Facing page: The Dogue de Bordeaux is often called the French Mastiff or Bordeaux Bulldog. One may recognize the Dogue as the star of the Hollywood production Turner and Hooch, with human co-star Tom Hanks.
HISTORY OF THE Dogue de Bordeaux
INTRODUCTION
Characterized by one of the largest, most magnificent heads in dogdom, layered wrinkles on his face and hefty exaggerated paws, the Dogue de Bordeaux trudges into the hearts of people throughout the world. Originally used for cattle-droving and guarding the vineyards in Bordeaux, this pugnacious, pug-faced French warrior has survived within a hair of extinction through one national revolution, two World Wars and the Hollywood adventure Turner and Hooch.
Sometimes referred to as the French Mastiff, Bordeaux Bulldog or simply “DDB,” the Dogue de Bordeaux has had an interesting background and development through the last six centuries. An extremely cooperative, intelligent and fearless giant, the Dogue de Bordeaux has persisted in various vocations throughout the centuries, a testament to the breed’s versatility and adaptability. Since the 1400s, the Dogue de Bordeaux has had many jobs: herding cattle, flock guarding, hunting ferocious game, animal baiting, dog fighting and movie acting. Powerful and surprisingly athletic, the Dogue de Bordeaux has never been intimidated and makes an excellent guardian. Beneath all that toughness exists a sweet, sincere, slobberingly lovable character that makes a wonderful companion.
Dogues de Bordeaux have a long history of being guard dogs. Their impressive stature alone is enough to frighten potential thieves.
GENUS CANIS
Dogs and wolves are members of the genus Canis. Wolves are known scientifically as Canis lupus while dogs are known as Canis domesticus. Dogs and wolves are known to interbreed. The term canine derives from the Latin-derived word Canis. The term dog has no scientific basis but has been used for thousands of years. The origin of the word dog has never been authoritatively ascertained.
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE DOGUE DE BORDEAUX
The Dogue de Bordeaux falls into a group of dogs classified as molossers, descendants of the Molossus, a dog that lived around the time of 700 BC. Based on ancient carvings and paintings, it appears that Molossus were kept as guard and hunting dogs by the Assyrians.
The first record of a molosser-type dog is in a letter dated 326 BC that mentions large, strong dogs with short, broad teeth. Bones of these big dogs have been found among other artifacts in archeological expeditions throughout the world in places such as Tibet, China and India. These dogs were included in the army of Alexander the Great, and journeyed from Mesopotamia to Epirus in various wars. In Epirus, there was a mythical king ruling over the area of Molossus who took care of the dogs. From there, they journeyed to Rome, Gaul and other lands, including Spain and France.
There are contrasting reports that this large dog first existed in Spain as the Alano, an extinct dog whose description resembles today’s Dogue de Bordeaux. The Alano was supposedly brought to Europe by the Alans, an Oriental tribe. The Alan vautre was described in the 14th century by Gaston Phoebus (or Febus), Count of Foix, in his Livre de Chasse: “He holds his bite stronger than three sight hounds.” There are also accounts that the molosser developed from the Molossid, a Greco-Roman canine that existed during Julius Caesar’s time and was used in war.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DOGUE TYPE
The word dogue first appeared at the end of the 14th century. Before the 19th century, these dogs did not have a standard but were very similar in looks and usage. There were guardian dogs used to protect homes, butcher shops and vineyards; pack hunting dogs that baited bulls and pursued boars, bears, jaguars and other game; and herding dogs that took care of farm animals such as sheep and cattle. Eventually, the molosser developed into a variety of mastiffs including today’s Tibetan Mastiff, Spanish Mastiff, Mastino Napoletano (Neapolitan Mastiff) and Bullmastiff, to name a few.
The Tibetan Mastiff joins the Dogue de Bordeaux in the group of dogs known as molossers. Tibetans have curved tails and long coats, in contrast to the hanging tails and short coats of Dogues.
Tibetan Mastiff with puppy. Despite the shared ancestry, there is little resemblance to the Dogue.
