Hutzinger / Frei / Merian Chlorinated Dioxins & Related Compounds

Impact on the Environment
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4832-8587-0
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 670 Seiten, Web PDF

The complex multidisciplinary problem posed by PCDD can best be understood by the interaction of scientists from different disciplines. This workshop was organised to allow scientific exchange by such experts. The most recent advances in analytical methodology, environmental fate and levels, incineration toxicology (metabolism), animal toxicology and observations in man are covered

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hutzinger, O.

Frei, R. W.

Merian, E.

Pocchiari, Maurizio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds: Impact on the Environment;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Preface;6
6;CHAPTER 1. THE ISOMER-SPECIFIC DETERMINATION OF TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AT PART PER TRILLION CONCENTRATIONS;14
6.1;ABSTRACT;14
6.2;KEYWORDS;14
6.3;INTRODUCTION;14
6.4;EXPERIMENTAL;14
6.5;DISCUSSION;17
6.6;CONCLUSIONS;26
6.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;26
6.8;LITERATURE CITED;26
7;CHAPTER 2. HIGH-RESOLUTION GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE 22 TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) ISOMERS;28
7.1;ABSTRACT;28
7.2;KEYWORDS;28
7.3;INTRODUCTION;28
7.4;EXPERIMENTAL;29
7.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;31
7.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;36
7.7;REFERENCES;37
8;CHAPTER 3. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN RESIDUES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/ MASS SPECTROMETRY;38
8.1;ABSTRACT;38
8.2;KEYWORDS;38
8.3;INTRODUCTION;38
8.4;EXPERIMENTAL;40
8.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;42
8.6;SUMMARY;47
8.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;47
8.8;REFERENCES;47
9;CHAPTER 4. CHLOROPHENATE PYROLYTIC SYNTHESIS OF THE 22 TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN ISOMERS WITH STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION VIA PHOTOLYTIC PROPERTIES;50
9.1;ABSTRACT;50
9.2;KEYWORDS;50
9.3;CHRONOLOGICAL BACKGROUND;50
9.4;FROM PHOTOLYSIS TO STRUCTURE;52
9.5;CONCLUSIONS;57
9.6;REFERENCES;57
10;CHAPTER 5. METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN ASSESSING 2,3,7,8-TCDD ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AT SEVESO;60
10.1;ABSTRACT;60
10.2;KEYWORDS;60
10.3;INTRODUCTION;60
10.4;EXPERIMENTAL;60
10.5;RESULTS;62
10.6;DISCUSSION;66
10.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;66
10.8;REFERENCES;67
11;CHAPTER 6. NEGATIVE ION CHEMICAL IONIZATION MS AS A STRUCTURE TOOL IN THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF PCDD AND PCDF;68
11.1;ABSTRACT;68
11.2;KEYWORDS;68
11.3;INTRODUCTION;68
11.4;REAGENTS AND SOLVENTS;69
11.5;PREPARATION OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMNS;69
11.6;EXPERIMENTAL;70
11.7;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;71
11.8;CONCLUSIONS;77
11.9;REFERENCES;78
12;CHAPTER 7. DEVELOPMENT AND RELIABILITY OF A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN;80
12.1;ABSTRACT;80
12.2;KEYWORDS;80
12.3;INTRODUCTION;80
12.4;DEVELOPMENT OF RIA FOR TCDD;81
12.5;GENERAL PROCEDURE;85
12.6;RELIABILITY OF RIA METHOD FOR DETERMINING TCDD IN HUMAN FAT;86
12.7;CONCLUSIONS;87
12.8;REFERENCES;88
13;CHAPTER 8. ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS IN AQUATIC SAMPLES;90
