;12. Tissue Hormones;376
28.13;13. Hormones of Invertebrates;378
28.14;14. Pheromones;379
28.15;15. Growth Substances of Plants;379
28.16;BIBLIOGRAPHY;380
29;CHAPTER XXI. Mineral Metabolism;381
29.1;1. Water Balance;381
29.2;2. Water as Solvent;383
29.3;3. Active Transport;388
29.4;4. Acid-Base Equilibrium;389
29.5;5. Metabolism of Alkali and of Chloride;391
29.6;6. Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism;392
29.7;7. Iron and Zinc;393
29.8;BIBLIOGRAPHY;394
30;CHAPTER XXII. Nutrition andVitamins;395
30.1;1. Caloric Value and ATP Yield;395
30.2;2. Essential Food Components;397
30.3;3. Vitamins;398
30.4;4. Fat-Soluble Vitamins;399
30.5;5. Water-Soluble Vitamins;402
30.6;BIBLIOGRAPHY;404
31;CHAPTER XXIII. Special Biochemical Functionsof Certain Organs;405
31.1;1. The Digestive Tract;405
31.2;2. The Liver;406
31.3;3. Blood;407
31.4;4. Kidney and Urine;408
31.5;5. Other Excretion Products;410
31.6;6. Biochemistry of Muscles;411
31.7;7. Biochemistry of Nerve Conduction;414
31.8;8. Summary;416
31.9;BIBLIOGRAPHY;417
32;Appendix;418
32.1;1. Alphabetic List;418
32.2;2. Systematic List;420
33;Index;424