Jha Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters

Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-2498-5
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 615 Seiten

The major challenges of the 21st century faced by human beings are how to achieve water security, food security, energy security and environmental security. Owing to enhanced natural/anthropogenic disasters worldwide, these challenges become much more complicated and daunting especially for developing countries. Therefore, it is important to highlight the risk of different disasters as well as the modern tools and techniques for minimizing disaster incidence and losses. Disaster management being highly multidisciplinary in nature, a comprehensive book dealing with different aspects of disaster management, and encompassing important disasters faced by humankind is presently not available. This book is an attempt to fulfill this gap. It provides clear, comprehensive, and up-to-date information about different facets of disaster management along with salient case studies. The book highlights the current status of disaster management focusing on developing nations, discusses vital issues such as climate change and sustainable development, modern approaches and tools/techniques, and the challenges of and future R&D needs for sustainable disaster management.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jha, M. K.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface
;5
2;About the Editor
;8
3;Acknowledgements
;9
4;Contributors
;10
5;Table of Contents
;13
6;1 Natural and Anthropogenic
Disasters: An Overview
;15
6.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;15
6.2;2. DEFINING DISASTER-RELATED TERMS
;17
6.2.1;2.1 Disaster and Its Characteristics
;18
6.2.2;2.2 Hazard
;18
6.2.3;2.3 Risk
;19
6.2.4;2.4 Vulnerability
;19
6.2.5;2.5 Resilience
;20
6.2.6;2.6 Safe
;20
6.2.7;2.7 Composite Disaster
;20
6.2.8;2.8 Humanitarian Crisis
;21
6.2.9;2.9 Disaster Risk Management and Coping Capacity
;21
6.2.10;2.10 Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Resilient Community
;21
6.2.11;2.11 Structural and Non-Structural Measures
;21
6.3;3. IMPACT OF DISASTERS: RICH VERSUS POOR NATIONS
;22
6.4;4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
;24
6.4.1;4.1 Historical Perspective
;24
6.4.2;4.2 Global Recognition
;26
6.4.3;4.3 Modern Approaches
;27
6.4.3.1;4.3.1 Mitigation Phase
;27
6.4.3.2;4.3.2 Preparedness Phase
;28
6.4.3.3;4.3.3 Response Phase
;28
6.4.3.4;4.3.4 Recovery Phase
;28
6.5;REFERENCES
;29
7;2 Earthquakes in India: Hazards,
Genesis and Mitigation Measures
;31
7.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;31
7.2;2. GENESIS OF EARTHQUAKES
;32
7.3;3. REVIEW OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN THE HIMALAYA AND INDIAN SHIELD REGION
;34
7.3.1;3.1 Seismicity of the Himalayan Region
;35
7.3.1.1;3.1.1 Historical Earthquakes of Himalaya
;35
7.3.1.2;3.1.2 Pre-Historical Earthquakes of Himalaya
;39
7.3.1.3;3.1.3 Earthquakes Reported from Paleoseismologicallnvestigations in the
Himalaya
;41
7.3.2;3.2 Indian Shield Region Earthquakes
;41
7.3.2.1;3.2.1 1819 Rann of Kachchh Earthquake
;42
7.3.2.2;3.2.2 1969 Bhadrachalam Earthquake
;43
7.3.2.3;3.2.3 1967 Koyna Earthquake
;43
7.3.2.4;3.2.4 1993 Killari Earthquake
;43
7.3.2.5;3.2.5 1997 Jabalpur Earthquake
;44
7.3.2.6;3.2.6 2001 Bhuj Earthquake
;44
7.3.3;3.3 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake
;44
7.4;4. GEODETIC CONSTRAINTS ON INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION IN THE
HIMALAYA AND RATE OF CONVERGENCE
;45
7.5;5. GEODETIC CONSTRAINTS ON INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION IN THE
INDIAN SHIELD REGION AND RATE OF PLATE MOTION
;46
7.6;6. HIMALAYAN SEISMIC GAP AND ASSOCIATED SEISMIC HAZARD
;46
7.7;7. SEISMIC HAZARD AND ITS MITIGATION
;50
7.8;8. EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
;51
7.9;9. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;52
7.10;REFERENCES
;53
8;3 Impact of 2004 Tsunami on
Housing, Sanitation, Water Supply
and Wastes Management: The Case
of Ampara District in Sri Lanka
;58
8.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;58
8.2;2. SIMULATION OF TSUNAMI OCCURRENCE
;59
8.3;3. OVERVIEW OF AMPARA DISTRICT
;59
8.4;4. DAMAGES IN AMPARA DISTRICT
;60
8.5;5. INVOLVEMENT OF NGOS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES
AND RESCUE ORGANIZATION
;60
8.6;6. SOLID WASTE CLEANING
;60
8.7;7. SANITATION STATUS
;62
8.8;8. WATER SUPPLIES
;64
8.8.1;8.1 Water Trucking Supply
;64
8.8.2;8.2 Salt Pollution of Groundwater
;66
