Jeang / Murad HIV-1: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis: Viral Mechanisms

2. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-08-054832-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 55, 488 Seiten

Reihe: Advances in Pharmacology

This volume covers the latest advances in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the HIV-1 virus on target cells. Its companion volume, Advances in Pharmacology 56, shows how new developments in understanding the virus translate to the clinical setting.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Jeang, Kuan-Teh

Murad, Ferid

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;HIV-1: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Dedication Page;6
5;Contents;8
6;Contributors;14
7;Preface written by Robert C. Gallo;18
8;Chapter 1: HIV-1 RNA Packaging;21
8.1;I. Chapter Overview;21
8.2;II. Introduction;22
8.3;III. The Packaging Pathway;24
8.4;IV. RNA/Protein Recognition for Encapsidation: Molecular and Structural Biology;29
8.5;V. Conclusions;41
8.6;References;42
9;Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein as Entry Mediator, Vaccine Immunogen, and Target for Inhibitors;53
9.1;I. Chapter Overview;53
9.2;II. Introduction;54
9.3;III. Structure of the Env (gp120-gp41);55
9.4;IV. Env Interactions with CD4 and Coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) Leading to Membrane Fusion;65
9.5;V. Env Interactions with Antibodies;75
9.6;VI. The Env as Vaccine Immunogen and Target for Inhibitors;88
9.7;VII. Conclusions;99
9.8;Acknowledgments;99
9.9;References;99
10;Chapter 3: HIV-1 Reverse Transcription: Close Encounters Between the Viral Genome and a Cellular tRNA;119
10.1;I. Chapter Overview;119
10.2;II. Introduction;120
10.3;III. Reverse Transcription;120
10.4;IV. Specificity of tRNA Primer Usage;124
10.5;V. Identification of the PAS Motif;134
10.6;VI. Proposed Mechanism of Primer Activation;136
10.7;VII. HIV-1 Replication with a Nonself tRNA Primer Confirms the Importance of the PAS Motif;139
10.8;VIII. Conclusions;145
10.9;Acknowledgments;147
10.10;References;147
11;Chapter 4: Transcription of HIV: Tat and Cellular Chromatin;157
11.1;I. Chapter Overview;157
11.2;II. Introduction;158
11.3;III. Integrated HIV-1 LTR and Cellular Chromatin;158
11.4;IV. The HIV-1 Tat Protein and Its Modifications;162
11.5;V. Tat-Mediated Transactivation;165
11.6;V. Conclusions;171
11.7;Acknowledgments;172
11.8;References;172
12;Chapter 5: Posttranscriptional Control of HIV-1 and Other Retroviruses and Its Practical Applications;181
12.1;I. Chapter Overview;181
12.2;II. Introduction;182
12.3;III. HIV-1 Regulation of Gene Expression;185
12.4;IV. Rev and Its Export Receptor CRM1;187
12.5;V. Posttranscriptional Regulation of Other Complex Retroviruses;190
12.6;VI. HIV-1 mRNAs Use Multiple Mechanisms to Express Many Proteins from One Transcript;191
12.7;VII. Rev-Dependence of HIV-1 mRNAs;193
12.8;VIII. Use of RNA Optimization to Achieve High Level of HIV-1 gag/pol and env Expression Plasmids;195
12.9;IX. Posttranscriptional Control of Simple Retroviruses;197
12.10;X. NXF1;198
12.11;XI. Cellular CTEs;199
12.12;XII. Posttranscriptional Control of LTR-Retroelements;200
12.13;XIII. Comparison of RNA Export Systems;201
12.14;XIV. Replacement of Rev Regulation Leads to SIV Attenuation;202
12.15;XV. Conclusions;203
12.16;Acknowledgments;203
12.17;References;203
13;Chapter 6: HIV Accessory Genes Vif and Vpu;219
13.1;I. Chapter Overview;219
