Isermann / Kaltenecker Digital Computer Applications to Process Control

Proceedings of the 6th IFAC/IFIP Conference, Düsseldorf, F. R. Germany, 14-17 October 1980
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4831-4649-2
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 596 Seiten, Web PDF

Digital Computer Applications to Process Control presents the developments in the application of digital computers to the control of technical processes. This book discusses the control principles and includes as well direct feedback and feed forward control as monitoring and optimization of technical processes. Organized into five parts encompassing 77 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the two categories of microprocessor systems. This text then discusses the concept of a sensor controlled robot that adapts to any task, assures product quality, and eliminates machine tending labor. Other chapters consider the ergonomic adaptation of the human operator's working conditions to his abilities. This book discusses as well the self-tuning regulator for liquid level in the acetic acid evaporator and its actual performance in production. The final chapter deals with algebraic method for deadbeat control of multivariable linear time-invariant continuous systems. This book is a valuable resource for electrical and control engineers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Isermann, R.

Kaltenecker, H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Digital Computer Applications to Process Control;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;PREFACE;14
6;PART I: SURVEY PAPERS;16
6.1;CHAPTER 1. STATUS OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS;16
6.1.1;INTRODUCTION;17
6.1.2;SMALL MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS (SMCS);17
6.1.3;HIGH PERFORMANCE MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS (HMCS);22
6.1.4;CONCLUSION;24
6.1.5;REFERENCES;24
6.2;CHAPTER 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL CLOSED-LOOP OPTIMIZATION OF PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES;26
6.2.1;OPERATING OBJECTIVES;26
6.2.2;DEFINITIONS;27
6.2.3;TECHNIQUES;28
6.2.4;HISTORY;28
6.2.5;CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS;29
6.2.6;OPTIMIZATION EXAMPLES;30
6.2.7;OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS;33
6.2.8;BENEFITS;34
6.2.9;REQUIREMENTS;36
6.2.10;OUTLOOK;37
6.2.11;REFERENCES;38
6.3;CHAPTER 3. DESIGN METHODS FOR COMPUTER CONTROLLED REAL-TIME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS;40
6.3.1;INTRODUCTION;40
6.3.2;MODELS OF THE DESIGN PROCESS;41
6.3.3;A DESIGN-LEVEL AND DESIGN-TYPE ORIENTED MODEL;44
6.3.4;DESIGN METHODOLOGIES;46
6.3.5;THE SUPPORT SYSTEM EPOS FOR REALTIME HARDWARE-SOFTWARE DESIGN;47
6.3.6;CONCLUSION;48
6.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;49
6.3.8;REFERENCES;49
6.4;CHAPTER 4. ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF RELIABLE PROCESS COMPUTER SOFTWARE;50
6.4.1;INTRODUCTION;50
6.4.2;DEFINITIONS AND RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS;50
6.4.3;FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION;51
6.4.4;SOFTWARE CONSTRUCTION AND VERIFICATION IN GENERAL;52
6.4.5;SYSTEMATIC TECHNIQUES;52
6.4.6;PROBABILISTIC TECHNIQUES;58
6.4.7;PRACTICAL HANDLING;61
6.4.8;CONCLUSION;61
6.4.9;REFERENCES;62
6.5;CHAPTER 5. COMPUTER CONTROL IN THE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY;64
6.5.1;INTRODUCTION;64
6.5.2;COMPUTER CONTROL IN THE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY;64
6.5.3;NITRIC ACID;65
6.5.4;AMMONIA PRODUCTION;65
7;PART II: CASE STUDY PAPERS;70
7.1;CHAPTER 6. COMPUTER CONTROL FOR INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS;70
7.1.1;ABSTRACT;70
7.1.2;INTRODUCTION;70
7.1.3;THE INDUSTRIAL ROBOT;70
7.1.4;THE SENSOR CONTROLLED ROBOT;71
7.1.5;CONTROL;72