13.1;ABSTRACT;90
13.2;KEYWORDS;90
13.3;INTRODUCTION;90
13.4;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;92
13.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;92
13.6;REFERENCES;97
14;CHAPTER 9. STUDIES ON MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF TCDD UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS;100
14.1;ABSTRACT;100
14.2;KEYWORDS;100
14.3;INTRODUCTION;100
14.4;SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF IMPURITIES;101
14.5;POLAR METABOLITES;102
14.6;VOLATILIZATION;103
14.7;CONCLUSIONS;105
14.8;REFERENCES;105
15;CHAPTER 10. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION FOR THE MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN IN SOIL BY ADDITION OF ORGANIC COMPOST;108
15.1;ABSTRACT;108
15.2;KEYWORDS;108
15.3;INTRODUCTION;108
15.4;EXPERIMENTAL AND METHOD;109
15.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;111
15.6;REFERENCES;116
16;CHAPTER 11. ENVIRONMENTAL PERSISTENCE OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD AT SEVESO;118
16.1;ABSTRACT;118
16.2;KEYWORDS;118
16.3;INTRODUCTION;118
16.4;EXPERIMENTAL;120
16.5;RESULTS;122
16.6;CONCLUSIONS;125
16.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;126
16.8;REFERENCES;127
17;CHAPTER 12. TCDD-LEVELS IN SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES FROM THE SEVESO AREA;128
17.1;ABSTRACT;128
17.2;KEYWORDS;128
17.3;ORIGIN AND EXTENT OF THE CONTAMINATION;129
17.4;NATURE OF IMMEDIATE RISK;131
17.5;ANALYSIS OF PLANT SAMPLES IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ACCIDENT;131
17.6;SITUATION IN AUTUMN OF 1977;133
17.7;MEASUREMENTS OF VEGETATION SAMPLES FROM HIGHLY CONTAMINATED ZONES A2 AND A3 IN 1977;134
17.8;PLANT SAMPLES FROM ZONES B AND R;135
17.9;COMPARISON OF SEVESO SOIL VALUES WITH OTHER KNOWN TCDD EPISODES;138
17.10;REFERENCES;139
18;CHAPTER 13. 2,3,7,8-TCDD LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT AT SEVESO AFTER THE ICMESA ACCIDENT ON JULY 10th, 1976;140
18.1;ABSTRACT;140
18.2;KEYWORDS;140
18.3;INTRODUCTION;140
18.4;RESULTS;141
18.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;149
18.6;REFERENCES;149
19;CHAPTER 14. ANALYSIS OF THE TCDD-DISTRIBUTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE UNDERGROUND DEPTH FOR DATA TAKEN IN 1977 AND 1979 IN ZONE A AT SEVESO (ITALY);150
19.1;ABSTRACT;150
19.2;KEYWORDS;150
19.3;1. INTRODUCTION;150
19.4;2. COLLECTING PROCEDURE AND SITE SELECTION;151
19.5;3. REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE DATA;154
19.6;4. EMPIRICAL DOUBLE SHIFT;156
19.7;5. MOST SIGNIFICANT RANGE RENORMALIZATION;159
19.8;6. TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOURS;162
19.9;7. COMPARISON WITH AN INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS;164
19.10;8. CONCLUSIONS;165
19.11;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;166
19.12;REFERENCES;166
20;CHAPTER 15. GEOMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TCDD ON THE SURFACE LAYER AROUND ICMESA: AN ANALYTICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN FEATURES AND THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN THE DIFFERENT MAPPING PROCEDURES;168
20.1;ABSTRACT;168
20.2;KEYWORDS;168
20.3;1.INTRODUCTION;168
20.4;2.DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA HANDLING;169
20.5;3. DATA PRESENTATIONS;171
20.6;4. MAPPING CAMPAIGN 1979;177
20.7;5. OCTECTS;179
20.8;6.CHECK OF THE MAXIMUM CONTAMINATION LINE;182
20.9;7 .CONCLUSIONS;184
20.10;Acknowledgements;184