8.8.3;8.3 Water Supply Network
;68
8.8.4;8.4 Well Cleaning and Rehabilitation
;69
8.9;9. CONCLUSIONS
;69
8.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;70
8.11;REFERENCES
;70
9;4 Impact of December 2004
Tsunami on Indian Coasts
and Mitigation Measures
;74
9.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;74
9.2;2. TSUNAMI: MECHANISMS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
;75
9.3;3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE STUDIES ON 2004 TSUNAMI
;77
9.3.1;3.1 Studies Conducted in Foreign Countries
;77
9.3.2;3.2 Studies Conducted along Indian Coasts
;78
9.4;4. IMPACT OF 2004 TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COASTS
;79
9.4.1;4.1 Southwest Coast
;79
9.4.1.1;4.1.1 Kerala
;80
9.4.1.2;4.1.2 Tamil Nadu
;83
9.4.2;4.2 Southeast Coast
;84
9.4.2.1;4.2.1 Southeast Coast of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry
;85
9.4.2.2;4.2.2 Coast of Andhra Pradesh
;87
9.4.3;4.3 Southwest Coast
;88
9.5;5. REHABILITATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND NGOs
;90
9.6;6. TSUNAMI DISASTER REDUCTION AND PREPAREDNESS
;91
9.7;7. CONCLUSIONS
;92
9.8;REFERENCES
;93
10;5 Tsunami Impacts and
Rehabilitation of Groundwater
Supply: Lessons Learned from
Eastern Sri Lanka
;96
10.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;96
10.2;2. METHODOLOGY
;98
10.2.1;2.1 On-the-Ground Guidance of Well Cleaning and Awareness Raising on
Water Salinity Issues
;98
10.2.2;2.2 Monitoring of Salinity in Drinking Water Wells in Affected Areas
;100
10.2.3;2.3 Field Monitoring of the Impact of the First Rains after the Tsunami on
Groundwater and Lagoon Water Quality
;101
10.2.4;2.4 Household Survey
;101
10.2.5;2.5 Detailed Studies of the Physical Processes Related to Saltwater
Flooding
;101
10.2.5.1;2.5.1 Field, Laboratory and Numerical Modeling Experiments
;102
10.2.5.2;2.5.2 Field Investigations of the Comparative Process of Recovery of the
Groundwater Quality in Undisturbed and Disturbed Areas
;103
10.2.6;2.6 Development of Internationally Endorsed Guidelines on Well Cleaning
and Groundwater Protection after Seawater Flooding
;103
10.3;3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
;103
10.3.1;3.1 Salinity in Drinking Water Wells in the Affected Areas
;103
10.3.2;3.2 Impact of the First Rains after the Tsunami on Groundwater and Lagoon
Water Quality
;104
10.3.3;3.3 Findings of Household Survey
;105
10.3.4;3.4 Results of the Detailed Studies on the Physical Processes Related to
Saltwater Flooding
;107
10.3.4.1;3.4.1 Findings of Field, Laboratory and Numerical Modeling Experiments
;107
10.3.4.2;3.4.2 Recovery of the Groundwater Quality in Undisturbed and Disturbed Areas
;109
10.3.5;3.5 Guidelines on Well Cleaning and Groundwater Protection after
Seawater Flooding
;110
10.4;4. RECOMMENDATIONS
;110
10.5;5. CONCLUSIONS
;110
10.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;111
10.7;REFERENCES
;111
11;6 Tsunami Early Warning System:
An Indian Ocean Perspective
;114
11.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;114
11.2;2. REVIEW ON TSUNAMIS AFFECTING THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
;116
11.3;3. CURRENT STATUS OF TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM FOR
THE INDIAN OCEAN
;117
11.4;4. ORGANIZATION OF TRAVEL TIME CHARTS
;118
11.5;5. COMPUTATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME CHARTS
;120
11.6;6. APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IN
TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME PREDICTION
;123
11.7;7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL FOR TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME PREDICTION
;124
11.7.1;7.1 Data for Artificial Neural Network
;125
11.7.2;7.2 Network Learning Principles and Algorithms
;131
11.7.3;7.3 Back-Propagation Learning
;131
11.7.4;7.4 Resilient Back-Propagation Learning
;131
11.8;8. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND PARAMETERS
;132
11.8.1;8.1 Network Architecture
;132
11.8.2;8.2 Network Parameters
;133
11.8.3;8.3 Training and Testing of ANN Model
;133
11.9;9. SIMULATION RESULTS
;133
11.10;10. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;135
11.11;REFERENCES
;137
12;7 Flood Hazards in India and
Management Strategies
;140
12.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;140
12.2;2. FLOOD HAZARD IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
;141
12.3;3. CAUSES AND TYPES OF FLOODING
;141
12.4;4. AREAS PRONE TO FLOODING
;144
12.4.1;4.1 Brahmaputra River Region
;144
12.4.2;4.2 Ganga River Region
;145
12.4.3;4.3 North-West Rivers Region
;147