7.1.6;JACOBIAN CONTROL;72
7.1.7;ACCOMMODATION;73
7.1.8;ROBOT PROGRAMMING;74
7.1.9;INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS;75
7.1.10;CONCLUSIONS;75
7.1.11;APPENDIX A;75
7.1.12;REFERENCES;76
7.2;CHAPTER 7. MANAGEMENT AND OPTIMISATION OF AN EXTENSIVE HIGH PRESSURE GAS NETWORK;78
7.2.1;INTRODUCTION;78
7.2.2;CONSTRUCTION OF THE AUTOMATION SYSTEM;80
7.2.3;TASKS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE NETWORK CONTROL;82
7.2.4;ELEMENTS OF NETWORK CONTROL;84
7.2.5;REFERENCES;86
7.3;CHAPTER 8. DIGITAL CONTROL OF A ROTARY DRYER IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY;88
7.3.1;1. INTRODUCTION;88
7.3.2;2. ROTARY DRYER AND DRYING PROCESS;89
7.3.3;4. DIGITAL CONTROL;91
7.3.4;5. CONCLUSIONS;95
7.3.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;95
7.3.6;REFERENCES;95
7.3.7;APPENDIX;96
7.4;CHAPTER 9. THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM FOR THE CONTROL OF A SUBMERGED-ARC FURNACE;106
7.4.1;INTRODUCTION;106
7.4.2;THE 48MVA FERROCHROMIUM FURNACE;106
7.4.3;CONTROL OF THE FURNACE;107
7.4.4;THE MICROPROCESSOR-BASED ELECTRODE CONTROLLER;107
7.4.5;TESTING OF THE SOFTWARE;110
7.4.6;INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING;110
7.4.7;THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF OPERATION;110
7.4.8;CONCLUSION;110
7.4.9;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;110
7.4.10;REFERENCES;110
7.5;CHAPTER 10. THE APPLICATION OF A DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM TO A BOARD MILL;118
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;118
7.5.2;THE PANKAKOSKI MILL;118
7.5.3;THE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM;119
7.5.4;THE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION;121
7.5.5;THE HISTORY OF THE PROJECT;121
7.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;122
7.5.7;REFERENCES;122
7.6;CHAPTER 11. COMPUTER-CONTROLLED START-UP/SHUTDOWN OF PROCESS OPERATIONS IN CEMENT PLANTS: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION;126
7.6.1;INTRODUCTION;126
7.6.2;CONCEPT;127
7.6.3;REALIZATION;129
7.6.4;TESTING AND COMMISSIONING;134
7.7;CHAPTER 12. REDUCTION CELL AUTOMATION USING LARGE DISTRIBUTED MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM;138
7.7.1;INTRODUCTION;138
7.7.2;HALL REDUCTION CELL PROCESS;139
7.7.3;CONTROL HARDWARE;140
7.7.4;CONCLUSION;142
7.7.5;REFERENCES;142
8;PART III: TUTORIAL PAPERS;144
8.1;CHAPTER 13. ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF MAN-MACHINE INTERFACES;144
8.1.1;INTRODUCTION;144
8.1.2;DESIGN AREAS OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM (FIG. 2);145
8.1.3;MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN CONTROL;147
8.1.4;CONCLUSION;151
8.1.5;REFERENCES;151
8.2;CHAPTER 14. PARAMETER ADAPTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHMS - A TUTORIAL;154
8.2.1;1. INTRODUCTION;154
8.2.2;2. RECURSIVE PARAMETER ESTIMATION;156
8.2.3;3. PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN CLOSED LOOP;159
8.2.4;5. PARAMETER ADAPTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHMS;162
8.2.5;6. SIMULATION RESULTS;164
8.2.6;7. APPLICATIONS;165
8.2.7;8. ADAPTIVE FEEDFORWARD CONTROL;168
8.2.8;9. CONCLUSIONS;168
8.2.9;10. REFERENCES;169
8.3;CHAPTER 15. FIBRE-OPTICAL COMMUNICATION IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS;170
9;PART IV:TECHNICAL SESSIONS; APPLICATIONS;176
9.1;CHAPTER 16. SELF-TUNING ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF TWO INSTALLATIONS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY;176
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;176
9.1.2;SELF-TUNING REGULATORS;177
9.1.3;SELF-TUNING REGULATOR FOR ACETIC ACID EVAPORATOR;178
9.1.4;SELF-TUNING REGULATOR FOR TEMPERATURE IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE VINYL ACETATE SYNTHESIS REACTOR;179
9.1.5;CONCLUSION;180
9.1.6;REFERENCES;181