21;CHAPTER 16. ANALYSIS OF GREAT LAKES HERRING GULL EGGS FOR TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXINS;186
21.1;ABSTRACT;186
21.2;KEYWORDS;186
21.3;INTRODUCTION;186
21.4;EXPERIMENTAL;187
21.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;192
21.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;193
21.7;REFERENCES;193
22;CHAPTER 17. CHLORINATED-DIBENZODIOXINS AND-DIBENZOFURANS IN CHICKEN LITTER AND LIVERS ARISING FROM PENTACHLOROPHENOL CONTAMINATION OF WOOD SHAVINGS;196
22.1;ABSTRACT;196
22.2;KEYWORDS;196
22.3;INTRODUCTION;196
22.4;EXPERIMENTAL;197
22.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;197
22.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;202
22.7;REFERENCES;202
23;CHAPTER 18. EXPERIENCES OF STRUCTURE ANALYSES OF CHLOROPHENOL DIMERS AND TRIMERS FOUND IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES;204
23.1;ABSTRACT;204
23.2;KEYWORDS;204
23.3;INTRODUCTION;204
23.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;205
23.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;207
23.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;212
23.7;REFERENCES;213
24;CHAPTER 19. FORMATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDF) DURING A FIRE ACCIDENT IN CAPACITORS CONTAINING POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB);214
24.1;INTRODUCTION;214
24.2;EXPERIMENTAL;215
24.3;RESULTS;216
24.4;DISCUSSION;219
24.5;CONCLUSIONS;219
24.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;220
24.7;REFERENCES;220
25;CHAPTER 20. ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL AND FORMULATED PRODUCTS OF 2,4-DI CHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID FOR THE PRESENCE OF CHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS;222
25.1;ABSTRACT;222
25.2;KEYWORDS;222
25.3;INTRODUCTION;222
25.4;EXPERIMENTAL;223
25.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;224
25.6;REFERENCES;225
26;CHAPTER 21. EMISSION OF CHLORINATED ORGANIC SUBSTANCES FROM COMBUSTION;228
27;ABSTRACT;228
28;KEYWORDS;228
29;INTRODUCTION;229
30;COMBUSTION EXPERIMENTS;229
31;DISCUSSION;237
32;REFERENCES;238
33;CHAPTER 22. POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS;240
33.1;ABSTRACT;240
33.2;INTRODUCTION;240
33.3;SAMPLING;240
33.4;ANALYSIS;241
33.5;EXTRACTION;241
33.6;WORK-UP OF EXTRACT;241
33.7;SEPARATION IN CHLOROBENZENE AND DIOXIN FRACTION;241
33.8;QUANTITÄTION OF CHLOROBENZENES;242
33.9;QUANTIFICATION OF PCDD AND PCDF;242
33.10;ECOVERIES;242
33.11;RESULTS;243
33.12;DISCUSSION;243
33.13;TOXICPOLOGICAL ASPECTS;243
33.14;REFERENCES;244
33.15;ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TABLES;244
34;CHAPTER 23. FORMATION OF POLYCHLORODIBENZODIOXINS AND POLYCHLORODIBENZOFURANS IN URBAN INCINERATORS EMISSIONS;258
34.1;ABSTRACT;258
34.2;KEYWORDS;258
34.3;INTRODUCTION;258
34.4;EXPERIMENTAL;259
34.5;RESULTS;259
34.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;264
34.7;REFERENCES;264
35;CHAPTER 24. ENVIRONMENTAL CHLORINATED DIOXINS FROM COMBUSTION -THE TRACE CHEMISTRIES OF FIRE HYPOTHESIS;266
35.1;ABSTRACT;266
35.2;KEYWORDS;266
35.3;INTRODUCTION;266
35.4;ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY;266
35.5;RESULTS;268
35.6;COMBUSTION OF DIOXINS;272
35.7;TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS;273
35.8;REFERENCES;275
36;CHAPTER 25. THE USE OF DIOXIN ISOMER GROUP RATIOS TO IDENTIFY SOURCES AND DEFINE BACKGROUND LEVELS OF DIOXINS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. A REVIEW, UPDATE AND EXTENSION OF THE PRESENT THEORY;278