12.4.4;4.4 Central India and Deccan Region
;147
12.4.5;4.5 Urban Flooding
;148
12.4.6;4.6 Coastal Flooding
;148
12.5;5. MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR RIVER FLOODS
;148
12.5.1;5.1 Prevention from Floods
;149
12.5.2;5.2 Adaptation to Flooding
;151
12.5.3;5.3 Mitigation of Flood Disaster Losses
;153
12.6;6. MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR COASTAL FLOODS
;153
12.6.1;6.1 Protection from Floods
;153
12.6.2;6.2 Adaptation to Flooding
;154
12.6.3;6.3 Mitigation of Flood Disaster Losses
;156
12.7;7. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION
;156
12.7.1;7.1 National Policy on Disaster Management
;156
12.7.2;7.2 Mitigation and Preparedness Plans/Measures
;157
12.8;8. CONCLUSIONS
;158
12.9;REFERENCES
;158
13;8 Modeling for Flood Control and
Management
;161
13.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;161
13.2;2. STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL APPROACHES
;161
13.3;3. OVERVIEW OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR FLOOD MODELING
;162
13.3.1;3.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic
;162
13.3.2;3.2 Optimization Methods
;163
13.3.3;3.3 Geographical Information System
;163
13.3.4;3.4 Expert System
;163
13.3.5;3.5 Multicriteria Decision Making
;164
13.4;4. LITERATURE REVIEW ON FLOOD MODELING AND MANAGEMENT
;164
13.4.1;4.1 General
;164
13.4.2;4.2 Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic
;165
13.4.3;4.3 Optimization Methods
;165
13.4.4;4.4 Geographical Information System
;165
13.5;5. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-TERM OPERATING POLICY FOR FLOOD
CONTROL: A CASE STUDY
;167
13.5.1;5.1 Description of Study Area
;167
13.5.2;5.2 Methodology
;168
13.5.2.1;5.2.1 Folded Dynamic Programming
;168
13.5.2.2;5.2.1 Data Collection
;169
13.5.2.3;5.2.2 Computation ofDownstream Catchment Contribution
;170
13.5.2.4;5.2.3 Preparation of Block Period
;170
13.5.2.5;5.2.4 Application of Folded Dynamic Programming to Develop Rule Curves for
Floods
;172
13.5.3;5.3 Results and Conclusion
;175
13.6;6. MEASURES SUGGESTED FOR EVOLVING A FEASIBLE AND
IMPLEMENTABLE FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGY
;179
13.7;7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;179
13.8;REFERENCES
;180
14;9 Real-Time Flood Forecasting by a
Hydrometric Data-Based Technique
;183
14.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;183
14.2;2. FLOOD FORECASTING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW
;185
14.3;3. VARIABLE PARAMETER MUSKINGUM STAGE-HYDROGRAPH
ROUTING METHOD
;189
14.3.1;3.1 Concept
;189
14.3.2;3.2 Theoretical Background
;189
14.4;4. EXTENSION OF THE VPMS METHOD FOR ROUTING IN A TWO-STAGE COMPOUND CROSS-SECTION CHANNEL REACH
;193
14.4.1;4.1 Channel Reach Details;193
14.4.2;4.2 Development of Celerity-Stage Relationship;193
14.4.2.1;4.2.1 Celerity-Stage Relationship for the Main Channel;194
14.4.2.2;4.2.2 Celerity-Stage Relationship for the Floodplain Channel;194
14.4.3;4.3 Routing Procedure;196
14.5;5. APPLICATION OF VPMS MODEL FOR REAL-TIME FLOOD FORECASTING
;197
14.6;6. CASE STUDY AND RESULTS;198
14.7;7. APPLICABILITY CRITERIA FOR THE VPMS MODEL;205
14.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;206
14.9;REFERENCES;206
15;10 Drought Hazards and Mitigation Measures
;211
15.1;1. INTRODUCTION;211
15.2;2. DEFINITION OF DROUGHT AND DROUGHT TYPES;212
15.3;3. CAUSES OF DROUGHT;213
15.4;4. IMPACTS OF DROUGHT;214
15.5;5. DROUGHT FREQUENCY AND AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT REGIONS IN INDIA
;215
15.6;6. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT;220
15.6.1;6.1 Drought Coping Practices in a Season Based on Drought Intensity;221
15.6.1.1;6.1.1 Drought Region 1 (Chronic Drought in Arid Marginal Rainy Season Aridisols);221
15.6.1.2;6.1.2 Drought Region 2 (Chronic Drought Region in Arid Sub-marginal Rainy Season Vertisols and Alfisols)
;221
15.6.1.3;6.1.3 Drought Region 3 (Chronic Drought Region in Dry Semi-arid Delayed Rainy Season Vertisols and Alfisols)
;221
15.6.1.4;6.1.4 Drought Region 4 (Chronic Drought in Dry Semi-arid Post Rainy Season Vertic/Vertisols)
;222
15.6.1.5;6.1.5 Drought Region 5 (Ephemeral Drought in Wet Semi-arid Rainy Season Vertisols/Alfisols)
;222
15.6.1.6;6.1.6 Drought Region 6 (Management of Apparent Drought in Dry Sub-humid Alfisols/Oxisols Regions)
;226
15.6.2;6.2 Permanent Drought Amelioration;227
15.6.2.1;6.2.1 Integrated Watershed Management (IWM);228
15.6.2.2;6.2.2 Building in situ Moisture Reserves to Tide over the Recurring Drought Spells;230