BRAIN AND BRAWN
Since dogs have been inbred for centuries, their physical and mental characteristics are constantly being changed to suit man’s desires for hunting, retrieving, scenting, guarding and warming their masters’ laps. During the past 150 years, dogs have been judged according to physical characteristics as well as functional abilities. Few breeds can boast a genuine balance between physique, working ability and temperament.
One type of dog in France was called the Dogue or Doguin d’Aquitaine, a breed based on the French Molossus, which existed in the early 14th century and was bred for fighting other dogs, bears and boar. There were several variations of the Doguin d’Aquitaine, depending on their region and the jobs they needed to accomplish. As a result, their general appearance was inconsistent. There were various colors and varieties of coat, different jaw/bite patterns (undershot and overshot) and other slight variations. For the most part, however, these dogs were similar in body structure, weight and size. Eventually one type emerged as the preferred dog—the “butcher’s dog” that was used to protect meat shops and was highly coveted by the French noblemen and wealthy families as home guardians.
The first recorded reference to “Dogue de Bordeaux” appeared in 1863 at the first canine exhibition at the Jardin d’Acclimatation in Paris, France. This was less a conformation show than it was a presentation of dog breeds. The winner of the exhibition was a bitch named Magentas who was identified according to the capital of her region of origin—thus, Dogue de Bordeaux.
The incorporation of the Dogue de Bordeaux into the Japanese Fighting Dog resulted in today’s Tosa Inu, shown here.
Toward the end of the 19th century, the Dogue de Bordeaux traveled to England for fighting and show competition. In 1895, John Proctor published an article in the magazine The Stock Keeper describing his experience judging the “fighting dogs of the South of France.” When English law made dog fighting illegal, the Dogue de Bordeaux was bred almost exclusively for conformation and temperament for competition in dog shows.
In 1896, veterinarian Pierre Meguin published the standard for the Dogue de Bordeaux in his magazine L’Eleveur (“The Animal Breeder”). He formalized a standard from a combination of the best Dogues de Bordeaux shown since Magentas captured topdog honors at the Jardin d’Acclimatation. This standard was put forward by Meguin with a Mr. Brooke, Dr. Wiart and a group of French authorities. A year later, the standard was published in The Breeds of Dog by Henry de Bylandt.
Until Meguin’s standard, there was much controversy over Dogue type, and diversity in breed type persisted. Head and body size fluctuated according to the particular breeder, both scissors and undershot bites were found and the mask color was extremely varied. During this time of uncertainty, there were at least three different styles of Dogue: the Toulouse, the Paris and the Bordeaux. The Toulouse had a fawn coat or brindle coat of many colors, but otherwise was very similar to today’s Dogue de Bordeaux. The Paris was also similar to the modern standard, but the bite varied, with some having a scissors bite while others were nearly one inch undershot. After much debate, the breeders decided upon the undershot bite found in today’s Dogue de Bordeaux standard.
In 1910, after three years of research, J. Kunstler, a professor of comparative anatomy at the Science Facility of Bordeaux, wrote Etude Critique du Dogue de Bordeaux, a critical study of the breed that included a more precise standard than the original published by Meguin. Kunstler’s standard is used to this day (albeit updated twice by Dr. Raymond Triquet and Mr. Tim Taylor), though there are still some variations of the breed, identified as the Bordeaux type, the Paris type and the Mediterranean type. The differences between these types are slight and have mainly to do with the height and the head.
Front view of the Tosa Inu. The word inu in Japanese means “dog.”
The undershot bite, where the lower jaw protrudes further than the upper jaw, is required according to the breed standard.
The breed standard evolved as interest in the Dogue de Bordeaux increased. The first standard (Caractere des vrais dogues) by Pierre Meguin appeared in Le Dogue de Bordeaux in 1896. The second standard was developed by J. Kunstler and appeared in Etude critique du Dogue de Bordeaux in 1910. The third standard was produced by breed expert Dr. Raymond Triquet, with the collaboration of Dr. Maurice, a veterinarian, in 1971. The fourth standard was reformulated according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale’s (FCI) Jerusalem model by Dr....
