Hofäcker / Hess / König Delaying Retirement

Progress and Challenges of Active Ageing in Europe, the United States and Japan
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-137-56697-3
Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 396 Seiten

Reihe: Social Sciences (R0)

To a backdrop of ageing societies, pension crises and labour market reforms, this book investigates how the policy shift from early retirement to active ageing has affected individual retirement behaviour. Focusing on eleven European countries, the United States and Japan, it brings together leading international experts to analyze recent changes in pension systems. Their findings demonstrate that there has been a fundamental transition in pension policies and a steep increase in older workers' retirement ages and employment rates. Yet changes in retirement behavior are not evenly distributed across all societal strata. This raises the serious concern that an overall rise in the retirement age will be accompanied by the re-emergence of social inequality in the transition from work to retirement. This innovative edited collection will appeal to students and scholars of sociology, economics, political science, human resources management, gerontology and social policy, and also to policy-makers and professionals dealing with older workers. 

Dirk Hofäcker is Professor of Quantitative Research Methods at the Institute for Social Policy and Social Work, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. 

Moritz Hess is Post-Doctoral Researcher at the Institute of Gerontology, University of Dortmund, Germany. 

Stefanie König is Post-Doctoral Researcher at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hofäcker, Dirk

Hess, Moritz

König, Stefanie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgment;8
3;Contents;9
4;Notes to the Contributors;12
5;1: Retirement Transitions in Times of Institutional Change: Theoretical Concept;19
5.1;1 Introduction;19
5.2;2 From Early to Late Exit: Empirical Overview;22
5.3;3 Explaining Retirement Transitions;26
5.3.1;3.1 A Rational-Choice Approach;26
5.3.2;3.2 Classical Explanations of Early Exit;29
5.3.3;3.3 Pull Factors;29
5.3.4;3.4 Push Factors;30
5.3.5;3.5 Explanations of the Early Exit Reversal;32
5.3.6;3.6 Maintain Factors;32
5.3.7;3.7 Need Factors;33
5.3.7.1;3.7.1 Theoretical Framework;34
5.4;4 Outlook on This Volume;36
5.5;References;37
6;2: Trends and Determinants of Retirement Transition in Europe, the USA and Japan: A Comparative Overview;40
6.1;1 Employment Trends;42
6.2;2 Institutional Determinants;47
6.2.1;2.1 Official and Effective Retirement Age;47
6.2.2;2.2 Replacement Rates;49
6.3;3 Workplace Determinants;52
6.3.1;3.1 Training of Older Workers;52
6.3.1.1;3.1.1 Working Hours;54
6.4;4 Individual Determinants;56
6.4.1;4.1 Health;56
6.4.2;4.2 Education;58
6.5;5 Retirement Preferences;59
6.6;6 Summary and Outlook;61
6.7;References;65
7;3: Determinants of Retirement and Late Careers in Estonia;69
7.1;1 Introduction;69
7.2;2 Employment Among the Elderly;70
7.3;3 Institutional Context of Old-Age Employment;73
7.3.1;3.1 Pull Factors;74
7.3.2;3.2 Push Factors;75
7.3.3;3.3 Maintain Factors;78
7.3.4;3.4 Need Factors;79
7.4;4 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;80
7.4.1;4.1 Occupational Group;80
7.4.2;4.2 Economic Sector;80
7.5;5 The Impact of Individual-Level Characteristics;81
7.5.1;5.1 Gender;81
7.5.2;5.2 Education;81
7.5.3;5.3 Previous Work Career;82
7.5.4;5.4 Health;82
7.5.5;5.5 Number of Children;83
7.5.6;5.6 Ethnicity;83
7.6;6 Conclusion;83
7.7;References;85
8;4: Path Dependency Versus New Determinants of Retirement in the Czech Republic;89
8.1;1 Introduction;89
8.2;2 Employment Trends Among Older Workers in the Czech Republic;91
8.3;3 Institutional Determinants of Retirement Decisions;93
8.3.1;3.1 Unfavorable Institutional Features: Push Factors;94
8.3.2;3.2 Invitation to Retire: Pull Factors;95
8.3.3;3.3 The New Active Aging Policies as Need and Maintain Factors;98
8.3.4;3.4 Need Factors;98
8.3.5;3.5 Maintain Factors: National Action Plan, European Structural Funds, and Operational Program-Related Initiatives;100
8.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;102
8.5;5 The Working, Physical, and Social Environment as Mesolevel Determinants of Retirement Decisions;105
8.6;6 Conclusion;106
8.7;References;109
9;5: Retirement in a Context of Strong Institutional Uncertainty and Territorial Diversities: The Case of Italy;113