15.6.2.3;6.2.3 Permitting Safe Runoff Disposal, its Collection Above or Below the Ground;231
15.6.2.4;6.2.4 Tillage;231
15.6.2.5;6.2.5 Crops and Cropping Systems;231
15.6.2.6;6.2.6 Soil Fertility Management;232
15.6.2.7;6.2.7 Productive Farming Systems: A 3 × 3 Matrix Approach;236
15.6.2.8;6.2.8 Selective Dryland Mechanization;237
15.6.3;6.3 Drought Assessment and Monitoring Techniques;237
15.6.3.1;6.3.1 Drought Indices;238
15.6.3.2;6.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques;238
15.6.3.3;6.3.3 Water Balance Method;239
15.6.3.4;6.3.4 Scientific Rainfed Land Use Planning;239
15.6.3.5;6.3.5 Weather-based Information System;241
15.6.3.6;6.3.6 Drought Forecasting;242
15.7;7. GOVERNMENT POLICY AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS;242
15.7.1;7.1 Weather Code;243
15.7.2;7.2 Crop/Weather Insurance;243
15.7.3;7.3 Rainfed Agro-Economic Zones: A Land Use Policy for Recurrent Drought Regions
;243
15.7.4;7.4 Recent Government Policies;244
15.7.5;7.5 Capacity Building;245
15.8;8. CONCLUDING REMARKS;245
15.9;REFERENCES;246
16;11 Indicators for Assessing Drought Hazard in Arid Regions of India
;251
16.1;1. INTRODUCTION;251
16.2;2. TYPES OF DROUGHT;251
16.2.1;2.1 Meteorological Drought;251
16.2.2;2.2 Hydrological Drought;252
16.2.3;2.3 Agricultural Drought;252
16.2.4;2.4 Socio-economic Drought;252
16.3;3. KINDS OF DROUGHT INDICATORS;252
16.4;4. METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDICATORS;252
16.4.1;4.1 Deciles of Precipitation;252
16.4.2;4.2 Precipitation Departures from Normal;253
16.4.3;4.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI);253
16.4.4;4.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI);254
16.5;5. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDICATORS;256
16.5.1;5.1 Standardized Water Level Index (SWI);256
16.5.2;5.2 Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI);256
16.5.3;5.3 Reclamation Drought Index (RDI);256
16.6;6. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT INDICATORS;257
16.6.1;6.1 Aridity Index;257
16.6.2;6.2 Moisture Adequacy Index (MAI);257
16.6.3;6.3 Crop Moisture Index (CMI);259
16.6.4;6.4 Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI);260
16.6.5;6.5 Performance of Different Agricultural Drought Indicators;260
16.7;7. DROUGHT-RELATED INDICES FROM REMOTE SENSING;261
16.7.1;7.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI);261
16.7.2;7.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI);261
16.7.3;7.3 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI);262
16.7.4;7.4 Temperature Condition Index (TCI);262
16.7.5;7.5 Merits and Demerits of Available Remote Sensing-Based Indicators;263
16.8;8. SOCIETAL DROUGHT;264
16.9;9. ROLE OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN DROUGHT MANAGEMENT;264
16.10;10. CONCLUSIONS;265
16.11;REFERENCES;267
17;12 Tropical Cyclones: Trends,
Forecasting and Mitigation
;270
17.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;270
17.2;2. STUDY AREA
;271
17.3;3. DATAACQUISITION AND ANALYSES
;272
17.4;4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
;272
17.4.1;4.1 Trends in the Frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms in
the Bay of Bengal
;272
17.4.2;4.2 Trends in the Frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms of the
North Indian Ocean
;275
17.4.3;4.3 Trends in the Intensification Rate
;275
17.4.4;4.4 IMD and JTWC Classifications of Tropical Cyclones
;276
17.4.5;4.5 Trends in the Frequency of Stronger TCs (MSW 96 knots and above)
;276
17.4.6;4.6 Trends in the Frequency of All Cyclones with MSW 64 knots and above
;278
17.4.7;4.7 Recent Trends in the Sea-surface Temperature over South and Central
Bay of Bengal
;278
17.4.8;4.8 Simulation of Global Climate Change Impacts on Cyclone Frequency
;279
17.4.8.1;4.8.1 Simulation of Frequency
;280
17.4.8.2;4.8.2 Simulation ofIntensity
;280
17.4.9;4.9 Relationship between IOOMI and Post-Monsoon Cyclone Frequency in
the Bay of Bengal
;281
17.4.10;4.10 Relationship between IODMI and the Frequency of Monsoon
Depressions and Cyclones
;282
17.4.11;4.11 Lag Correlations between IOOMI and the Pre-Monsoon Tropical
Cyclone Frequency in the Bay of Bengal
;283
17.4.12;4.12 Cyclone Monitoring, Early Warning System and Mitigation
;283
17.4.12.1;4.12.1 Diagnosis
;284
17.4.12.2;4.12.2 Prediction
;284
17.5;5. CONCLUSIONS
;286
17.6;REFERENCES
;287
18;13 Temperature Extremes over India
and their Relationship with
EI Nino-Southern Oscillation
;289
18.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;289
18.2;2. OVERVIEW OF EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION
;291
18.2.1;2.1 What is ENSO?
