E-Book, Englisch, 392 Seiten, Web PDF
Hundy / Trott / Welch Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning
4. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-0-08-055920-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 392 Seiten, Web PDF
ISBN: 978-0-08-055920-9
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Now in its fourth edition, this respected text delivers a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and straightforward, it is designed for students (NVQ/vocational level) and professional HVAC engineers, including those on short or CPD courses. Inexperienced readers are provided with a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. With its concise style yet broad sweep the book covers most of the applications professionals will encounter, enabling them to understand, specify, commission, use and maintain these systems. Many readers will appreciate the clarity with which the book covers the subject without swamping them with detailed technical or product specific information.
New material in this edition includes the latest developments in refrigerants and lubricants, together with updated information on compressors, heat exchangers, liquid chillers, electronic expansion valves, controls and cold storage. Topics also covered include efficiency, environmental impact, split systems, retail refrigeration (supermarket systems and cold rooms), industrial systems, fans, air infiltration and noise.
Author Information
Guy Hundy studied Mechanical Engineering at Leeds University, UK. He started his career in the refrigeration industry with J & E Hall Ltd, Dartford. In 1985 he joined Copeland Europe and in 1998 he was appointed Director, Application Engineering, Copeland Europe. He has authored and co-authored papers and articles on compressors, applications and refrigerant changeover topics. Guy Hundy is a Chartered Engineer and works as a Technical Consultant. He is past - President of the Institute of Refrigeration.
* Covers principles, methods and application of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps in a concise volume, without the encumbrance of handbook information found in other volumes
* Ideal for students, and professionals in other disciplines, not too theoretical but with sufficient depth to give an understanding of the issues, this book takes the reader from the fundamentals, through to system design, applications, contract specifications and maintenance
* Full revision by Guy Hundy with new diagrams and illustrations
Guy Hundy has extensive experience in the design and application of refrigeration compressors. Previously Director of Application Engineering with Copeland Europe and a Past-President of the Institute of Refrigeration, he has particular expertise in the field of compressor performance and efficiency in commercial refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps.
Hundy is currently Director at Aleph Zero Ltd a refrigeration and cooling optimization consultancy.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front cover;1