9.2;CHAPTER 17. APPLICATION OF SELF-TUNING REGULATORS TO THE CONTROL OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS;182
9.2.1;INTRODUCTION;182
9.2.2;THE SELF-TUNING REGULATOR;183
9.2.3;APPLYING STR:s TO DISTILLATION COLUMNS;183
9.2.4;THE PILOT DISTILLATION UNIT;184
9.2.5;SIMULATIONS;184
9.2.6;EXPERIMENTS;186
9.2.7;CONCLUSION;186
9.2.8;NOMENCLATURE;187
9.2.9;REFERENCES;187
9.3;CHAPTER 18. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF A ROTARY CEMENT KILN;190
9.3.1;INTRODUCTION;190
9.3.2;PROCESS DESCRIPTION;190
9.3.3;DATA GATHERING AND PREPARATION;191
9.3.4;APPROACH BY ANALYSIS OF CORRESPONDENCES;192
9.3.5;SELECTION OF THE MOST ACTIVE VARIABLES;193
9.3.6;FUNCTIONING CLASSES BUILDING;194
9.3.7;CONCLUSION;195
9.3.8;REFERENCES;195
9.3.9;APPENDIX;196
9.4;CHAPTER 19. THE ALGORITHMS OF CONSTRUCTION OF NON-CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL CONTROLLERS;198
9.4.1;INTRODUCTION;198
9.4.2;THE CONTROL SYSTEM;199
9.4.3;SELECTION OF THE CONTROLLER;201
9.4.4;CONCLUSION;203
9.4.5;REFERENCES;203
9.5;CHAPTER 20. THE PROCESS COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS ALONG THE RIVER DANUBE IN AUSTRIA;204
9.5.1;INTRODUCTION;204
9.5.2;THE RACE;204
9.5.3;THE POWER PLANT;205
9.5.4;THE OPERATING RANGES OF WATER LEVEL CONTROL;205
9.5.5;CONTROL STRATEGY DESIGN;206
9.5.6;HARDWARE;210
9.5.7;SOFTWARE;210
9.5.8;MAN - MACHINE INTERFACE;211
9.5.9;FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH THE CONTROL SYSTEM;211
9.5.10;CONCLUSION;211
9.5.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;211
9.5.12;REFERENCES;211
9.6;CHAPTER 21. DIGITAL GOVERNOR USING MICROCOMPUTERS FOR MODERN STEAM TURBINES;212
9.6.1;INTRODUCTION;212
9.6.2;PHILOSOPHY OF SYSTEM ARRANGEMENT;212
9.6.3;SYSTEM DESIGN;213
9.6.4;TEST OF A PROTOTYPE MODEL;216
9.6.5;CONCLUSION;218
9.7;CHAPTER 22. ON-LINE COMPUTER CONTROL OF A NUCLEAR REACTOR USING OPTIMAL CONTROL AND STATE ESTIMATION METHODS;220
9.7.1;INTRODUCTION;220
9.7.2;THE URR;221
9.7.3;CONTROL HARDWARE;221
9.7.4;DYNAMIC MODEL;221
9.7.5;MODEL REDUCTION;222
9.7.6;CONTROL SCHEME;223
9.7.7;STATE ESTIMATION;223
9.7.8;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;224
9.7.9;CONCLUSIONS;225
9.7.10;REFERENCES;225
9.8;CHAPTER 23. ON-LINE COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR CONTINUOUS CRITICALITY CONTROL OF SOME NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING FACILITIES;228
9.8.1;INTRODUCTION;228
9.8.2;EXPERIMANTAL;228
9.8.3;CALCULATIONS;231
9.8.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;232
9.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;233
9.8.6;REFERENCES;233
9.9;CHAPTER 24. REACTOR START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN BY MEANS OF A DIGITAL HIERARCHICAL DECENTRALIZED INFORMATIONAL SYSTEM;234
9.9.1;INTRODUCTION;234
9.9.2;MODELLING;235
9.9.3;START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN;236
9.9.4;COMPUTER REALIZATION;238
9.9.5;CONCLUSIONS;238
9.9.6;REFERENCES;238
9.10;CHAPTER 25. MULTILEVEL CONTROL OF THE POWER DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR CORE;240
9.10.1;INTRODUCTION;240
9.10.2;PROCESS DESCRIPTION;240
9.10.3;DECOMPOSITION;241
9.10.4;COORDINATION;243
9.10.5;COMPARISON TO A CENTRALIZED PROBLEM FORMULATION;245
9.10.6;CONCLUSIONS;245
9.10.7;REFERENCES;245
9.11;CHAPTER 26. MEASUREMENT OF SPEED AND TIME HEADWAY OF MOTOR VEHICLES WITH VIDEO CAMERA AND COMPUTER;246
9.11.1;INTRODUCTION;246
9.11.2;FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS;246
9.11.3;OUTLINES OF SYSTEM FUNCTIONS;247
9.11.4;VIDEO INTERFACE;247
9.11.5;SOFTWARE;249
9.11.6;TRANSFORMATION OF POSITIONS AND CALCULATIONS;250
9.11.7;DISCUSSION OF APPEARING ERRORS;251
9.11.8;SUMMARY AND FINAL REMARKS;252
9.11.9;LITERATURE;252
9.12;CHAPTER 27. DESIGNING FOR CHANGE IN THE URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL MARKET;254