;291
18.2.2;2.2 Impacts of ENSO
;292
18.3;3. DATAAND METHODOLOGY
;293
18.3.1;3.1 Data Used in the Study
;293
18.3.2;3.2 Quality Control
;293
18.3.3;3.3 Calculation of Temperature Extreme Indices
;293
18.3.4;3.4 Development of ENSO-Extreme Relationships
;294
18.4;4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
;294
18.4.1;4.1 Changes in Temperature Extremes over India
;295
18.4.1.1;4.1.1 Summary Statistics for Observed Trends in Temperature Extremes over India
;295
18.4.1.2;4.1.2 Trends in All-India Time Series of Temperature Extremes
;297
18.4.2;4.2 Monthly Composite Anomalies in Temperature Extremes during
EI Nino and La Nina
;298
18.4.3;4.3 Seasonal Spatial Patterns of Temperature Extremes during
EI Nino and La Nina
;299
18.4.4;4.4 Lag-Correlation of Extreme Temperature Indices with NIN03.4 SSTs
;301
18.5;5. CONCLUSIONS
;302
18.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;302
18.7;REFERENCES
;303
19;14 Monitoring Physiographic Rainfall Variation for Sustainable Management of Water Bodies in India
;307
19.1;1. INTRODUCTION;307
19.2;2. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF INDIA;308
19.3;3. RAINFALL DATA USED;310
19.4;4. DATA GENERATION USING GIS;311
19.5;5. DEVELOPMENT OF LONGEST RAINFALL SEQUENCE;311
19.6;6. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LONGEST RAINFALL SEQUENCE OF DIFFERENT PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS/ PROVINCES
;313
19.7;7. SUMMARY OF RECENT TENDENCY IN RAINFALL FLUCTUATIONS OVER THE COUNTRY
;333
19.8;8. POSSIBLE REASON OF RECENT CHANGES IN MONSOON RAINFALL OVER THE COUNTRY
;338
19.9;9. MECHANISM;340
19.10;10. CONCLUSIONS;343
19.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;344
19.12;REFERENCES;344
20;15 Emerging Tools and Techniques
for Mine Safety and Disaster
Management
;346
20.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;346
20.2;2. MINE DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENT
;347
20.2.1;2.1 Mine Disaster: An Overview
;347
20.2.2;2.2 Disaster Management
;352
20.2.3;2.3 Prevention of Mine Disasters
;355
20.2.3.1;2.3.1 Preventing Mine Disasters from Inundation (DGMS, 2000)
;355
20.2.3.2;2.3.2 Preventing Mine Disasters from Fire and Effective Emergency Response
(DGMS, 2000)
;356
20.2.3.3;2.3.3 Risk Management as a Tool for Developing Appropriate Health and Safety
Management Systems (DGMS, 2000)
;356
20.2.3.4;2.3.4 Quality Control for Improving Safety (DGMS, 2000)
;356
20.2.3.5;2.3.5 Communication System between DGMS Offices and Mine Management
at Site (DGMS, 2000)
;357
20.2.3.6;2.3.6 Other Measures
;357
20.3;3. APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN MINE SAFETY
AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
;357
20.3.1;3.1 Autonomous Mining System
;358
20.3.2;3.2 Mine Safety Technology
;359
20.3.3;3.3 Mine Robots
;361
20.3.3.1;3.3.1 World's Largest Industrial Robot
;362
20.3.3.2;3.3.2 Groundhog
;362
20.3.3.3;3.3.3 Ferret
;362
20.3.4;3.4 Communication and Tracking Technology
;364
20.3.4.1;3.4.1 Mine Multimedia Rescue Communication
;364
20.3.4.2;3.4.2 Internet and Information Superhighway
;365
20.3.4.3;3.4.3 Global Environmental Disaster Information System (GEDIS)
;365
20.3.4.4;3.4.4 Close Proximity System (CPS)
;366
20.3.4.5;3.4.5 GPS-based Systems
;366
20.3.4.6;3.4.6 Radar-/Laser-based Systems
;368
20.3.4.7;3.4.7 Vision-based Systems
;368
20.3.4.8;3.4.8 RFiD-based Systems
;368
20.3.5;3.5 GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies
;369
20.3.5.1;3.5.1 GIS for Mining Management
;370
20.3.5.2;3.5.2 GIS for Mining Exploration
;371
20.3.5.3;3.5.3 GIS for Mining Operations
;371
20.3.5.4;3.5.4 GIS for Environmental Management
;371
20.3.5.5;3.5.5 Other Mining Applications
;371
20.3.6;3.6 Computer-Aided Mine Planning and Design
;372
20.3.7;3.7 Virtual Reality in Mineral Industry
;373
20.3.7.1;3.7.1 Mining Equipment Concept Development
;373
20.3.7.2;3.7.2 Design Review, Operator Input, Maintenance Procedure Review and
Simulations
;375
20.3.8;3.8 Armchair Mining
;375
20.4;4. CONCLUSIONS
;376
20.5;REFERENCES
;377
21;16 Management of Forest Fire
Disaster: Perspectives
from Swaziland
;380
21.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;380
21.2;2. FOREST FIRE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
;382
21.3;3. CAUSES OF FOREST FIRE