2;Refrigeration and air-conditioning;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;Acknowledgements;9
7;List of Abbreviations;11
8;Chapter 1 Fundamentals;12
8.1;1.1 INTRODUCTION;12
8.2;1.2 TEMPERATURE, WORK AND HEAT;12
8.3;1.3 HEAT;14
8.4;1.4 BOILING POINT;16
8.5;1.5 GENERAL GAS LAWS;17
8.6;1.6 DALTON'S LAW;18
8.7;1.7 HEAT TRANSFER;19
8.8;1.8 TRANSIENT HEAT FLOW;25
8.9;1.9 TWO-PHASE HEAT TRANSFER;25
9;Chapter 2 The refrigeration cycle;26
9.1;2.1 IDEAL CYCLE;26
9.2;2.2 SIMPLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE;27
9.3;2.3 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND COP;30
9.4;2.4 MULTISTAGE CYCLES;33
9.5;2.5 NON VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLES;36
10;Chapter 3 Refrigerants;41
10.1;3.1 INTRODUCTION;41
10.2;3.2 IDEAL PROPERTIES FOR A REFRIGERANT;42
10.3;3.3 OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL;42
10.4;3.4 GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL;45
10.5;3.5 NOMENCLATURE;46
10.6;3.6 REFRIGERANT BLENDS AND GLIDE;47
10.7;3.7 REFRIGERANT APPLICATIONS;49
10.8;3.8 HEALTH AND SAFETY;51
11;Chapter 4 Compressors;52
11.1;4.1 INTRODUCTION;52
11.2;4.2 THE PISTON COMPRESSION PROCESS;54
11.3;4.3 MULTI-CYLINDER COMPRESSORS;55
11.4;4.4 VALVES;56
11.5;4.5 CAPACITY REDUCTION;58
11.6;4.6 ENCLOSED MOTORS;59
11.7;4.7 OPEN COMPRESSORS;62
11.8;4.8 COOLING AND PROTECTION;62
11.9;4.9 STRAINERS, LUBRICATION AND CRANKCASE HEATERS;64
11.10;4.10 COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY;64
11.11;4.11 SCREW COMPRESSORS;66
11.12;4.12 SCROLL COMPRESSORS;70
11.13;4.13 SLIDING AND ROTARY VANE COMPRESSORS;72
11.14;4.14 DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS;73
12;Chapter 5 Oil in refrigerant circuits;77
12.1;5.1 INTRODUCTION;77
12.2;5.2 REQUIREMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS;78
12.3;5.3 MOISTURE AND AIR CONTAMINATION;80
12.4;5.4 OIL SEPARATORS;82
12.5;5.5 OIL CIRCULATION;83
13;Chapter 6 Condensers and cooling towers;85
13.1;6.1 INTRODUCTION;85
13.2;6.2 HEAT TO BE REMOVED;85
13.3;6.3 AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS;86
13.4;6.4 WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS;89
13.5;6.5 COOLING TOWERS;91
13.6;6.6 EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS;92
13.7;6.7 WATER TREATMENT;95
13.8;6.8 CONDENSER MAINTENANCE;97
13.9;6.9 LEGIONELLA;98
13.10;6.10 CONDENSER FITTINGS;98
13.11;6.11 OTHER FORMS OF CONDENSER;98
13.12;6.12 WINTER OPERATION;99
13.13;6.13 RECEIVERS;100
13.14;6.14 DRY COOLERS;101
14;Chapter 7 Evaporators;102
14.1;7.1 INTRODUCTION;102
14.2;7.2 AIR COOLING EVAPORATORS;102
14.3;7.3 LIQUID COOLING EVAPORATORS;104
14.4;7.4 PLATE EVAPORATORS FOR FREEZING;111
14.5;7.5 DEFROSTING;112
14.6;7.6 CONDENSATE PUMPS;113
15;Chapter 8 Expansion valves;114
15.1;8.1 INTRODUCTION;114
15.2;8.2 THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVES;114
15.3;8.3 EXTERNAL EQUALIZER;117
15.4;8.4 ELECTRONIC EXPANSION VALVES;118
15.5;8.5 CAPILLARY TUBES AND RESTRICTORS;120
15.6;8.6 LOW-PRESSURE FLOAT VALVES AND SWITCHES;121
15.7;8.7 HIGH-PRESSURE FLOAT VALVES;123
15.8;8.8 OTHER LEVEL CONTROLS;125
