E-Book, Englisch, 328 Seiten
Jouzel / Lorius / Raynaud The White Planet
Course Book
ISBN: 978-1-4008-4469-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
The Evolution and Future of Our Frozen World
E-Book, Englisch, 328 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-4008-4469-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
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Preface xi
PART ONE THE WORLD OF ICE: PAST AND PRESENT 1
Chapter 1 The Ice on Our Planet 3
- Snow and Ice: A Multifaceted World 3
- Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps 5
- Polar Regions: The Omnipresence of the White Planet 7
- Greenland, Antarctica, and Ice Shelves 10
- Ice: An Agent and Indicator of Climate Change 14
- The White Planet and Sea Levels 16
Chapter 2 From Exploration to Scientific Observation 18
- The Flow of Mountain Glaciers 19
- Mass Balance: The Health of a Glacier 21
- The Arctic Ocean in the Time of the Explorers 23
- The Arctic Ocean: Vulnerable Ice 25
- Greenland: An Island Inhabited for Millennia 28
- Greenland: An Increasingly Negative Mass Balance 28
- Antarctica: A Much More Recent Exploration 31
- Antarctica: A Long Uncertain Mass Balance 34
Chapter 3 Ice through the Ages 37
- The Time of the Pioneers 37
- Ice of Long Ago 40
- Glaciations of the Quaternary and Astronomic Theory 46
PART TWO POLAR ICE: AMAZING ARCHIVES 51
Chapter 4 Reconstructing the Climates of the Past 53
- The Round of Isotopes 54
- Going Back in Time 57
- The Recent Period 57
- The Distant Past 60
- Paleoceanography 61
- Continental Archives 62
- Dating Oceanic and Continental Archives 64
- A Cornucopia of Results 66
Chapter 5 Glacial Archives 68
- The Long Story of a Snowflake 68
- The Ice and Its Isotopes: A Paleothermometer 70
- Impurities with Multiple Sources 71
- Air Bubbles in the Ice: A Very Beautiful Story 73
- The Headaches of Dating 77
Chapter 6 The Campaigns 82
- Camps Century and Byrd: The First Deep Ice Core Drillings 82
- Fifty Years Ago: The French on the Polar Ice 86
- The First Drilling at Dôme C: Success of the French Team 88
- Rapid Climate Variations: Initial Inklings 91
- Vostok: A Collaboration between French and Soviet Teams 92
- Europe and the United States: Two Drilling Operations in the Center of Greenland 96
- Europe Turns to Antarctica 98
- Vostok: More than 3,600 Meters of Ice 101
- Other Core Drilling in Antarctica 103
- The Glaciers of the Andes and the Himalaya 105
- A Return to Greenland 106
- The European EPICA Drilling: A Double Success beyond All Hopes 108
Chapter 7 Vostok: The Cornucopia 110
- A Complete Glacial-Interglacial Cycle 112
- Climate and Greenhouse Effect Go Hand in Hand 113
- Much More Information 118
- A Huge Lake under the Ice 120
Chapter 8 Dôme C: 800,000 Years and the Revolution of the Rhythm of Glaciations 122
- Ice Older than That at Vostok 123
- Inversion of the Magnetic Field 126
Chapter 9 Rapid Climatic Variations 130
- The First Indications 130
- Increasingly Clear Indications 132
- A Connection with Ocean Circulation? 133
- Confirmation 134
- Rapid Events during a Warm Period? 139
- Initially Underestimated Changes in Temperature 142
- The Connection with the Ocean Henceforth Demonstrated 143
- Consequences on a Planetary Scale 147
Chapter 10 The Last 10,000 Years: An Almost Stable Climate 149
- Volcanism and Solar Activity: Natural Climatic Forcings 150
- How Long Has Human Activity Been Changing the Composition of the Atmosphere? 152
PART THREE THE WHITE PLANET TOMORROW157
Chapter 11 The Climate and Greenhouse Gases 159
- The Greenhouse Effect: A Truly Beneficial Natural Phenomenon 159
- The Greenhouse Effect Due to Human Activity: A Slow Awareness 163
- How Did We Get to This Point? 168
Chapter 12 Have Humans Already Changed the Climate? 173
- The Time of the Pioneers 173
- The Awareness 174
- The Establishment of the IPCC 177
- The Problem of Aerosols 180
- The Climate in the Last Millennium 183
- Warming Is a Certainty 185
- The Arguments of Skeptics 189
- The White Planet on the Front Lines of Global Warming 195
Chapter 13 What Will the Climate Be in the Future? 201
- A True Upheaval if We Aren't Careful 202
- What Will Become of Our Glaciers? 206
- An Arctic Ocean without Ice? 209
- Surprises under the Frozen Ground 210
- A More Rapid and Higher Sea-Level Rise than Predicted 211
- The Halt of the Gulf Stream 214
Chapter 14 A Warming with Multiple Consequences 218
- A True Upheaval on a Global Scale 218
- Mountain Regions 222
- Polar Regions: Multiple and Diverse Impacts 223
- The Political and Economic Stakes: Climate and Oil 225
Chapter 15 What We Must Do 227
- Stabilizing the Greenhouse Effect: A True Challenge 228
- The Kyoto Protocol: A First Step 230
- The Bali Conference 234
- Can the Challenge Be Met? 236
- Copenhagen: Failure or Half-Success 238
- A Necessary Adaptation 241
- The "Grenelle de l'environnement" 242
PART FOUR THE POLES AND THE PLANET 245
Chapter 16 The Crucial Place of Research 247
- A Short History of the Polar Years 249
- The International Polar Year 2007-2009 251
- Glacial Ice Coring: Ambitious Objectives 253
- The Microbiology of Ice and Subglacial Lakes: Life in an Extreme Environment 255
- Concordia: A Station Full of Promise 258
Chapter 17 Humans and the Rise of Pollution 261
- The Story of Lead 262
- Other Heavy Metals, Including Copper 264
- Sulfates 266
- Radioactivity 268
- The Ozone Hole: An Emblematic Pollution 269
- The Anthropocene and Greenhouse Gases 271
Conclusion: The Anthropocene Era 272
Notes 277
Selected Bibliography 289
Index 291
