Buch, Englisch, 116 Seiten, Format (B × H): 174 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 227 g
Reihe: Annals of the ICRP
Protecting People Against Radiation Exposure in the Event of a Radiological Attack
Buch, Englisch, 116 Seiten, Format (B × H): 174 mm x 240 mm, Gewicht: 227 g
Reihe: Annals of the ICRP
ISBN: 978-0-08-044625-7
Verlag: SAGE Publications Ltd
In the aftermath of an attack, the main aim of radiological protection must be to prevent the occurrence of acute health effects attributable to radiation exposure (termed 'deterministic' effects) and to restrict the likelihood of late health effects (termed 'stochastic' effects) such as cancers and some hereditable diseases. A supplementary aim is to minimise environmental contamination from radioactive residues and the subsequent general disruption of daily life.
The report notes that action taken to avert exposures is a much more effective protective measure than protective measure the provision of medical treatment after exposure has occurred. Responders involved in recovery, remediation and eventual restoration should be subject to the usual international standards for occupational radiological protection, which are based on ICRP recommendations, including the relevant requirements for occupational dose limitation established in such standards. These restrictions may be relaxed for informed volunteers undertaking urgent rescue operations, and they are not applicable for voluntary life-saving actions. However, specific protection measures are recommended for female workers who may be pregnant or nursing an infant.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
ABSTRACT
GUEST EDITORIAL
PREFACE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Security of Radiation Sources
Radiation-Related Malevolence
AIM OF THE REPORT
INTENDED AUDIENCE
2. CHARACTERIZING THE SITUATION
POTENTIAL SCENARIOS
Threat
Initiators
Common Features
SPECIAL FEATURES
Location
Public Perception
Source Term Characterization
Covert Situations
Public Sentiment
Advance Warning
Criminal Investigation
Challenges
PLANNING
"All-hazard" Planning
Disaster Management
Medical Preparedness
Psychological Issues
Exercises
EXPOSURE
Quantification
Pathways
INITIAL REACTION
Reacting to an Explosion
Reacting to an IND
RESPONSE PHASES
Rescue and Early Actions
Recovery
Restoration
LINKS
3. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ATTRIBUTABLE TO RADIATION EXPOSURE
BIOLOGICAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Deterministic effects
Stochastic effects
Prenatal exposure effects
Other issues with pregnant women and children
Special considerations for INDs
Summary of Biological Health Consequences
PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Distress
Fear of Cancer and other Health Effects attributable to Radiation
4. PROTECTING RESPONDERS
OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION APPROACH
Occupational Dose Guidelines
OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION TECHNIQUES
Managing Field Exposures
Protective Clothing
Respiratory Protection
5. PROTECTING THE PUBLIC
RESCUE PHASE (IMMEDIATE ACTIONS)
Controlling access and spread of contamination
Immediate care of people with traumatic injuries
Triage Dose Assessment
Psychological triage and disposition
Respiratory protection
RESCUE PHASE (URGENT ACTIONS)
Personal Decontamination
Sheltering
Evacuation
Iodine Prophylaxis
RECOVERY PHASE
Refined Dose Assessment
Biological assays
Temporary Relocation and Resettlement
RESTORATION PHASE
Cleanup
Management of Radioactive Waste
Radioactive Residues
Discontinuation of Protective Actions
Final dose assessment
SUMMARY OF DOSE CRITERIA FOR PROTECTING THE PUBLIC
Generic Optimized Protection Levels
Operational Levels
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION OF CONSUMER GOODS
Basic Criteria
International consensus on radiological criteria for radionuclides in commodities
Radionuclides in Bulk Amounts of Materials
Radionuclides in Foods
Radionuclides in Water Supplies
Control in the Affected Area
Control Outside the Affected Area
PARTICULAR SITUATIONS
Handling Situations with "Hot Particles"
Handling Contaminated Corpses
6. MEDICAL INTERVENTION
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL TREATMENT
OTHER IMPORTANT MEDICAL ISSUES
Identification of radionuclides
Secondary treatment centers
Biodosimetry
Skilled personnel
Training Medical Personnel
Long term follow-up
7. COMMUNICATION
REFERENCES
ANNEX I: TERMINOLOGY
ANNEX II: POTENTIAL SCENARIOS
Malicious Intent
Unannounced Events
Thefts
Radiation Exposure Devices
Radioactive Dispersion Devices
Site-Specific Radioactive Contamination
Radioactive Contamination of Food and Water Supplies
Attacking Nuclear Facilities
Improvised Nuclear Devices
ANNEX III: MEDICAL ISSUES
PLANNING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH & MEDICAL INTERVENTION
Threats
Unannounced Events
Irradiation
Contamination of food and water supplies
RDDs
Attack upon a nuclear facility
RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR IMMEDIATE MEDICAL PROGNOSIS AND INITIAL TREATMENT OF RADIATION EFFECTS ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXTERNAL RADIATION
Prodromal phase of acute radiation syndrome
Change of lymphocyte counts in the initial days of acute radiation syndrome depending on the dose of acute whole body exposure
Latent phase of acute radiation syndrome
Findings of critical phase of acute radiation syndrome following whole body exposure
Principal therapeutic measures for acute radiation syndrome according to degree
Onset time of clinical signs of skin injury depending on the dose received
THERAPIES FOR INTERNAL CONTAMINATION
Blocking, diluting and displacement agents
Reduct