16;Chapter 9 Controls and other circuit components;126
16.1;9.1 INTRODUCTION;126
16.2;9.2 THERMOSTATS;127
16.3;9.3 HUMIDISTATS;127
16.4;9.4 PRESSURE SWITCHES;128
16.5;9.5 OIL PRESSURE SWITCHES;129
16.6;9.6 PRESSURE GAUGES;130
16.7;9.7 SOLENOID VALVES;131
16.8;9.8 EVAPORATOR PRESSURE REGULATION VALVES;132
16.9;9.9 HOT GAS BY-PASS VALVES;133
16.10;9.10 SHUT-OFF VALVES;133
16.11;9.11 FILTER-DRIERS;135
16.12;9.12 SIGHT GLASSES;136
16.13;9.13 SUCTION ACCUMULATORS;136
16.14;9.14 SUCTION-TO-LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGERS;137
16.15;9.15 CONDENSER PRESSURE REGULATORS;138
16.16;9.16 RELIEF VALVES;139
16.17;9.17 STRAINERS;139
16.18;9.18 CHARGING CONNECTION;140
16.19;9.19 CHECK VALVES;140
16.20;9.20 LIQUID REFRIGERANT PUMPS;140
17;Chapter 10 Component selection and balancing;142
17.1;10.1 INTRODUCTION;142
17.2;10.2 CRITERIA AND OPTIONS;142
17.3;10.3 EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE;145
17.4;10.4 EVAPORATOR;146
17.5;10.5 COMPRESSOR;149
17.6;10.6 CONDENSER;153
17.7;10.7 EXPANSION VALVE;155
17.8;10.8 SIZING PIPE AND OTHER COMPONENTS;157
17.9;10.9 RE-CHECK COMPONENTS;157
18;Chapter 11 Installation and construction;158
18.1;11.1 INTRODUCTION;158
18.2;11.2 MATERIALS;158
18.3;11.3 PRESSURE SAFETY;159
18.4;11.4 LEAK TESTING;160
18.5;11.5 PIPE-JOINING METHODS;161
18.6;11.6 PIPING FOR OIL RETURN;161
18.7;11.7 PIPE SUPPORTS VALVE ACCESS;162
18.8;11.8 INSTRUMENTS;162
18.9;11.9 RISING LIQUID LINES;163
18.10;11.10 VIBRATION;164
18.11;11.11 CLEANLINESS OF PIPING;164
18.12;11.12 EVACUATION;165
18.13;11.13 CHARGING WITH REFRIGERANT;166
18.14;11.14 INSULATION;167
18.15;11.15 WATER CIRCUITS;168
18.16;11.16 NON-CONDENSIBLE GASES;168
18.17;11.17 AUTOMATIC GAS PURGERS;170
19;Chapter 12 Distributed cooling, thermal storage;171
19.1;12.1 INTRODUCTION;171
19.2;12.2 CHILLED WATER;172
19.3;12.3 BAUDELOT COOLERS AND ICE BANK COILS;173
19.4;12.4 ICE MANUFACTURE;173
19.5;12.5 SECONDARY COOLANTS;173
19.6;12.6 PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS AS SECONDARY COOLANTS;177
19.7;12.7 THERMAL STORAGE;177
20;Chapter 13 Packaged units;179
20.1;13.1 INTRODUCTION;179
20.2;13.2 CONDENSING UNITS;180
20.3;13.3 COMPRESSOR PACKS;182
20.4;13.4 CHILLERS AND AIR COOLING PACKAGES;183
20.5;13.5 SPLIT PACKAGES;185
20.6;13.6 TESTING OF PACKAGED UNITS;186
20.7;13.7 OTHER PACKAGES;187
21;Chapter 14 Food refrigeration and freezing;188
21.1;14.1 INTRODUCTION;188
21.2;14.2 PRE-STORAGE TREATMENT;189
21.3;14.3 PRE-COOLING;189
21.4;14.4 FREEZING;190
21.5;14.5 QUICK FREEZING;190
21.6;14.6 CONTACT FREEZING;192
21.7;14.7 FREEZE-DRYING;193
21.8;14.8 POST-STORAGE OPERATIONS;193
22;Chapter 15 Cold storage;195
22.1;15.1 INTRODUCTION;195
22.2;15.2 RUNNING COSTS FOR COLD STORAGE;195
22.3;15.3 PACKING AND HANDLING;196
22.4;15.4 FROST AVOIDANCE;197
22.5;15.5 INSULATION AND VAPOUR BARRIERS;200
22.6;15.6 SECTIONAL COLDROOMS;202
22.7;15.7 COLD STORE CONSTRUCTION;202
22.8;15.8 FLOORS;203
22.9;15.9 FROST-HEAVE;204
22.10;15.10 FIRE RISK;204
22.11;15.11 DOOR AND SAFETY EXITS;205
22.12;15.12 INTERIOR FINISH AND FITTINGS;206
22.13;15.13 EVAPORATORS;206
22.14;15.14 AUTOMATED COLD STORES;208