36.1;ABSTRACT;278
36.2;KEYWORDS;278
36.3;INTRODUCTION;278
36.4;THE ENVIRONMENTAL RATIOS;279
36.5;CHEMISTRY;280
36.6;SHIFT IN THE RATIOS OBSERVED IN SAMPLES NEAR SOURCES;282
36.7;USE OF THE DECAY MODEL;285
36.8;SUMMARY AND EXTENSION OF THE THEORY;286
36.9;REFERENCES;287
37;CHAPTER 26. MECHANISMS IN THE THERMAL FORMATION OF CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS INCLUDING POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS;288
37.1;ABSTRACT;288
37.2;1. INTRODUCTION;288
37.3;2. THERMOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION;289
37.4;3. THERMOLYSIS IN THE PRESENCE OF INORGANIC CHLORIDES;304
37.5;HYPOTHESES ABOUT THERMAL GENERATION OF CHLORINATED BENZENES, -DIBENZ0-FURANS AND -DIBENZ0-p_-DI0XINS IN THE INCINERATORS;308
37.6;5. FINAL REMARKS;311
37.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;311
37.8;REFERENCES;311
38;CHAPTER 27. PERSISTENT AND UNMETABOLIZABLE LIPOPHILIC COMPOUNDS: FROM PHARMACOKINETICS TO ECOTOXICOLOGY;316
38.1;ABSTRACT;316
38.2;KEYWORDS;316
38.3;INTRODUCTION;316
38.4;DRUG METABOLISM AND HALOGENATION;316
38.5;PHARMACOKINETICS OF PERSISTENT AND UNMETABOLIZABLE COMPOUNDS;317
38.6;FROM PHARMACOKINETICS TO ECOTOXICOLOGY;318
38.7;REFERENCES;319
39;CHAPTER 28. DISPOSITION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORO- DIBENZOFURANIN GUINEA PIGS, RATS, AND MONKEYS;320
39.1;ABSTRACT;320
39.2;KEYWORDS;320
39.3;INTRODUCTION;320
39.4;METHODS;321
39.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;322
39.6;REFERENCES;328
40;CHAPTER 29. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM AND KINETICS OF TCDD IN DOGS AND RATS. ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY OF TCDDMETABOLITE(S) IN GUINEA PIGS;330
40.1;ABSTRACT;330
40.2;KEYWORDS;330
40.3;INTRODUCTION;330
40.4;EXPERIMENTAL;330
40.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;332
40.6;REFERENCES;336
41;CHAPTER 30. TRANSFER OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) TO THE MOUSE EMBRYO, FETUS AND NEONATE;338
41.1;ABSTRACT;338
41.2;KEYWORDS;338
41.3;INTRODUCTION;338
41.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;339
41.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;340
41.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;348
41.7;REFERENCES;349
42;CHAPTER 31. 3,3'4,4-TETRACHLOROAZOBENZENE AND 3,3'4,4'-TETRACHLOROAZOXYBENZENE, POTENT CHLORACNEGENS AND ENZYME INDUCERS - AN OVERVIEW;350
42.1;ABSTRACT;350
42.2;INTRODUCTION;350
42.3;CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA;352
42.4;CONTAMINATION LEVELS OF TCAB AND TCAOB IN HERBICIDES AND 3,4-DICHLOROANILINE;354
42.5;FORMATION AND FATE OF TCAB AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT;356
42.6;BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS;359
42.7;REFERENCES;362
43;CHAPTER 32. THE DETECTION AND FUNCTION OF THE CYTOSOLIC RECEPTOR FOR 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) AND RELATED COCARCINOGENS;368
43.1;ABSTRACT;368
43.2;KEYWORDS;368
43.3;INTRODUCTION;368
43.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;369
43.5;RESULTS;370
43.6;DISCUSSION;375
43.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;377
43.8;REFERENCES;378
44;CHAPTER 33. STRUCTURAL SPECIFICITY AND THE DIOXIN RECEPTOR;380
44.1;ABSTRACT;380
44.2;KEYWORDS;380
44.3;INTRODUCTION;380
44.4;REFERENCE COMPOUNDS;381
44.5;ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLIC CONSIDERATIONS;381
44.6;STERIC REQUIREMENT FOR STRUCTURAL SPECIFICITY;381
