Jenkins / Ives Phosphorus in Fresh Water and the Marine Environment

Progress in Water Technology
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4726-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 360 Seiten, Web PDF

Phosphorus in Fresh Water and the Marine Environment investigates sources of phosphorus in fresh water and the marine environment and the problems it causes. The importance of phosphate precipitation as an inbuilt safety device against overproduction of algae in the oceans is discussed, along with the deposition and absorption of phosphates in sediments. The source of the phosphorus in lakes and rivers is considered in relation to population density and distribution. This book is comprised of 26 chapters and begins with a discussion on natural phosphate sources in relation to phosphate budgets, paying particular attention to eutrophication and soil erosion. The significance of man-made sources of phosphorus, such as fertilizers and farming, detergents and sewage, is then examined. Subsequent chapters focus on the role of phosphorus in the growth of plants and animals in rivers, lakes, and the sea; the hydrogeochemical cycling of phosphorus; phosphorus analysis in sea water; and safety evaluation of substitutes for phosphates in detergents. The microbiology of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant chemically treated for phosphorus removal is also explored. This monograph will be of interest to policymakers concerned with water pollution control.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jenkins, S. H.

Ives, K. J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Phosphorus in Fresh Water and the Marine Environment;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH PHOSPHORUS IN FRESH WATER AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 11-13 APRIL 1972. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON;12
6;ORGANIZING COMMITTEE;13
7;CHAPTER 1. NATURAL PHOSPHATE SOURCES IN RELATION TO PHOSPHATE BUDGETS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF EUTROPHICATION ;14
7.1;INTRODUCTION;14
7.2;GEOCHEMISTRY;14
7.3;EROSION, AND PHOSPHATES IN LAKES AND RIVERS;16
7.4;CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION;18
7.5;AVAILABILITY FOR METABOLISM OF ALGAE;20
7.6;PEAT AS SOURCE OF PHOSPHATE;22
7.7;PHOSPHATE IN THE SEDIMENTS;23
7.8;NATURAL EXTERNAL P-SOURCES IN RELATION TO INTERNAL RECYCLING;25
7.9;GENERAL PICTURE;25
7.10;REFERENCES;27
7.11;DISCUSSION;28
8;CHAPTER 2. SIGNIFICANCE OF MAN-MADE SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS: FERTILIZERS AND FARMING ;30
8.1;INTRODUCTION;30
8.2;PHOSPHORUS DISSOLVED FROM SOIL;31
8.3;LOSS OF PHOSPHORUS BY EROSION;35
8.4;PHOSPHORUS IN ANIMAL FARMING;37
8.5;PRESENT AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS;38
8.6;AGRICULTURE, PUBLIC OPINION AND PHOSPHATE;41
8.7;REFERENCES;43
8.8;DISCUSSION;43
9;CHAPTER 3. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MAN-MADE SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS: DETERGENTS AND SEWAGE ;46
9.1;USE OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN WASHING POWDERS;46
9.2;TRENDS IN THE USE OF DETERGENTS;49
9.3;ESTIMATES OF PHOSPHORUS IN SEWAGE DUE TO DETERGENTS;50
9.4;INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS IN SEWAGE;53
9.5;SURVEYS OF THE VARIATION OF PHOSPHORUS AND DETERGENT AT VARIOUS SEWAGE WORKS;55
9.6;HYDROLYSIS OF CONDENSED PHOSPHATES IN SEWAGES;58
9.7;TOTAL LOAD OF PHOSPHORUS IN SEWAGE;60
9.8;SUMMATION;60
9.9;REFERENCES;61
9.10;DISCUSSION;61
10;CHAPTER 4. PHOSPHATES IN SEWAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT ;66
10.1;PRELIMINARY SINGLE COLUMN METHOD;67
10.2;PROJECT TO DETERMINE FATE OF PHOSPHATE IN SEWAGE TREATMENT;69
10.3;ARRESTMENT OF HYDROLYSIS;70
10.4;DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOLUBLE ORTHO-PHOSPHATE AND PARTICULATE PHOSPHATE;70
10.5;MULTI-COLUMN ANALYSIS;70
10.6;AUTOMATED MULTI-COLUMN METHOD;71
10.7;REAGENTS;72
10.8;PROJECT;73
10.9;CONCLUSION;74
10.10;REFERENCES;75
10.11;DISCUSSION;75