;383
21.4;4. AN OVERVIEW OF SWAZILAND
;384
21.5;5. FOREST FIRES IN SWAZILAND
;384
21.5.1;5.1 Policies and Practices
;384
21.5.2;5.2 Spatia-Temporal Patterns: Evidence from Remote Sensing Data
;386
21.5.3;5.3 Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts
;389
21.6;6. MONITORING OF FOREST FIRE AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
;391
21.7;7. STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING FOREST FIRE HAZARDS
;395
21.8;8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
;396
21.9;REFERENCES
;397
22;17 Climate Change and Water
Resources in India: Impact
Assessment and Adaptation
Strategies
;400
22.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;400
22.2;2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN INDIA
;401
22.3;3. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES
IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
;403
22.4;4. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: ROLE OF
HYDROLOGIC MODELING
;405
22.4.1;4.1 Climate Change Scenario Generation
;406
22.4.2;4.2 Hydrologic Model Selection
;409
22.5;5. HYDROLOGICAL MODELING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
ASSESSMENT IN THE BRAHMANI RIVER BASIN: A CASE STUDY
;414
22.5.1;5.1 Study Area Description
;414
22.5.2;5.2 Methodology
;414
22.5.3;5.3 RESULTS
;416
22.6;6. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION MEASURES
;419
22.7;7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;420
22.8;REFERENCES
;421
23;18 Global Climate Change vis-a-vis
Crop Productivity
;427
23.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;427
23.2;2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN INDIA
;429
23.3;3. CLIMATE CHANGENARIABILlTY: A CASE STUDY IN PUNJAB
;429
23.3.1;3.1 Temperature Variability Trends
;430
23.3.2;3.2 Rainfall Variability Trends
;431
23.4;4. EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PHENOLOGY, GROWTH AND
YIELD: A CASE STUDY
;431
23.4.1;4.1 Effect of Changes in Temperature
;433
23.4.2;4.2 Effect of Changes in Solar Radiation
;434
23.4.3;4.3 Effect of Interactions between Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
;435
23.4.4;4.4 Effect of Interactions between Temperature and Solar Radiation
;436
23.4.5;4.5 Effect of Interactions between CO2 and Temperature
;438
23.4.6;4.6 Effect of Intra-Seasonal Temperature Change
;438
23.5;5. CONCLUSIONS
;441
23.6;REFERENCES
;442
24;19 Adapting Smallholder Dairy
Production System to
Climate Change
;446
24.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;446
24.2;2. VULNERABILITY OF DAIRY PRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
;446
24.2.1;2.1 Heat Stress
;447
24.2.2;2.2 Susceptibility to Extreme Events
;447
24.2.3;2.3 Incidence of Diseases
;448
24.2.4;2.4 Feed and Fodder Shortages
;449
24.3;3. TARGETING ADAPTATION RESPONSES
;450
24.4;4. ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS
;450
24.4.1;4.1 Shelter Management
;451
24.4.2;4.2 Nutritional Management
;452
24.4.3;4.3 Health Management
;454
24.4.4;4.4 Managing Common Property Resources
;455
24.4.5;4.5 Genetic Selection and Conservation
;456
24.4.6;4.6 Livestock Insurance
;457
24.4.7;4.7 Extension Strategy
;457
24.5;5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;457
24.6;REFERENCES
;458
25;20 Climate Change-Proof Disaster
Risk Reduction: Prospects and
Challenges for Developing
Countries
;463
25.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;463
25.2;2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND DISASTER VULNERABILITY INTERACTION IN
ASIAN COUNTRIES
;463
25.3;3. CLIMATE CHANGE Vls·A.vIS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
;464
25.4;4. RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
;466
25.4.1;4.1 Defining Climate Risk
;466
25.4.2;4.2 Characteristics of Climate Risk
;467
25.5;5. CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
;469
25.5.1;5.1 Disasters as Climate Change Impacts
;469
25.5.2;5.2 Existing Disaster Risk Management: Shortcomings and Issues
;471
25.6;6. INCORPORATING CLIMATE CHANGE CONCERNS IN DISASTER
RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS
;472
25.7;7. CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
;473
25.8;8. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;478