44.7;ELECTRONIC REQUIREMENT FOR STRUCTURAL SPECIFICITY;389
44.8;BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF ACTION;392
44.9;CONCLUSIONS;393
44.10;REFERENCES;393
45;CHAPTER 34. PCBs AS AHH INDUCERS;396
45.1;ABSTRACT;396
45.2;KEYWORDS;396
45.3;INTRODUCTION;396
45.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;399
45.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;403
45.6;REFERENCES;403
46;CHAPTER 35. INDUCTION OF RAT HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES BY 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN;406
46.1;ABSTRACT;406
46.2;KEYWORDS;406
46.3;INTRODUCTION;406
46.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;408
46.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;409
46.6;REFERENCES;412
47;CHAPTER 36. IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF TCDD IN MICE;416
47.1;ABSTRACT;416
47.2;KEYWORDS;416
47.3;INTRODUCTION;416
47.4;RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;418
47.5;REFERENCES;421
48;CHAPTER 37. CHRONIC TOXICITY OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZOFURAN FOR RHESUS MACAQUES;424
48.1;ABSTRACT;424
48.2;KEYWORDS;424
48.3;INTRODUCTION;424
48.4;METHODS;425
48.5;RESULTS;426
48.6;DISCUSSION;429
48.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;430
48.8;REFERENCES;430
49;CHAPTER 38. IN VIVO CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON MICE AND RATS EXPOSED TO 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN(TCDD);432
49.1;INTRODUCTION;432
49.2;MATERIAL AND METHODS;434
49.3;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;435
49.4;CONCLUSION;439
49.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;439
49.6;REFERENCES;439
50;CHAPTER 39. GENETIC EFFECTS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) IN YEASTIN VITRO AND IN VIVO;442
50.1;ABSTRACT;442
50.2;KEYWORDS;442
50.3;INTRODUCTION;442
50.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;443
50.5;RESULTS;444
50.6;DISCUSSION;447
50.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;448
50.8;REFERENCES;448
51;CHAPTER 40. INTERACTION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) WITH RAT HEPATIC AND THYMIC CELL NUCLEI;450
51.1;ABSTRACT;450
51.2;KEYWORDS;450
51.3;INTRODUCTION;450
51.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;451
51.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;452
51.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;459
51.7;REFERENCES;459
52;CHAPTER 41. TCDD (2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN) DECREASES THE IN VITRO INCORPORATION OF LABELLED LEUCINE INTO RAT MYELIN PROTEINS;462
52.1;ABSTRACT;462
52.2;INTRODUCTION;462
52.3;MATERIALS AND METHODS;463
52.4;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;463
52.5;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;465
52.6;REFERENCES;465
53;CHAPTER 42. EFFECTS OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) ON EARLY LIFE STAGES OF TWO FRESH-WATERFISH SPECIES;468
53.1;ABSTRACT;468
53.2;KEYWORDS;468
53.3;INTRODUCTION;468
53.4;ANIMALS, METHODS;469
53.5;RESULTS;469
53.6;CONCLUSIONS;474
53.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;474
53.8;REFERENCES;474
54;CHAPTER 43. TOXICOLOGY OF TCDD AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: OBSERVATIONS IN MAN;476
54.1;ABSTRACT;476
54.2;KEYWORDS;476
54.3;INTRODUCTION;476
54.4;CHLORINATED NAPHTHALENES (CNs);478
54.5;PENTACHLOROPHENOL (PCP);479
54.6;POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs);481