13.2;II. Vif: A Potent Regulator of Viral Infectivity;220
13.3;III. The HIV-1-Specific Vpu Protein;230
13.4;References;241
14;Chapter 7: Interactions of HIV-1 Viral Protein R with Host Cell Proteins;253
14.1;I. Chapter Overview;253
14.2;II. Introduction;254
14.3;III. Effects of HIV-1 Vpr on Host Cellular Activities;255
14.4;IV. Activation and Counteraction of Host Immune Responses by Vpr;268
14.5;V. Development of Anti-Vpr Therapies;269
14.6;Acknowledgment;270
14.7;References;270
15;Chapter 8: HIV-1 Protease: Structure, Dynamics, and Inhibition;281
15.1;I. Chapter Overview;281
15.2;II. Introduction;282
15.3;III. Mature Protease: Structure, Dynamics, and Relationship to Function;285
15.4;IV. Active Site Inhibitors and Drug Resistance;292
15.5;V. Dissociation of the Mature Protease Dimer and Characterization of the Monomeric Structure;298
15.6;VI. Insights into the Structure of the Protease Precursor and Its Maturation;306
15.7;Acknowledgments;312
15.8;References;312
16;Chapter 9: Properties, Functions, and Drug Targeting of the Multifunctional Nucleocapsid Protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus;319
16.1;I. Chapter Overview;319
16.2;II. The NC Protein: The Story So Far;320
16.3;III. The Structure of HIV-1 NC;321
16.4;IV. The Network of NC Functions;329
16.5;V. The Role of NC in HIV-1 Assembly;336
16.6;VI. The Role of NC in HIV-1 Variability and Fitness;340
16.7;VII. Anti-NC Drug Screening;344
16.8;VIII. Conclusions and Future Prospects;346
16.9;Acknowledgments;349
16.10;References;350
17;Chapter 10: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Release, and Maturation;367
17.1;I. Chapter Overview;367
17.2;II. Overview of HIV-1 Assembly, Release, and Maturation;368
17.3;III. Multimerization of Gag to Form the Structural Framework of the Immature Virus Particle;371
17.4;IV. Encapsidation of the Viral RNA Genome;376
17.5;V. Trafficking Virion Components to the Site of Assembly;378
17.6;VI. Acquisition of a Lipid Bilayer and Associated Env Glycoproteins;382
17.7;VII. Virus Particle Release;384
17.8;VIII. Generating a Mature Infectious Virion;388
17.9;IX. HIV Assembly and Maturation as Targets for New Antiretroviral Drugs;391
17.10;Acknowledgments;393
17.11;References;393
18;Chapter 11: Role of Nef in HIV-1 Replication and Pathogenesis;409
18.1;I. Chapter Overview;409
18.2;II. Introduction;410
18.3;III. Nef and HIV-1 Infection of PBMCs;412
18.4;IV. Nef Studies in Human Thymic Systems;413
18.5;V. Mechanism of Nef Enhancement of Replication and Pathogenesis;414
18.6;VI. Conclusions;421
18.7;References;422
19;Chapter 12: Treatment Implications of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1;431
19.1;I. Chapter Overview;431
19.2;II. Introduction;432
19.3;III. What is the Latent Reservoir?;432
19.4;IV. Resistance: Mechanism of Storage in the Latent Reservoir and Its Clinical Implications;436
19.5;V. Genotypic and Phenotypic Assays: Treatment Implications of the Latent Reservoir;437
19.6;VI. Drug Development: Taking the Latent Reservoir into Account;438
19.7;VII. Conclusions;442
19.8;References;442
20;Chapter 13: RNA Interference and HIV-1;447
20.1;I. Chapter Overview;447
20.2;II. Introduction;448
20.3;III. siRNA as Anti-HIV Therapy;450
20.4;IV. HIV-1 Remodels Cellular miRNA Expression in Infected Cells;451
20.5;V. Does HIV-1 Encode miRNAs?;453
20.6;VI. Future Perspectives;454
20.7;Acknowledgment;455
20.8;References;456
21;Index;459
22;Contents of Previous Volumes;471