25.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;478
25.10;REFERENCES
;478
26;21 Potential of Geospatial
Technologies for Mitigating
Land and Water Related Disasters
;483
26.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;483
26.2;2. LAND AND WATER DEGRADATION IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
;485
26.3;3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDIAN REMOTE
SENSING (IRS) SATELLITES
;487
26.4;4. ROLE OF RS AND GIS IN LAND & WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
AND MANAGEMENT
;491
26.5;5. APPLICATIONS OF IRS DATAAND GIS TO WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
AND MANAGEMENT
;491
26.5.1;5.1 Development of Watersheds
;491
26.5.2;5.2 Impact Assessment of Climate Change and Land use
;493
26.5.3;5.3 Monitoring and Management of Drought
;493
26.5.4;5.4 Monitoring and Assessment of Forest Cover
;495
26.5.5;5.5 Landslide Hazard Assessment
;496
26.5.6;5.6 Wetland Monitoring and Mapping
;497
26.6;6. APPLICATIONS OF IRS DATAAND GIS TO WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
;497
26.6.1;6.1 Monitoring and Assessment of Glaciers
;497
26.6.2;6.2 Reservoir Capacity Evaluation
;498
26.6.3;6.3 Monitoring and Management of Flood
;499
26.6.4;6.4 Groundwater Evaluation and Management
;500
26.6.5;6.5 Monitoring and Mapping of Water Pollution
;501
26.7;7. APPLICATIONS OF IRS DATAAND GIS TO COMMAND AREA
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
;502
26.7.1;7.1 Performance Evaluation of Irrigation Systems
;502
26.7.2;7.2 Monitoring and Mapping of Problematic Soils
;503
26.8;8. CONSTRAINTS OF USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES
;506
26.9;9. FUTURE INDIAN REMOTE SENSING MISSIONS
;506
26.10;10. CONCLUSIONS
;509
26.11;REFERENCES
;510
27;22 Decision Support System: Concept
and Potential for Integrated Water
Resources Management
;517
27.1;1. FRESHWATER SCARCITY: GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES
;517
27.2;2. IWRM: BASIC CONCEPT, IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES
;520
27.3;3. WHAT IS A DSS?
;523
27.4;4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DSS
;524
27.5;5. COMPONENTS OF DSS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT
;526
27.6;6. TYPES OF DSS
;527
27.6.1;6.1 Data-Driven DSS or Data-Oriented DSS
;528
27.6.2;6.2 Model-Driven DSS or Model-Oriented DSS
;528
27.6.3;6.3 Communications-Driven DSS
;528
27.6.4;6.4 Document-Driven DSS
;529
27.6.5;6.5 Knowledge-Driven DSS
;529
27.7;7. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DECISION MAKING IN LAND AND
WATER MANAGEMENT
;529
27.7.1;7.1 Simulation and Optimization Models
;530
27.7.2;7.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS)
;530
27.7.3;7.3 Artificial Intelligence
;532
27.7.4;7.4 Multiobjective and Multicriteria Decision Analysis
;532
27.8;8. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DSS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT
;533
27.8.1;8.1 Phase 1: Needs Identification and Analysis
;534
27.8.2;8.2 Phase 2: High-level Design
;534
27.8.2.1;8.2.1 Development of System Architecture
;535
27.8.2.2;8.2.2 Selection or Design of Models
;535
27.8.3;8.3 Phase 3: Detailed Functional Design
;535
27.8.4;8.4 Phase 4: Detailed Software Design
;536
27.8.5;8.5 Phase 5: Software Development
;536
27.8.6;8.6 Phase 6: Initial Fielding
;536
27.8.7;8.7 Phase 7: Testing, Training and Fine-tuning
;536
27.8.8;8.8 Phase 8: Maintenance and Further Development
;537
27.9;9. APPLICATION DOMAINS OF DSS
;537
27.9.1;9.1 DSS for Emergency Water Management
;538
27.9.2;9.2 DSS for Water Regulation and Allocation
;538
27.9.2.1;9.2.1 River Basin Management
;538
27.9.2.2;9.2.2 Lake and Reservoir Management
;539
27.9.2.3;9.2.3 Conjunctive Use Management
;539
27.9.2.4;9.2.4 Pollution Management
;539
27.9.2.5;9.2.5 Water Treatment and Distribution Systems
;539
27.10;10. AVAILABLE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR WATER
MANAGEMENT: AN OVERVIEW
;540
27.11;11. CONCLUSIONS
;542
27.12;REFERENCES
;543
28;23 Sustainable Forest Management:
Key to Disaster Preparedness
and Mitigation
;550
28.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;550
28.2;2. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
;553
28.2.1;2.1 Conceptual Background
;553
28.2.2;2.2 Why Sustainable Forest Management?