11;CHAPTER 5. PHOSPHORUS IN INDUSTRIAL WATER ;80
11.1;INTRODUCTION;80
11.2;THE SOURCE AND OCCURRENCE OF PHOSPHORUS IN WATER SUPPLIES;81
11.3;PERMISSIBLE AND DESIRABLE LEVELS OF P;82
11.4;REMOVAL OF P FROM INDUSTRIAL WATERS;84
11.5;P AS AN EFFLUENT PROBLEM;85
11.6;DISCUSSION;85
12;CHAPTER 6. PHOSPHORUS IN PRIMARY AQUATIC PLANTS ;88
12.1;PHOSPHORUS SOURCES;88
12.2;PHOSPHATE UPTAKE;90
12.3;INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF PHOSPHORUS;92
12.4;CHANGES IN PATTERN OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN RELATION TO LIFE CYCLE AND PHOTOPERIOD;93
12.5;GROWTH RATE IN RELATION TO PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION;94
12.6;THE DETECTION OF PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION IN NATURAL ALGAL POPULATIONS;96
12.7;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;97
12.8;REFERENCES;98
12.9;DISCUSSION;100
13;CHAPTER 7. PHOSPHORUS IN MARINE ZOOPLANKTON ;104
13.1;INTRODUCTION;104
13.2;ASSIMILATION OF PHOSPHORUS BY ZOOPLANKTON;105
13.3;PHOSPHORUS EXCRETION B Y ZOOPLANKTON;110
13.4;REGENERATION OF SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS;112
13.5;DAILY RATIONS IN TERMS OF PHOSPHORUS;114
13.6;PHOSPHORUS LEVELS IN ZOOPLANKTON;115
13.7;GROWTH OF ZOOPLANKTON IN TERMS OF PHOSPHORUS;117
13.8;CONCLUSIONS;118
13.9;REFERENCES;119
14;CHAPTER 8. ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN EUTROPHICATION AND DIFFUSE SOURCE CONTROL ;122
14.1;INTRODUCTION;122
14.2;ASSESSMENT OF ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN EUTROPHICATION;123
14.3;CRITICAL NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS;127
14.4;SIGNIFICANCE OF PHOSPHATE EXCHANGE WITH SEDIMENTS;127
14.5;CONCLUSIONS;132
14.6;REFERENCES;133
14.7;DISCUSSION;134
15;CHAPTER 9. SIGNIFICANCE OF PHOSPHORUS IN LAKES AND COASTAL WATER SEDIMENTS AND BENTHOS ;140
15.1;SUMMARY;140
16;CHAPTER 10. THE ACCELERATION OF THE HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF PHOSPHORUS ;142
16.1;INTRODUCTION;142
16.2;ACCELERATION OF P CIRCULATION;142
16.3;GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CIRCULATION;143
16.4;THE OCEAN AS A SINK FOR PHOSPHORUS;145
16.5;SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS;146
16.6;POLLUTION OF INLAND WATERS, ESTUARIES AND FJORDS;149
16.7;FORMATION OF MARINE PHOSPHORITES;154
16.8;CONCLUSIONS;156
16.9;REFERENCES;156
17;CHAPTER 11. PHOSPHORUS IN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES ;158
17.1;GENERAL DEVELOPMENT;158
17.2;CHEMICALS USED;159
17.3;TREATMENT IN RURAL AND RESORT AREAS;160
17.4;BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PROCESSES USED IN MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS;161
17.5;PLANT PERFORMANCE AND EFFECT ON THE RECEIVING WATERS;166
17.6;COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS;168
17.7;CONCLUSIONS;170
17.8;REFERENCES;171
18;CHAPTER 12. THE ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE GROWTH OF CLADOPHORA ;172
18.1;INTRODUCTION;172
18.2;FLASK CULTURE EXPERIMENTS;174
18.3;DISCUSSION;183
18.4;REFERENCES;185
18.5;DISCUSSION;185
19;CHAPTER 13. EUTROPHICATION AND LOUGH NEAGH ;188
19.1;INTRODUCTION;188
19.2;A. PRESENT STATE;189
19.3;B. RATE OF CHANGE;192
19.4;C. LIMITING FACTORS, PHOSPHATE SOURCES AND LOADING;194
19.5;D. CONTROL OF PHOSPHATE INPUT;199
19.6;E. CONCLUSIONS;200
19.7;REFERENCES;201
19.8;DISCUSSION;202
20;CHAPTER 14. STIMULATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH BY MIXTURES OF PHOSPHATE, NITRATE, AND ORGANIC CHELATORS ;204
20.1;INTRODUCTION;204
20.2;METHODS;205
20.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;206
20.4;CONCLUSION;210
20.5;REFERENCES;210
21;CHAPTER 15. SOIL AND FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS IN THE IRISH ECOSYSTEM ;212
21.1;1. INTRODUCTION;212
21.2;2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS;212
21.3;3. PHOSPHORUS IN THE ECOSYSTEM;212
21.4;4. ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS IN WATERS;219
21.5;REFERENCES;224
