E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 368 Seiten
Kant / Berry Institutions, Sustainability, and Natural Resources
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-1-4020-3519-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Institutions for Sustainable Forest Management
E-Book, Englisch, Band 2, 368 Seiten
Reihe: Sustainability, Economics, and Natural Resources
ISBN: 978-1-4020-3519-7
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
new economic theory, rather than a new public policy based on old theory, is needed to guide humanity toward sustainability. Institutions are a critical dimension of sustainability and sustainable forest management, and economic analysis of institutional dimension requires an inclusionist rather than an exclusionist approach. This book provides a systematic critique of neoclassical economic approaches and their limitations with respect to sustainability. Leading institutional economists discuss theoretical perspectives about appropriate institutions for sustainable forest management, markets for environmental services, deforestation and specialization, and some country experiences about Kyoto Protocol, international trade, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable forest management in general. The book includes the ideas from old as well as new institutional economics and discusses the main features of Post-Newtonian economics. This book follows a companion book, 'Economics, Sustainability, and Natural Resources: Economics of Sustainable Forest Management', volume 1 of the series.
Zielgruppe
Resource, Forest, Development, Environmental and Ecological Economists, Resource Managers, Forest Managers, Policy Makers, Environmentalists, Graduate Students and NGOs. Forestry Management, Economic Policy, Economic Systems, Economic Theory, Environmental Economics, Law and Economics
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;CONTENTS;8
2;FIGURES AND TABLES;10
3;ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS;12
4;PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;18
5;1 SUSTAINABILITY, INSTITUTIONS, AND FOREST MANAGEMENT;20
5.1;1. INTRODUCTION;20
5.2;2. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, MARKETS, AND INSTITUTIONS;23
5.3;3. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON INSTITUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;27
5.4;4. MARKETS AND SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;30
5.5;5. DEFORESTATION, SPECIALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;31
5.6;6. COUNTRY-SPECIFIC INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCES;34
5.7;7. EPILOGUE;37
6;2 IN SEARCH OF OPTIMAL INSTITUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES M.K. (MARTY) LUCKERT;40
6.1;1. INTRODUCTION;40
6.2;2. KEY TERMS: SFM AND OPTIMAL INSTITUTIONS;41
6.3;3. DIFFICULTIES IN PURSUING OPTIMAL INSTITUTIONS FOR SFM;43
6.4;4. CAN WE MAKE PROGRESS IN THE FACE OF THESE DIFFICULTIES?;53
6.5;5. CONCLUSIONS;55
7;3 MODERN ECONOMIC THEORY AND THE CHALLENGE OF EMBEDDED TENURE INSTITUTIONS: AFRICAN ATTEMPTS TO REFORM LOCAL FOREST POLICIES MARITEUW CHIMÈRE DIAW;62
7.1;1. INTRODUCTION;63
7.2;2. THE ‘EXTRAORDINARY TREATMENT’ OF INDIGENOUS TENURE;64
7.3;3. THE EMBEDDED TENURE;71
7.4;4. CHANGE PATHWAYS;78
7.5;5. POLICY, THEORY AND THE EMBEDDED ECONOMY;88
7.6;6. CONCLUSION: FOR NEGOTIATED AND INVENTIVE SOLUTIONS;91
8;4 ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, EXTERNAL SETTING AND INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS SHASHI KANT AND R. ALBERT BERRY;102
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION;103
8.2;2. AN OVERVIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS;104
8.3;3. A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING THE DYNAMICS OF INSTITUTIONS (FOREST REGIMES);106
8.4;4. THE DYNAMICS OF INDIAN FOREST REGIMES;110
8.5;5. OUTCOMES OF SHIFTS TOWARDS COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST REGIMES;126
8.6;6. POLICY IMPLICATIONS;126
9;5 VALUING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS – AN INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ARILD VATN;134
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION;134
9.2;2. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIVERSITY;135
9.3;3. THE INSTITUTIONAL POSITION;140
9.4;4. BIODIVERSITY, VALUATION AND VALUE ARTICULATING INSTITUTIONS;142
9.5;5. CONCLUSION;150
10;6 THE GREAT TRAGEDY OF SCIENCE: SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT AND MARKETS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CLARK S. BINKLEY;154
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION;154
10.2;2. MARKETS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AND TRANSACTIONS COSTS;156
10.3;3. CONCLUSIONS;157
11;7 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS GRACIELA CHICHILNISKY;160
11.1;1. INTRODUCTION;160
11.2;2. MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS;162
11.3;3. PROPERTY REGIMES, MARKETS, AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS;166
11.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;172
12;8 DEFORESTATION AND POPULATION INCREASE JOHN M. HARTWICK;174
12.1;1. INTRODUCTION;174
12.2;2. DEFORESTATION WITH LAND RELATIVELY ABUNDANT;176
12.3;3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES;177
12.4;4. WHEN LAND SCARCITY BITES: EASTER ISLAND;178
12.5;5. THE MAORI;183
12.6;6. THE MEDITERRANEAN AND ROME;185
12.7;7. EUROPE AND CHINA: TECHNOLOGY AND TRADE INSTEAD OF MIGRATION;188
12.8;8. TRADE AS A BUFFER;192
12.9;9. EXPORTING TIMBER TO FINANCE DEVELOPMENT;194
12.10;10. POPULATION PRESSURES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY;197
12.11;11. MIGRATION AS A BUFFER. THE CITY AS FRONTIER;199
12.12;12. CONCLUDING REMARKS;200
13;9 LIMITATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT: AN ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE WILLIAM F. HYDE;212
13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;212
13.2;2. THE GENERAL PATTERN OF FOREST DEVELOPMENT;213
13.3;3. DEVELOPING FRONTIERS;215
13.4;4. MATURE FRONTIERS;217
13.5;5. QUANTITATIVE ECONOMIC EVIDENCE;219
13.6;6. SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY AND THE CONTROL OF DEFORESTATION;220