9.12.1;INTRODUCTION;254
9.12.2;THE BASIC FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM;254
9.12.3;FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS;255
9.12.4;DESIGN APPROACH;256
9.12.5;PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS;258
9.12.6;CONCLUSIONS;259
9.12.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;259
9.12.8;REFERENCES;259
9.13;CHAPTER 28. DIGITAL MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL WITH APPLICATIONS TO SHIPS STEERING;260
9.13.1;1. INTRODUCTION;260
9.13.2;2. ADAPTIVE LAWS FOR THE IDEALIZED CASE;260
9.13.3;3. PROBLEMS IN PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS;262
9.13.4;4. DESIGN OF AN ADAPTIVE AUTOPILOT FOR SHIPS;263
9.13.5;5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;265
9.14;CHAPTER 29. SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF GAS TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS;266
9.14.1;INTRODUCTION;266
9.14.2;SUPERVISION AND CONTROL SCHEME;267
9.14.3;REVIEW ON TRANSIENT SIMULATION;268
9.14.4;STATE ESTIMATION;268
9.14.5;CONCLUSIONS;273
9.14.6;NOMENCLATURE (SI UNITS);273
9.14.7;REFERENCES;273
9.15;CHAPTER 30. OPTIMAL TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR AUTOMATED RAILWAY SYSTEMS;274
9.15.1;1. FEATURING THE PROBLEM;274
9.15.2;2. OPTIMAL TRAJECTORIES;275
9.15.3;3. OPERATIONS CONTROL SYSTEM;277
9.15.4;4. CONTROL DESIGN;277
9.15.5;5. SELECTED RESULTS;278
9.15.6;6. REFERENCES;280
9.15.7;7. ABBREVIATIONS KEY;280
9.16;CHAPTER 31. COMPUTER OPTIMIZATION OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN A TEXTILE PLANT A CASE HISTORY;282
9.16.1;INTRODUCTION;282
9.16.2;PROCESS DESCRIPTION;282
9.16.3;SYSTEM OBJECTIVES FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT;283
9.16.4;DEVELOPMENT OF CHILLER OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY;283
9.16.5;RESULTS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SINCE INSTALLATION;286
9.16.6;COMPUTER CONFIGURATION;287
9.16.7;CONCLUSIONS;287
9.16.8;REFERENCES;287
9.17;CHAPTER 32. ENERGY CONSERVATION IN AN AIR CONDITIONING INSTALLATION THROUGH A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED CONTROL SYSTEM;290
9.17.1;INTRODUCTION;290
9.17.2;ENERGY SAVING THROUGH BETTER AIRHANDLING AND CONTROL;290
9.17.3;THE ENERGY SAVING AIR HANDLING INSTALLATION;291
9.17.4;THE OPTIMAL CONTROL SYSTEM;292
9.17.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;294
9.17.6;REFERENCES;294
9.18;CHAPTER 33. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO CONTROL A SIX STAND HOT STRIP FINISHING MILL;298
9.18.1;1. INTRODUCTION;298
9.18.2;2. PRIMARY FINISHING MILL SET-UP;299
9.18.3;3. DRAFTING ALLOCATION;299
9.18.4;4. SPEED SET-UP;300
9.18.5;5. ROLL FORCE MODEL;300
9.18.6;6. THERMAL MODEL;302
9.18.7;7. SCREW POSITIONING MODEL;303
9.18.8;8. ON-LINE CORRECTIONS;303
9.18.9;9. RESULTS;305
9.18.10;LIST OF SYMBOLS;305
9.18.11;REFERENCES;305
9.19;CHAPTER 34. QUALITY CONTROL IN METALLURGY BY TEXTURE ANALYSIS;306
9.19.1;INTRODUCTION;306
9.19.2;GENERAL ASPECTS OF METALLURGICAL QUALITY CONTROL;307
9.19.3;A TEXTURAL APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF MICROGRAPHS;307
9.19.4;ANALYSIS OF THE CONNECTION BETWEEN QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES AND TEXTURAL FEATURES;309
9.19.5;COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF MICROGRAPHS;310
9.19.6;CONCLUSIONS;311
9.19.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;312
9.19.8;REFERENCES;312
9.20;CHAPTER 35. MOULD LEVEL CONTROL IN CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINES. IDENTIFICATION ASPECTS;316
9.20.1;INTRODUCTION;316
9.20.2;MOULD LEVEL CONTROL IN CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE;316
9.20.3;RECURSIVE PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN MIMO SYSTEMS;318
9.20.4;SIMULATION RESULTS;320
9.20.5;CONCLUSIONS;321
9.20.6;REFERENCES;321