22.15;15.15 SECURITY OF OPERATION;208
23;Chapter 16 Food refrigeration – product by product;209
23.1;16.1 INTRODUCTION;209
23.2;16.2 MEAT INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS;209
23.3;16.3 BONED, BOXED AND PROCESSED MEATS;212
23.4;16.4 PORK AND BACON;212
23.5;16.5 POULTRY;213
23.6;16.6 FISH;214
23.7;16.7 MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS;214
23.8;16.8 ICE-CREAM;217
23.9;16.9 BEER AND BREWING;219
23.10;16.10 WINES AND SPIRITS;221
23.11;16.11 SOFT DRINKS;221
23.12;16.12 FRUITS;222
23.13;16.13 VEGETABLES;223
23.14;16.14 BAKERY PRODUCTS;223
23.15;16.15 READY MEALS;224
23.16;16.16 CHOCOLATE;224
24;Chapter 17 Refrigerated transport, handling and distribution;225
24.1;17.1 INTRODUCTION;225
24.2;17.2 AIR TRANSPORT;226
24.3;17.3 SEA AND INTERMODAL TRANSPORT;226
24.4;17.4 ROAD AND RAIL TRANSPORT;228
24.5;17.5 LOGISTICS;230
24.6;17.6 REFRIGERATED DISPLAY;231
24.7;17.7 RETAIL REFRIGERATION;234
25;Chapter 18 Refrigeration load estimation;237
25.1;18.1 LOAD SOURCES;237
25.2;18.2 PRODUCT COOLING;237
25.3;18.3 CONDUCTED HEAT;240
25.4;18.4 CONVECTED HEAT;240
25.5;18.5 INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES;241
25.6;18.6 HEAT OF RESPIRATION;242
25.7;18.7 ESTIMATE ANALYSIS;242
26;Chapter 19 Industrial uses of refrigeration;244
26.1;19.1 INTRODUCTION;244
26.2;19.2 CHILLED LIQUIDS FOR COOLING;245
26.3;19.3 SOLVENT RECOVERY;245
26.4;19.4 LOW-TEMPERATURE LIQUID STORAGE AND TRANSPORT;246
26.5;19.5 DE-WAXING OF OILS;246
26.6;19.6 ICE AND SNOW SPORTS;247
26.7;19.7 COOLING CONCRETE;247
26.8;19.8 GROUND FREEZING;248
26.9;19 .9 LOW-TEMPERATURE TESTING;248
26.10;19.10 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY;249
27;Chapter 20 Air and water vapour mixtures;251
27.1;20.1 INTRODUCTION;251
27.2;20.2 CALCULATION OF PROPERTIES;251
27.3;20.3 MOISTURE CONTENT, PERCENTAGE SATURATION, AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY;253
27.4;20.4 DEW POINT;253
27.5;20.5 WET BULB TEMPERATURE;254
27.6;20.6 THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART;256
27.7;20.7 EFFECTS ON HUMAN COMFORT;258
27.8;20.8 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS;259
27.9;20.9 OTHER COMFORT FACTORS;260
27.10;20.10 FRESH AIR;261
28;Chapter 21 Air treatment fundamentals;262
28.1;21.1 HEATING;262
28.2;21.2 MIXING OF AIRSTREAMS;263
28.3;21.3 SENSIBLE COOLING;265
28.4;21.4 WATER SPRAY (ADIABATIC SATURATION);265
28.5;21.5 STEAM INJECTION;267
28.6;21.6 AIR WASHER WITH CHILLED WATER;269
28.7;21.7 COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COIL;271
28.8;21.8 SENSIBLE–LATENT RATIO;272
28.9;21.9 MULTISTEP PROCESSES;273
28.10;21.10 PROCESS ANALYSIS;276
29;Chapter 22 Practical air treatment cycles;277
29.1;22.1 HEATING;277
29.2;22.2 ADDITION OF MOISTURE;278
29.3;22.3 OUTSIDE AIR PROPORTION;279
29.4;22.4 COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION;279
29.5;22.5 EVAPORATIVE COOLERS;279
29.6;22.6 COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS;282
30;Chapter 23 Air-conditioning load estimation;285
30.1;23.1 COMPONENTS OF LOAD;285
30.2;23.2 CONDUCTION HEAT GAINS;285