;555
28.2.3;2.3 Sustainable Development and Management of Forests
;555
28.3;3. SFM FRAMEWORK IN INDIA
;556
28.3.1;3.1 Status of Forests in India
;556
28.3.2;3.2 Initiatives for Sustainable Forest Management
;558
28.3.2.1;3.2.1 Global lnitiatives
;559
28.3.2.2;3.2.2 Indian Initiatives
;559
28.4;4. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MECHANISMS FOR SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT
;562
28.4.1;4.1 Forest Working Plans-Potential for all Monitoring
and Evaluation Activities
;564
28.4.2;4.2 Market Links to Sustainable Forest Management
;564
28.4.3;4.3 Ecosystem Services
;564
28.5;5. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION
;566
28.6;6. CLIMATE CHANGE vis-A-vIS FOREST MANAGEMENT
;568
28.7;7. ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
;568
28.8;8. CONCLUSIONS
;571
28.9;REFERENCES
;572
29;24 Participatory Information
Management for Sustainable
Disaster Risk Reduction
;577
29.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;577
29.2;2. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
;577
29.3;3. PARTICIPATORY RISK REDUCTION AS A PROCESS
OF INFORMATION FLOW
;579
29.3.1;3.1 Types of Information
;579
29.3.2;3.2 Information Needs
;580
29.3.3;3.3 Models of Information Flow
;580
29.3.4;3.4 A Conceptual Model for Participatory Information Flow
;581
29.4;4. PRESENTING RISK INFORMATION
;582
29.5;5. TOOLS FOR PARTICIPATORY INFORMATION SHARING
;583
29.6;6. INFORMATION NETWORKING: SALIENT EXAMPLES
;584
29.6.1;6.1 Examples at International Level
;584
29.6.2;6.2 Examples at National Level
;585
29.7;7. CONCLUSIONS
;588
29.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;589
29.9;REFERENCES
;589
30;25 Cyclone Emergency Preparedness
in DAE Coastal Installations, India
;592
30.1;1. INTRODUCTION
;592
30.2;2. TROPICAL CYCLONES: CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT
;594
30.3;3. CYCLONE MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEM
;597
30.4;4. POSSIBLE IMPACT OF CYCLONIC STORM ON THE INSTALLATION
;600
30.5;5. COMPONENTS OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
;601
30.6;6. FACTORS INFLUENCING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
;601
30.6.1;6.1 Site Data
;602
30.6.2;6.2 Plant Data
;602
30.6.3;6.3 Infrastructure Details
;602
30.6.3.1;6.3.1 Power Supply
;602
30.6.3.2;6.3.2 Water Supply
;602
30.6.3.3;6.3.3 Drainage System
;603
30.6.3.4;6.3.4 Telecommunication
;603
30.6.3.5;6.3.5 Medical and First-Aid Facilities
;603
30.6.3.6;6.3.6 Transport Facilities
;603
30.6.3.7;6.3.7 Residential Colony
;604
30.7;7. EMERGENCY RELATED FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
;604
30.7.1;7.1 Emergency Control Center
;604
30.7.2;7.2 Shelters
;605
30.7.3;7.3 Emergency Equipment
;605
30.8;8. EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION
;606
30.8.1;8.1 Installation Cyclone Protection Committee (ICPC)
;606
30.8.2;8.2 Service Groups (SGs)
;606
30.9;9. PROTECTION AND RELIEF ACTION PLAN
;607
30.9.1;9.1 Primary Emergencies
;607
30.9.2;9.2 Secondary Emergencies
;607
30.10;10. AID AND COOPERATION
;607
30.11;11. EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXERCISES
;610
30.12;12. FEEDBACK AND REVIEW
;610
30.13;13. CONCLUDING REMARKS
;610
30.14;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
;611
30.15;REFERENCES
;611
31;26 Sustainable Management of
Disasters: Challenges
and Prospects
;612
31.1;1. CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
;612
31.2;2. FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
;613
31.2.1;2.1 Adherence to the Hyogo Recommendations
;614
31.2.2;2.2 Adoption of Modern Management Approaches
;615
31.2.3;2.3 Need for Integrated Approach and International Vision to
Combat Climate Change
;616
31.2.4;2.4 Need for Improved Understanding of Human-Environment Interactions
;618
31.2.5;2.5 Need for Efficient Early Warning and Communication Systems
;618
31.2.6;2.6 Need for Decision Support System and Extensive Use of Modern Tools
;619
31.2.7;2.7 Need for Disaster Education and Training
;620
31.3;3. EPILOGUE
;621
31.4;REFERENCES
;622
32;Index
;624