10;PART V: GENERAL ASPECTS;322
10.1;CHAPTER 36. ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO DEADBEAT CONTROL OF MULTIVARIABLE LINEAR TIMEINVARIANT CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS;322
10.1.1;INTRODUCTION;322
10.1.2;STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM;322
10.1.3;SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM;323
10.1.4;CONCLUSIONS;327
10.1.5;REFERENCES;327
10.2;CHAPTER 37. PREDICTIVE CONTROL USING IMPULSE RESPONSE MODELS;330
10.2.1;INTRODUCTION;330
10.2.2;THE PREDICTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY;330
10.2.3;THE PROCESS MODEL;330
10.2.4;THE REFERENCE TRAJECTORY;331
10.2.5;PREDICTION HORIZON;331
10.2.6;THE ALGORITHM;331
10.2.7;EXAMPLE;334
10.2.8;CONCLUSIONS;334
10.2.9;REFERENCES;335
10.3;CHAPTER 38. SELF-TUNING CONTROLLER OF MIMO DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS;336
10.3.1;INTRODUCTION;336
10.3.2;GENERALISED MINIMUM VARIANCE CONTROL;337
10.3.3;SELF-TUNING CONTROLLER;338
10.3.4;SIMULATION;338
10.3.5;CONCLUSION;339
10.3.6;REFERENCES;341
10.4;CHAPTER 39. A SAMPLED DATA CONTROLLER FOR PROCESSES WITH TIME DELAY AND LOAD DISTURBANCES;344
10.4.1;INTRODUCTION;344
10.4.2;THEORETICAL ANALYSIS;344
10.4.3;DEAD BEAT CONTROL;345
10.4.4;GENERALIZED DAHLIN ALGORITHM;345
10.4.5;SIMULATIONS;347
10.4.6;IDEAL CASE;347
10.4.7;SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;348
10.4.8;DISCUSSION;350
10.4.9;CONCLUSIONS;351
10.4.10;REFERENCES;351
10.4.11;APPENDIX DERIVATION OF THE GENERALIZED DAHLIN ALGORITHM;351
10.5;CHAPTER 40. A COMPARISON OF SOME TIME-(SUB)OPTIMAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR IN-LINE COMPUTER CONTROL;352
10.5.1;INTRODUCTION;352
10.5.2;PROCESS AND NOISE MODELS;352
10.5.3;TIME-(SUB)OPTIMAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS;353
10.5.4;COMPARISON OF TIME-(SUB)OPTIMAL CONTROLLER WITH CLASSICAL DESIGN;357
10.5.5;IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS;358
10.5.6;REFERENCES;358
10.6;CHAPTER 41. EVALUATION OF SELF-TUNING CONTROLLERS FOR DISTILLATION COLUMN CONTROL;360
10.6.1;INTRODUCTION;360
10.6.2;OPTIMAL STOCHASTIC CONTROL;361
10.6.3;DISTILLATION COLUMN PILOT PLANT AND MODEL;363
10.6.4;SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;363
10.6.5;CONCLUSIONS;365
10.6.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;365
10.6.7;REFERENCES;365
10.7;CHAPTER 42. ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF ROTARY DRUM DRIERS;370
10.7.1;INTRODUCTION;370
10.7.2;PROCESS DESCRIPTION;370
10.7.3;MODELLING;371
10.7.4;ADAPTIVE CONTROL;371
10.7.5;PRACTICAL RESULTS;374
10.7.6;CONCLUSIONS;375
10.7.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;376
10.7.8;REFERENCES;376
10.8;CHAPTER 43. DIGITAL PARAMETER-ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF AN AIR CONDITIONING PLANT;378
10.8.1;INTRODUCTION;378
10.8.2;PARAMETER-ADAPTIVE CONTROL ALGORITHMS;378
10.8.3;AIR CONDITIONING PLANT;381
10.8.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;383
10.8.5;CONCLUSIONS;385
10.8.6;REFERENCES;385
10.8.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;385
10.9;CHAPTER 44. ADAPTIVE CONTROL TO A DRY ETCH PROCESS BY MICROCOMPUTER;386
10.9.1;INTRODUCTION;386
10.9.2;PROCESS TOOL;386
10.9.3;MICROCOMPUTER CONFIGURATION;387
10.9.4;CONTROL STRATEGY;388
10.9.5;SUMMARY;391
10.9.6;REFERENCES;391
10.10;CHAPTER 45. SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF OPTIMAL P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS;392
10.10.1;INTRODUCTION;392
10.10.2;A UNIFIED CAD PROCEDURE OF P, PI AND PID OPTIMAL CONTINUOUS, SAMPLED-DATA OR DISCRETETIME MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLLERS;395
10.10.3;CONCLUSION;396
10.10.4;REFERENCES;396
10.11;CHAPTER 46. OVERCOMING MODEL UNCERTAINTIES IN OPTIMISING SUPERVISORY CONTROL;398
10.11.1;INTRODUCTION;398
10.11.2;INTEGRATED SYSTEM OPTIMISATION AND MODEL PARAMETER ESTIMATION;399