54.7;POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFs;491
54.8;POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS (PCDDs);492
54.9;POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS (PBBs);497
54.10;SUMMARY;501
54.11;REFERENCES;504
55;CHAPTER 44. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO POLYCHLORINATED DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS;508
55.1;ABSTRACT;508
55.2;KEYWORDS;508
55.3;INTRODUCTION;508
55.4;OCCURENCE IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS;509
55.5;HUMAN EXPOSURE AND RISK;513
55.6;OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CHLORINATED PHENOLS;514
55.7;REFERENCES;525
56;CHAPTER 45. TCDD AND CHRONIC HEPATIC PORPHYRIA;528
56.1;ABSTRACT;528
56.2;KEYWORDS;528
56.3;TCDD AND PORPHYRIA;528
56.4;TCDD AND PORPHYRIA IN MAN;529
56.5;CONCLUSION;530
56.6;REFERENCES;530
57;CHAPTER 46. THE ROLE OF IRON IN THE TOXICITY OF TCDD;532
57.1;ABSTRACT;532
57.2;KEYWORDS;532
57.3;INTRODUCTION;532
57.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;533
57.5;RESULTS;533
57.6;DISCUSSION;535
57.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;536
57.8;REFERENCES;536
58;CHAPTER 47. CUTANEOUS EFFECTS OF CHLORACNEIGENS;538
58.1;DEFINITION;538
58.2;CHLORACNEIGENS;538
58.3;CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS;539
58.4;PIGMENTATION;540
58.5;HYPERTRICHOSIS;540
58.6;PHRYNODERMA;540
58.7;OPHTHALMIC CHANGES;541
58.8;ERYTHEMA;541
58.9;SEVESO;542
58.10;SWEATING;542
58.11;PORPHYRINS;542
58.12;HISTOLOGY;543
58.13;REFERENCE;544
59;CHAPTER 48. CHLORACNE FROM 3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROAZOXYBENZENE AND 3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROAZOBENZENE UPDATE AND REVIEW;548
59.1;ABSTRACT;548
59.2;KEYWORDS;548
59.3;INTRODUCTION;548
59.4;FORMATION OF TCAOB AND TCAB;553
59.5;CHEMICAL STUDIES WITH TCAOB AND TCAB;554
59.6;METABOLISM IN SOIL;554
59.7;TCAB AND TCAOB CONTAMINATION OF COMMERCIAL HERBICIDES;554
59.8;TOXICOLOGY;554
59.9;CONCLUSION;556
59.10;REFERENCES;556
60;CHAPTER 49. CHLORACNE AFTER RELEASE OF TCDD AT SEVESO, ITALY;558
60.1;ABSTRACT;558
60.2;KEYWORD;558
60.3;REFERENCES;571
61;CHAPTER 50. POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN PATIENTS WITH "YUSHO";574
61.1;ABSTRACT;574
61.2;KEYWORDS;574
61.3;INTRODUCTION;574
61.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;575
61.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;576
61.6;REFERENCES;582
62;CHAPTER 51. MORTALITY AND BIRTH DEFECTS FROM 1976 TO 1979 IN THE POPULATION LIVING IN THE TCDD POLLUTED AREA OF SEVESO;584
62.1;ABSTRACT;584
62.2;KEYWORDS;584
62.3;INTRODUCTION;584
62.4;MORTALITY;585
62.5;BIRTH DEFECTS;586
62.6;RESULTS;586
62.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;588
62.8;REFERENCES;588
63;CHAPTER 52. EXPOSURE TO TCDD: THE HEALTH RISKS;602
63.1;ABSTRACT;602
63.2;KEYWORDS;602
63.3;INTRODUCTION;602
63.4;REFERENCES;611
64;CHAPTER 53. CONCLUSIONS OF DISCUSSION SESSIONS;614
64.1;ANALYTICAL METHODS;614
64.2;ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND LEVELS;614
64.3;BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY (INCLUDING METABOLISM);616
64.4;ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY;618
64.5;OBSERVATIONS IN MAN;619
65;CHAPTER 54. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS DERIVED FROM THE PAPERS;622
65.1;KEYWORDS;622
65.2;CHLORACNE;622
65.3;IMMUNOLOGICAL FINDINGS;623
65.4;CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS;623
65.5;CONCLUSIONS;623
65.6;REFERENCES;624
66;INDEX;664