22;CHAPTER 16. TREATMENT IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS: INNOVATIONS FOR REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS ;226
22.1;INTRODUCTION;226
22.2;LITERATURE REVIEW;227
22.3;STUDY DESIGN;234
22.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS;236
22.5;CONCLUSIONS;241
22.6;REFERENCES;241
23;CHAPTER 17. CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT BEFORE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT IN SEWAGE PLANTS ;244
23.1;INTRODUCTION;244
23.2;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM BOTKYRKA SEWAGE PLANT;245
23.3;CONCLUDING REMARKS REGARDING THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK AT BOTKYRKA;256
23.4;CHEMICAL PRE-PRECIPITATION AT JÖNKÖPING;256
23.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS REGARDING THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK AT JÖNKÖPING;260
23.6;THE INFLUENCE OF pH, BOD, SOLUBLE AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ON THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS;260
23.7;SUMMARY;262
23.8;REFERENCES;263
23.9;DISCUSSION;264
24;CHAPTER 18. A NEW METHOD OF REMOVING PHOSPHORUS TO PRODUCE A READY FERTILIZER ;266
24.1;INTRODUCTION;266
24.2;DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD;266
24.3;THE SLUDGE PROBLEM;268
24.4;COST ESTIMATION;270
24.5;CONCLUSION;271
24.6;REFERENCES;271
25;CHAPTER 19. EXPERIENCE WITH ALGAL BLOOMS AND THE REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SEWAGE ;272
25.1;A. THE ESSENTIAL "NUTRIENT" IN ALGAL BLOOMS;272
25.2;B. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM SEWAGE;276
25.3;REFERENCES;281
25.4;DISCUSSION;281
26;CHAPTER 20. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DETERGENT BUILDERS IN CALIFORNIA WATERS ;282
26.1;DETERGENT BUILDERS;282
26.2;EFFECTS OF BUILDERS ON WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES;282
26.3;NUTRIENT LIMITATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS;283
26.4;CALIFORNIA CASE HISTORIES;284
26.5;METHODS OF ESTIMATING NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO CALIFORNIA WATERS;287
26.6;MAGNITUDE OF SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS;289
26.7;SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS;295
26.8;REFERENCES;296
26.9;DISCUSSION;298
27;CHAPTER 21. AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS IN SEA WATER ;300
27.1;IMPROVEMENT OF LCP METHOD;300
27.2;EXPERIMENT;301
27.3;INTERFERENCE;304
27.4;REFERENCES;305
27.5;DISCUSSION;305
28;CHAPTER 22. PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ;308
28.1;INTRODUCTION;308
28.2;FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN NATURAL WATERS;309
28.3;ABSORPTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE;310
28.4;PRECISION, LIMIT OF DETECTION AND ACCURACY OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE DETERMINATION;311
28.5;DIFFERENTIATION OF FORMS OF DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS;314
28.6;AUTOMATED PROCEDURES;317
28.7;SAMPLING AND STORAGE OF SAMPLES;318
28.8;OTHER METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE;319
28.9;CONCLUSIONS;320
28.10;REFERENCES;320
28.11;DISCUSSION;323
29;CHAPTER 23. SAFETY EVALUATION OF SUBSTITUTES FOR PHOSPHATES IN DETERGENTS ;326
29.1;INTRODUCTION;326
29.2;PERFORMANCE;326
29.3;SAFETY PHILOSOPHY;326
29.4;SAFETY EVALUATION;327
29.5;ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY;329
29.6;SPECIFIC PHOSPHATE REPLACEMENTS;331
29.7;EVALUATION OF NTA;332
29.8;REFERENCES;335
29.9;DISCUSSION;335
30;CHAPTER 24. SOLUBLE PHOSPHATE REMOVAL IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS ;338
30.1;METHOD OF STUDY;338
30.2;REFERENCES;340
31;CHAPTER 25. THE MICROBIOLOGY OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTE-WATER TREATMENT PLANT CHEMICALLY TREATED FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL ;342
32;CHAPTER 26. EFFICIENT BIOLOGICAL WASTE-WATER PURIFICATION IS A PRECONDITION FOR CHEMICAL PHOSPHATE REMOVAL ;346
32.1;INTRODUCTION;346
32.2;TESTS, INVESTIGATIONS;347
32.3;REFERENCES;359
33;AUTHOR INDEX;360
34;SUBJECT INDEX;364