10.11.3;SIMULATION RESULTS;401
10.11.4;CONCLUSIONS;402
10.11.5;REFERENCES;402
10.12;CHAPTER 47. THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENERGY WASTES IN THE COMPLEX WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEM;404
10.12.1;INTRODUCTION;404
10.12.2;MINIMIZATION OF THE OPERATING COSTS IN THE WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEMS PROBLEM AND ITS PARTITIONING;404
10.12.3;AN ALGORITHM FOR CONTROL OF THS WATER RESERVE LEVEL IN A VESSEL;406
10.12.4;DESCRIPTION OF THE ALGORITHM AT TIE LOWER LEVEL;407
10.12.5;SOME PROPERTIES OF THE LOTOR LEVEL PROBLEM;408
10.12.6;DESCRIPTION OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTIONING;410
10.12.7;SUMMARY;410
10.12.8;REFERENCES;410
10.13;CHAPTER 48. NONLINEAR MODELS, LINEAR IN PARAMETERS;412
10.13.1;INTRODUCTION;412
10.13.2;BASIC DEFINITIONS AND MODEL PROPERTIES;412
10.13.3;EXAMPLES;413
10.13.4;PRACTICAL RESULTS;415
10.13.5;CONCLUSIONS;417
10.13.6;REFERENCES;417
10.14;CHAPTER 49. INVESTIGATION OF THE PETERKA-TYPE SELFTUNING REGULATOR BY SIMULATION;418
10.14.1;INTRODUCTION;418
10.14.2;PROPERTIES OF THE CONTROL OBJECT AFFECTING ON THE QUALITY OF CONTROL;418
10.14.3;INVESTIGATION OF THE SELF-TUNING ALGORITHM BY SIMULATION;420
10.14.4;CONCLUSIONS;422
10.14.5;REFERENCES;423
10.15;CHAPTER 50. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF A STEAM GENERATOR;426
10.15.1;INTRODUCTION;426
10.15.2;PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELLING;427
10.15.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL;427
10.15.4;NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE MODEL EQUATIONS;428
10.15.5;SIMULATION RESULTS;429
10.15.6;REFERENCES;430
10.15.7;SUMMARY;430
10.15.8;APPENDIX;430
10.15.9;REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX;432
10.16;CHAPTER 51. ANAEROBIC DIGESTER - STEADY STATES, TRANSIENTS AND CONTROL;434
10.16.1;INTRODUCTION;434
10.16.2;MATHEMATICAL MODEL;435
10.16.3;STEADY STATE ANALYSIS … MULTIPLICITY OF SOLUTIONS;435
10.16.4;EFFECTS OF THE PERIODIC FEEDING;436
10.16.5;TRANSIENT BEHAVIOUR OF THE DIGESTER;436
10.16.6;SEMIBATCH OPERATION;438
10.16.7;THE EFFECTS OF TIME LAG IN GROWTH FUNCTION;439
10.16.8;CONTROLLABILITY AND CONTROL STRATEGIES;440
10.16.9;DISCUSSION;441
10.16.10;REFERENCES;441
10.16.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;441
10.17;CHAPTER 52. ON-LINE PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF A SOLAR CIRCUIT BY A MICROCOMPUTER;442
10.17.1;INTRODUCTION;442
10.17.2;SOLAR CIRCUIT MODEL;442
10.17.3;IDENTIFICATION ALGORITHM;443
10.17.4;HARDWARE DESIGN;444
10.17.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;445
10.17.6;CONCLUSIONS;448
10.17.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;448
10.17.8;NOMENCLATURE;448
10.17.9;EXPERIMENTAL DATA;448
10.17.10;REFERENCES;448
10.18;CHAPTER 53. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE STATE-AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS;450
10.18.1;INTRODUCTION;450
10.18.2;A GENERAL DYNAMIC STATE MODEL;451
10.18.3;ESTIMATION OP THE ELEMENTS OF THE ADMITTANCE MATRICE;452
10.18.4;ESTIMATION OP THE STATE VECTOR;454
10.18.5;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;455
10.18.6;REFERENCES;455
10.19;CHAPTER 54. BIPROCESSOR CONFIGURATION WITH ALTERNATING HIERARCHY FOR HIGH SPEED PROCESS CONTROL;458
10.19.1;INTRODUCTION;458
10.19.2;PARALLEL PROCESSING OF NC AND AC FUNCTIONS;458
10.19.3;BIPROCESSOR ASYNCHRONOUS NC-AC INTERFACE;460
10.19.4;CONCLUSION;462
10.19.5;REFERENCES;462
10.20;CHAPTER 55. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED CONTROLLERS;466
10.20.1;INTRODUCTION;466
10.20.2;DEFINITION PHASE;466
10.20.3;PRELIMINARY DESIGN;467
10.20.4;EXAMPLES;468
10.20.5;CONCLUSION;470
10.20.6;REFERENCIES;470
10.21;CHAPTER 56. A MICROPROCESSOR BASED PROCESS CONTROLLER FOR INTERACTIVE CONTROL APPLICATIONS;472