13.7;7. CONCLUSION;225
14;10 SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY IN A WORLD OF SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE ROGER A. SEDJO;230
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION;230
14.2;2. CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY, SPECIALIZATION, AND FOREST MANAGEMENT;232
14.3;3. GLOBAL LAND USES;240
14.4;4. CONCLUSION;248
15;11 FOREST CARBON SINKS: A TEMPORARY AND COSTLY ALTERNATIVE TO REDUCING EMISSIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION G. CORNELIS VAN KOOTEN AND ALISON J. EAGLE;252
15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;252
15.2;2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL;254
15.3;3. CARBON SINKS IN LIEU OF EMISSIONS REDUCTION;256
15.4;4. CARBON SINKS IN FORESTRY;257
15.5;5. DISCOUNTING PHYSICAL CARBON;259
15.6;6. FORESTRY ACTIVITIES AND CARBON OFFSET CREDITS;261
15.7;7. TRADING TERRESTRIAL CARBON CREDITS;266
15.8;8. ARE LANDOWNERS WILLING TO CREATE CARBON SINKS?;269
15.9;9. CONCLUSIONS;270
16;12 THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGIME AND THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF CANADIAN FORESTS HARRY NELSON AND ILAN VERTINSKY;276
16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;276
16.2;2. THE INTERNATIONAL REGIME;278
16.3;3. THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGIME;282
16.4;4. THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGIME;286
16.5;5. FORESTRY RELATED CERTIFICATION PROCESSES;293
16.6;6. INTERACTION WITHIN THE REGIME;296
16.7;7. CONCLUSIONS;305
17;13 SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT: CIRIACYWANTRUP’S DEFINITION OF CONSERVATION IN TODAY’S FOREST RESOURCE CONTEXT WILLIAM R. BENTLEY AND RICHARD W. GULDIN;316
17.1;1. INTRODUCTION;316
17.2;2. RISK AND UNCERTAINTY RESTRAIN THEORY REGARDING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;317
17.3;3. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ABOUT SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;318
17.4;4. THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;320
17.5;5. US NATIONAL REPORT ON SUSTAINABLE FORESTS – A MACRO CASE STUDY;322
17.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;327
18;14 STAKES, SUSPICIONS AND SYNERGIES IN SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT–THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE CHERUKAT CHANDRASEKHARAN;330
18.1;1. INTRODUCTION;331
18.2;2. FORESTRY SITUATION IN ASIA;331
18.3;3. FORESTRY SITUATION IN THE FOUR SELECTED COUNTRIES;336
18.4;4. THE FOUR CASES;344
18.5;5. SCENARIOS;354
18.6;6. CONCLUSIONS;356
19;15 INSTITUTIONS, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, AND POST-NEWTONIAN ECONOMICS SHASHI KANT;360
19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;360
19.2;2. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ECONOMICS OF SFM;362
19.3;3. POST-NEWTONIAN ECONOMICS;370
19.4;4. CONCLUSIONS;373
20;INDEX;376
2. AN OVERVIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS (p.85-86)
Among economic analyses giving serious attention to institutions a distinction has emerged between the Old Institutional Economics (OIE) and the New Institutional Economics (NIE). The former, associated with authors such as Commons (1961), Ayres (1962), and Veblen (1975), is characterized by an holistic approach stressing the idea that individual behavior and phenomena cannot be explained without taking due account of the context. This perspective gives considerable emphasis to institutions relative to the activities and choices of individuals in the determination of economic outcomes (Setterfield, 1993). The NIE, associated with authors such as Coase (1960), Schotter (1981) and Williamson (1985), emphasises the importance of the self-interested behavior of individuals and posits that, during the evolution towards a market economy, institutions arise because they are valued by rational economic agents. Bromley (1989) argues that such positive valuation of institutions may be related not only to their contribution to allocative efficiency or to a desired redistribution of income but also to profit-seeking unproductive activities.
Both variants have been criticized for being unidirectional - the OIE for overlooking the impact of individual behavior on institutions, and the NIE for overlooking the impact of institutions on individuals' behavior. To overcome these shortcomings, Setterfield (1993) has suggested a model of institutional hysteresis characterized by the short-term exogeneity and long-term endogeneity of institutions. In the short-term, due to a degree of, it is the institutional setting which mainly guides economic activities. In the longer-run, however, institutional changes come about through pressures from the current patterns of economic activity-- pressures that are also usually counterbalanced to some extent by the forces of institutional inertia. In other words, long-run institutional changes are evolving, notnecessarily- optimal, path-dependent phenomena4, unlike the standard equilibrium metaphor of mainstream economic theory.
Another new variant of the theory of institutional change has recently been posited by North (1990), with foundations in the theory of technological change proposed earlier by David (1985) and Arthur (1988). David described a form of path-dependent technological change beginning with a set of accidental events, and identified strong technical inter-relatedness, scale economies, and irreversibilities due to learning and habituation as the main factors contributing to path dependency. Arthur (1988) linked path dependency to the increasing returns economy, which was seen as characterized also by multiple equilibria, and the related possibility of inefficiency and lock-in. He identified four generic sources of self-reinforcing mechanisms: large set-up or fixed costs; learning effects; coordination effects; and adaptive expectations. These concepts have been used to explain the choice of AC electricity (David and Bunn 1987), the selection of light-water nuclear reactors, and the gasoline engine (Arthur 1989), as well as the FORTRAN computer language and VHS videotape formats (Arthur 1991).