9.1;1 Introduction;113
9.2;2 The Development of the Employment Rate for Older Workers in Italy;115
9.3;3 Institutional Conditions Affecting Retirement Decisions in Italy;121
9.3.1;3.1 Push Factors;122
9.3.2;3.2 Pull Factors;123
9.3.3;3.3 Need Factors;125
9.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;128
9.5;5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;132
9.6;6 Conclusions;135
9.7;References;136
10;6: Ebb and Flow of Early Retirement: Pension Reform and Labor Market Participation of Older Workers in Spain;139
10.1;1 Introduction;139
10.2;2 Overview of Employment in the Older Population;141
10.3;3 The Changing Institutional Context of Early Retirement;145
10.3.1;3.1 Overview of the Spanish Pension System;145
10.3.2;3.2 Mixed Pull Factors and Strong Push Factors;147
10.3.3;3.3 Strengthening of Maintain Factors and Adjustment of Pull Factors;149
10.3.4;3.4 The 2001 and 2002 Decrees to Promote Later Retirement;149
10.3.5;3.5 Renewal of the Pact of Toledo and the 2007 Law on Social Security;150
10.3.6;3.6 The 2011 and 2013 Pension Laws in the Context of Deep Crisis;151
10.4;4 Changing Workplace Contexts of Retirement;154
10.4.1;4.1 Variation by Economic Sector and Gender;154
10.4.2;4.2 Special Agreements;155
10.5;5 Changing Individual Contexts of Retirement;158
10.6;6 Summary and Implications for Further Research;159
10.7;References;161
11;7: Germany: A Successful Reversal of Early Retirement?;163
11.1;1 Introduction;163
11.2;2 Trends in the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Germany;165
11.3;3 Institutional Determinants of Retirement Decisions in Germany;167
11.3.1;3.1 Globalization as Push Factor;168
11.3.2;3.2 Early Retirement Paths as Pull Factors;169
11.3.3;3.3 German Active Aging Policy as Need and Maintain Factors;170
11.3.4;3.4 Need Factors: Making Early Retirement More Expensive;171
11.3.5;3.5 Maintain Factors: Increasing Older Workers’ Employability;172
11.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;173
11.5;5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;177
11.6;6 Conclusion;179
11.7;References;180
12;8: From Early Exit to Postponing Pension: How the Dutch Polder Model Shapes Retirement;186
12.1;1 Introduction;186
12.2;2 Context: Developments in Aging and Retirement;188
12.2.1;2.1 Employment Rate;188
12.2.2;2.2 The Dutch Welfare State and Pension System;189
12.3;3 Institutional Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Transitions;190
12.3.1;3.1 Introduction of Early Retirement Pathways;191
12.3.2;3.2 Reversing the Early Retirement Trend;193
12.3.3;3.3 The Need to Retire Later;193
12.3.4;3.4 Maintaining Workers’ Participation;195
12.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;196
12.5;5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;198
12.5.1;5.1 Workplace Characteristics;199
12.5.2;5.2 Job Demands or Costs and Job Control or Benefits;199
12.5.3;5.3 Imbalance between “Have” and “Want”;200
12.5.4;5.4 Employability-Enhancing Practices;202
12.5.5;5.5 Employers’ Views of Older Workers;203
12.6;6 Conclusion;204
12.7;References;205
13;9: Retirement Determinants in Austria: An Aging Society but a Hesitant Policymaker!?;209
13.1;1 Introduction;209
13.2;2 Development of the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Austria;210
13.3;3 Institutional Determinants: The Context of Retirement Decisions;215
13.3.1;3.1 Push Factors;216
13.3.2;3.2 Pull Factors;217
13.3.3;3.3 Need Factors;219
13.3.4;3.4 Keep or Retain Factors;220
13.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;221
13.5;5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;225
13.6;6 Conclusion;227
13.7;References;228
14;10: Employment and Retirement of Older Workers in the UK;234
14.1;1 Introduction;234
14.2;2 Employment Trends;236
14.3;3 Macro- or Institutional-Level Determinants of Retirement;238
14.3.1;3.1 Push Factors;238
14.3.2;3.2 Pull Factors;239
14.3.3;3.3 Stay Factors;240
14.3.4;3.4 Need Factors;241
14.4;4 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;243
14.5;5 Micro- or Individual-Level Determinants;246
14.6;6 Conclusion;249
14.7;References;250
15;11: Japan: Determinants of Retirement in a Hyper-Aged Society;254
15.1;1 Introduction: Japan as a “Hyperaged Society”;254
15.2;2 Overview of Older Worker Employment in Japan: Five Characteristics;256
15.2.1;2.1 Japan’s Older Worker Employment Rate Is High by International Standards;256
15.2.2;2.2 Japan’s High Older Worker Employment Rates Are Historical;257