10.21.1;INTRODUCTION;472
10.21.2;THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL;473
10.21.3;A DISTRIBUTED INTERACTIVE CONTROLLER;473
10.21.4;AN APPLICATION EXAMPLE;474
10.21.5;CONCLUSION;475
10.21.6;REFERENCES;475
10.22;CHAPTER 57. ERROR RECOVERY IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER NETWORKS TO PROCESS CONTROL;480
10.22.1;INTRODUCTION;480
10.22.2;SYSTEM OVERVIEW;481
10.22.3;PHASES OF FAULT TREATMENT;481
10.22.4;CONSISTENT STATE RESTORATION;482
10.22.5;CONCLUSIONS;486
10.22.6;REFERENCES;486
10.23;CHAPTER 58. CRITERIA TO IMPROVE INTERFACE STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO THE MEASUREMENT METHODS;488
10.23.1;INTRODUCTION;488
10.23.2;PRESENT TRENDS IN ELABORATION INTERFACE STRUCTURES;488
10.23.3;THE INFLUENCE OF MEASURING METHODS ON INTERFACE STRUCTURES;489
10.23.4;INTERFACE STRUCTURE IN A MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM;492
10.23.5;CONCLUSION;493
10.23.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;493
10.23.7;REFERENCES;493
10.24;CHAPTER 59. LABORATORY AUTOMATION AS A STEP TO A PROCESS INFORMATION SYSTEM;494
10.24.1;REQUIREMENTS TO A COMPUTER ASSISTED ANALYTICAL LABORATORY;494
10.24.2;COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNCTIONS;494
10.24.3;HARDWARE CONFIGURATION;494
10.24.4;SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE;495
10.24.5;APPLICATION SOFTWARE;495
10.24.6;DATA HANDLING;496
10.24.7;COMMUNICATION;498
10.24.8;COMPUTER NETWORK OPERATION AND RECOVERY;499
10.24.9;CONCLUSIONS;500
10.24.10;REFERENCES;500
10.25;CHAPTER 60. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE OF A GRAPHIC DISPLAY TERMINAL WITH INTERACTIVE PICTURE GENERATION CAPABILITY;502
10.25.1;1. INTRODUCTION;502
10.25.2;2. HARDWARE STRUCTURE;502
10.25.3;3. SOFTWARE STRUCTURE;503
10.25.4;4. SOFTWARE FUNCTION;503
10.25.5;5. FUNCTIONAL ALLOTMENT BETWEEN TWO PROCESSORS;504
10.25.6;6. TERMINAL INTERACTIVE PICTURE GENERATION SYSTEM (TIPS);505
10.25.7;7. APPLICATIONS;506
10.25.8;8. CONCLUSIONS;506
10.25.9;REFERENCES;506
10.26;CHAPTER 61. DATA BASE FOR MAN-MACHINE INTERACTION IN A TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENT;510
10.26.1;INTRODUCTION;510
10.26.2;PROCESS DATA HANDLING;510
10.26.3;OPERATOR-SYSTEM DIALOGUE;511
10.26.4;CONCLUSION;512
10.26.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;513
10.26.6;REFERENCES;513
10.27;CHAPTER 62. MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS; A NORDIC COOPERATION PROJECT;514
10.27.1;INTRODUCTION;514
10.27.2;MOTIVATION FOR MAN-MACHINE STUDIES;514
10.27.3;THE NORDIC COOPERATION PROJECT;515
10.27.4;THE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION;515
10.27.5;THE TASK ANALYSIS;516
10.27.6;PLANNING OF OPERATOR TRAINING;517
10.27.7;CONCLUSIONS;518
10.27.8;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;518
10.27.9;REFERENCES;518
10.28;CHAPTER 63. INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE WITH PROCESS CONTROL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE PEARL;520
10.28.1;INTRODUCTION;520
10.28.2;PEAEL VERSUS OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES;520
10.28.3;APPLICATION EXPERIENCE WITH PEARL;521
10.28.4;AVAILABILITY OP PEARL;523
10.28.5;REFERENCES;524
10.29;CHAPTER 64. PROGRAMMING OF CONTROL FUNCTIONS IN A MICROCOMPUTER BASED CONTROL SYSTEM;526
10.29.1;INTRODUCTION;526
10.29.2;GENERAL SYSTEM LAYOUT;527
10.29.3;THE PROCESS STATION;527
10.29.4;THE OPERATING SYSTEM;527
10.29.5;CONTROL SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION;528
10.29.6;BINARY CONTROL;529
10.29.7;THE APPLICATION PROGRAMMING;529
10.29.8;CONCLUSIONS;530
10.29.9;REFERENCES;530
10.30;CHAPTER 65. APPLICATION OF THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN TECHNIQUE EPOS TO A PROCESS CONTROL PROBLEM;532
10.30.1;INTRODUCTION;532