30.3;23.3 SOLAR HEAT;286
30.4;23.4 FRESH AIR;289
30.5;23.5 INTERNAL HEAT SOURCES;290
30.6;23.6 ASSESSMENT OF TOTAL LOAD ESTIMATES;291
31;Chapter 24 Air movement;292
31.1;24.2 VELOCITY AND TOTAL PRESSURE;292
31.2;24.3 MEASURING DEVICES;293
31.3;24.4 FANS;296
31.4;24.5 FAN LAWS AND FAN CONTROL;300
31.5;24.6 FLOW OF AIR IN DUCTS;302
31.6;24.7 FLOW OF AIR UNDER KINETIC ENERGY;304
31.7;24.8 FLOW OF AIR IN A ROOM;307
31.8;24.9 GRILLES;309
31.9;24.10 RETURN AIR;309
31.10;24.11 TEXTILE DUCTING;310
31.11;24.12 AIR FILTRATION;311
31.12;24.13 CLEANLINESS AND CLEANING OF DUCTING;313
32;Chapter 25 Air-conditioning methods;314
32.1;25.1 INTRODUCTION;314
32.2;25.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES;316
32.3;25.3 AIR HANDLING UNITS;317
32.4;25.4 FAN COIL UNITS;323
32.5;25.5 INTEGRAL UNITS;325
32.6;25.6 UNDERFLOOR SYSTEMS;326
32.7;25.7 STATIC COOLING DEVICES;326
32.8;25.8 PACKAGED UNITS AND SPLIT SYSTEMS;327
32.9;25.9 MULTI-SPLITS;327
32.10;25.10 VRF SYSTEMS;327
32.11;25.11 TWO-PIPE SYSTEMS;330
32.12;25.12 TRANSPORT AIR CONDITIONING;331
33;Chapter 26 Dehumidifiers and air drying;332
33.1;26.1 PSYCHROMETRICS;332
33.2;26.2 COMPRESSED AIR DRYING;334
33.3;26.3 APPLICATIONS;334
33.4;26.4 HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEHUMIDIFIERS;335
34;Chapter 27 Heat pumps and heat recovery;336
34.1;27.1 INTRODUCTION;336
34.2;27.2 REVERSIBLE AIR CONDITIONERS;337
34.3;27.3 DEDICATED HEAT PUMPS;337
34.4;27.4 HEAT RECOVERY;341
35;Chapter 28 Control systems;343
35.1;28.1 INTRODUCTION;343
35.2;28.2 THE CONTROL LOOP;343
35.3;28.3 DETECTORS AND SENSORS;344
35.4;28.4 CONTROLLERS;346
35.5;28.5 CONTROLLED DEVICES;348
35.6;28.6 CONTROLS COMMUNICATIONS;348
35.7;28.7 CONTROL SYSTEM PLANNING;349
35.8;28.8 COMMISSIONING OF CONTROL SYSTEMS;350
36;Chapter 29 Commissioning and maintenance;352
36.1;29.1 INTRODUCTION;352
36.2;29.2 SPECIFICATION;352
36.3;29.3 COMMISSIONING;353
36.4;29.4 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS;356
36.5;29.5 PLANNED MAINTENANCE;357
36.6;29.6 REPAIRS AND MODIFICATIONS;360
36.7;29.7 FAULT-FINDING;360
36.8;29.8 RUNNING LOG;361
36.9;29.9 MANDATORY INSPECTIONS;362
36.10;29.10 TRAINING AND COMPETENCE;362
37;Chapter 30 Efficiency, running cost and carbon footprint;364
37.1;30.1 INTRODUCTION;364
37.2;30.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY;364
37.3;30.3 RUNNING COST;369
37.4;30.4 HEAT PUMP/BOILER COMPARISON;369
37.5;30.5 EFFICIENCY STANDARDS, CERTIFICATION AND LABELLING;370
37.6;30.6 COMMITMENT TO ENERGY SAVINGS;371
38;Chapter 31 Noise;372
38.1;31.1 INTRODUCTION;372
38.2;31.2 PUBLISHED INFORMATION;372
38.3;31.3 SOME SIMPLE RULES;372
38.4;31.4 COMPRESSOR NOISE;373
38.5;31.5 FAN NOISE;374
38.6;31.6 AIR SYSTEM NOISE;374
38.7;31.7 ATTENUATION;375
39;Appendix: Units of measurement;376
40;References;379
41;Index;386
41.1;A;386
41.2;B;386
41.3;C;386
41.4;D;387
41.5;E;387
41.6;F;388
41.7;G;388
41.8;H;388
41.9;I;389
41.10;J;389
41.11;K;389
41.12;L;389
41.13;M;389
41.14;N;389
41.15;O;390
41.16;P;390
41.17;Q;390
41.18;R;390
41.19;S;391
41.20;T;391
41.21;U;391
41.22;V;392
41.23;W;392
41.24;Z;392