15.2.3;2.3 Gender Gaps in Employment Rates Are Significant and Persistent;258
15.2.4;2.4 Nonregular Employment Has Been Increasing Steadily among Older Workers;259
15.2.5;2.5 Japan’s Effective Retirement Age Surpasses the State Pension Age for Both Men and Women, and Is High by OECD Standards;260
15.3;3 Macrolevel Determinants: Employer Policies and Public Policies at a National Level;261
15.3.1;3.1 Push Factors: Employer Policies of Mandatory Retirement at Age 60;261
15.3.2;3.2 Pull Factor: The Generosity of Old Age Public Pension Benefits;263
15.3.3;3.3 Need Factor: Old Age Public Pension Benefits and Its Reforms;264
15.3.4;3.4 Maintain Factors: Recent Policy Reforms Regarding Mandatory Retirement;265
15.4;4 Mesolevel Determinants: Workplace Characteristics;267
15.4.1;4.1 The Presence of Mandatory Retirement Corporate Policies in the Workplace;268
15.4.2;4.2 Age Criteria Set by Employers to Call for Mandatory Retirement;270
15.5;5 Microlevel Determinants: Individual Characteristics;273
15.6;6 Conclusion;276
15.7;References;278
16;12: The Gendered and Liberal Retirement Regime in Switzerland;282
16.1;1 Introduction;282
16.2;2 Older Workers’ Employment Rate in Switzerland: A Gendered Labor–Retirement Context;284
16.3;3 Liberal Orientation of the Swiss Pension Institution;288
16.4;4 Institutional Determinants of the Retirement Transition: Between Early Retirement and Active Aging;290
16.5;5 Workplace and Individual Characteristics as Determinants of the Retirement Transition;295
16.5.1;5.1 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of the Retirement Transition;295
16.5.2;5.2 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of the Retirement Transition;296
16.6;6 Conclusion and Further Research Topics;298
16.7;References;300
17;13: The Outdistanced Vanguard: Early Retirement Policy in Denmark as an Obstacle to Progress in Active Aging;304
17.1;1 Introduction;304
17.2;2 Trends in the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Denmark;306
17.3;3 Institutional Determinants of Retirement Decisions;308
17.3.1;3.1 Pull Factors;310
17.3.2;3.2 Push Factors;312
17.3.3;3.3 Stay Factors and Active Aging since 1995;313
17.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;315
17.5;5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;318
17.6;6 Conclusion;320
17.7;References;322
18;14: Sweden: Steeply Rising Older Workers’ Employment Rates in a Late-Exit Country;327
18.1;1 Introduction;327
18.2;2 The Development of the Employment Rate of Older Workers in Sweden;328
18.3;3 Institutional Determinant Contexts of Retirement Decisions;331
18.3.1;3.1 Push Factors;331
18.3.2;3.2 Pull Factors;333
18.3.3;3.3 Stay Factors;334
18.4;4 Individual Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;337
18.5;5 Workplace Characteristics as Determinants of Retirement Decisions;339
18.6;6 Conclusion;342
18.7;References;344
19;15: The Increasing Heterogeneity of Retirement in the USA: Interactions Between State, Firm, and Individual Determinants of Later-Life Labor Force Withdrawal;348
19.1;1 Introduction;348
19.2;2 Changes in the Labor Force Participation Rate of Older Workers in the USA;351
19.2.1;2.1 Long-Term Trends in the LFPR and the Changing Retirement Institution;351
19.2.2;2.2 The Expansion of Early Retirement after 1970;353
19.2.3;2.3 Increased Heterogeneity Since the Mid-1990s;355
19.3;3 The Determinants of Heterogeneous Labor Force Withdrawal in the USA;357
19.3.1;3.1 Macrolevel: State Economic and Old-Age Policies;357
19.3.1.1;3.1.1 Push Factors;358
19.3.1.2;3.1.2 Pull Factors;358
19.3.1.3;3.1.3 Retention Factors;360
19.3.2;3.2 Mesolevel Determinants: Firm Attributes and Provisions;362
19.3.2.1;3.2.1 Employer-Sponsored Pensions;363
19.3.2.2;3.2.2 Retiree Health Insurance;363
19.3.2.3;3.2.3 Other Human Resource Management Policies;364
19.3.3;3.3 Microlevel Determinants: Household and Individual Characteristics;365
19.3.3.1;3.3.1 Socioeconomic Status;366
19.3.3.2;3.3.2 Labor Market Attachment;367
19.3.3.3;3.3.3 Health Status;367
19.3.4;3.4 Family Context;368
19.4;4 Conclusion;369
19.5;References;371
20;16: Retirement Transitions Under Changing Institutional Conditions: Towards Increasing Inequalities? Comparing Evidence from 13 Countries;374
20.1;1 Introduction;374
20.2;2 Main Country Findings;376
20.2.1;2.1 Persistent Late Retirement Countries;378
20.2.2;2.2 Persistent Early Exit Countries;382
20.2.3;2.3 Reversal Toward Late Retirement;385
20.3;3 Discussion and Outlook;386
20.4;References;389
21;Index;390