10.30.2;SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNICAL PROCESS AND THE AUTOMATION PROBLEM;532
10.30.3;DESCRIPTION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBTASK 'NODE-CONTROL';533
10.30.4;DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATIONAL DESIGN BY MEANS OF EPOS-S;533
10.30.5;COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION;535
10.30.6;CONCLUSION;537
10.30.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;537
10.30.8;REFERENCES;537
10.31;CHAPTER 66. SOFTWARE PRODUCTION FOR COMPUTER CONTROLLED AUTOMATION SYSTEMS;538
10.31.1;INTRODUCTION;538
10.31.2;ACTIVITIES IN SOFTWARE PRODUCTION;538
10.31.3;REQUIREMENTS FOR METHODS AND TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE PRODUCTION;539
10.31.4;METHODS AND TOOLS APPLIED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AUTOMATION SOFTWARE;540
10.31.5;CONCLUSIONS;541
10.31.6;REFERENCES;542
10.32;CHAPTER 67. THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS ON SOFTWARE;544
10.32.1;INTRODUCTION;544
10.32.2;DESIGN OF AN APPLICATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS;546
10.32.3;REALIZATION OF A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER CONTROL;548
10.32.4;FINAL REMARKS;551
10.32.5;REFERENCES;551
10.33;CHAPTER 68. MAINTAINABLE SOFTWARE STRUCTURE FOR TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS: SPRINT;552
10.33.1;INTRODUCTION;552
10.33.2;FEATURES OF SPRINT;553
10.33.3;REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE;553
10.33.4;VALIDITY CHECKING OF REQUIREMENTS;554
10.33.5;REVALIDATION OF MODIFIED SOFTWARE;555
10.33.6;SOFTWARE STRUCTURE;555
10.33.7;CONCLUSIONS;556
10.33.8;REFERENCES;556
10.34;CHAPTER 69. A DIGITAL COMPUTER CONFIGURATION FOR OPTIMIZED CONTROL OF A THERMAL CRACKING REACTOR;560
10.34.1;1. INTRODUCTION;560
10.34.2;2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTALLATION;561
10.34.3;3. MODELS FOR CONTROL;562
10.34.4;4. CONTROL ALGORITHMS;563
10.34.5;5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;563
10.34.6;6. CONCLUSION;565
10.34.7;7. REFERENCES;565
10.35;CHAPTER 70. INTERACTIVE COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES;570
10.35.1;INTRODUCTION;570
10.35.2;PECULIARITIES OF THE STRUCTURE OF DIALOGUE COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEMS;571
10.35.3;THE PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ALGORITHMS;571
10.35.4;THE DIALOGUE COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM POR RAW-MEAL PREPARATION;573
10.35.5;CONCLUSIONS;575
10.36;CHAPTER 71. MAINTENANCE OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE— REPORT;576
10.37;CHAPTER 72. DATA HIGHWAY SYSTEMS—REPORT;578
10.37.1;PRQWAY OBJECTIVES;579
10.37.2;STANDARDS;580
10.38;CHAPTER 73. ENERGY SAVING AS A BENEFIT OF COMPUTER CONTROL — REPORT;582
10.39;CHAPTER 74. DISTRIBUTED PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS—REPORT;584
10.40;CHAPTER 75. DISTRIBUTED DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL IN THE LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT—TODAY AND TOMORROW;586
10.40.1;INTRODUCTION;586
10.40.2;THE CAMAC STANDARD;586
10.40.3;FAST BUS;587
10.40.4;OUTLOOK;587
10.40.5;REFERENCES;588
10.41;CHAPTER 76. AN EFFICIENT REDUNDANCY CONCEPT FOR A MICROCOMPUTER-BASED FAILURE TOLERANT CONTROLLER STATION;590
10.41.1;INTRODUCTION;590
10.41.2;BASIC SYSTEM AND REDUNDANCY CONCEPT;590
10.41.3;HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASPECTS;591
10.41.4;RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTROLLER STATION;591
10.41.5;REMARKS;592
10.42;CHAPTER 77. STATE AND TREND OF DISTRIBUTED PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS, NOTICEABLE ON INTERKAMA '80;594
10.42.1;INTRODUCTION;594
10.42.2;BASIC TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPLEX AUTOMATION;594
10.42.3;COMPARISON WITH RDC-SYSTEM;594
10.42.4;EXPERIENCES;595
10.42.5;REFERENCES;595