Hermans Head and Neck Cancer Imaging

1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-33066-0
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 364 Seiten

Reihe: Diagnostic Imaging

This book provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art imaging in head and neck cancer. Precise determination of tumor extent is of the utmost importance in these neoplasms, as it has important consequences for staging of disease, prediction of outcome and choice of treatment. Only the radiologist can fully appreciate submucosal, perineural, and perivascular tumor spread and detect metastatic disease at an early stage. Imaging is also of considerable benefit for patient surveillance after treatment. All imaging modalities currently used in the management of head and neck neoplasms are considered in depth, and in addition newer techniques such as PET-CT and diffusion-weighted MRI are discussed. This book will help the reader to recommend, execute and report head and neck imaging studies at a high level of sophistication and thereby to become a respected member of the team managing head and neck cancer.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hermans, Robert

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;8
4;1 Introduction: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathology, and Natural History of Head and Neck Neoplasms;10
4.1;1.1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors;10
4.1.1;1.1.1 Epidemiology: Incidence;10
4.1.2;1.1.2 Risk Factors for the Development of Head and Neck Malignancies;11
4.2;1.2 Pathology and Natural History of Frequent Benign and Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasms;13
4.2.1;1.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasms of the Mucous Membranes;13
4.2.2;1.2.2 Glandular Neoplasms;16
5;2 Clinical and Endoscopic Examination of the Head and Neck;25
5.1;2.1 Introduction;25
5.2;2.2 Neck;25
5.3;2.3 Nose and Paranasal Sinuses;28
5.4;2.4 Nasopharynx;29
5.5;2.5 Oral Cavity;30
5.6;2.6 Oropharynx;31
5.7;2.7 Larynx;32
5.8;2.8 Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus;34
5.9;2.9 Salivary Glands;35
5.10;2.10 Thyroid Gland;36
5.11;2.11 Role of Imaging Studies;36
6;3 Imaging Techniques;38
6.1;3.1 Introduction;38
6.2;3.2 Plain Radiography;38
6.3;3.3 Ultrasonography;38
6.4;3.4 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging;39
6.4.1;3.4.1 Computed Tomography;39
6.4.2;3.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;45
6.5;3.5 Nuclear Imaging In: Maroldi R, Nicolai P (eds) Imaging in treatment;49
7;4 Laryngeal Neoplasms;50
7.1;4.1 Introduction;50
7.2;4.2 Normal Laryngeal Anatomy;50
7.2.1;4.2.1 Laryngeal Skeleton;50
7.2.2;4.2.2 Mucosal Layer and Deeper Laryngeal Spaces;52
7.2.3;4.2.3 Normal Radiological Anatomy;52
7.3;4.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma;53
7.3.1;4.3.1 General Imaging Findings;55
7.3.2;4.3.2 Neoplastic Extension Patterns of Laryngeal Cancer;56
7.4;4.4 Prognostic Factors for Local Outcome of Laryngeal Cancer;64
7.4.1;4.4.1 Treatment Options;64
7.4.2;4.4.2 Impact of Imaging on Treatment Choice and Prognostic Accuracy;65
7.4.3;4.4.3 Use of Imaging Parameters as Prognostic Factors for Local Outcome Independently from the TN Classification;66
7.5;4.5 Post-treatment Imaging in Laryngeal Cancer;70
7.5.1;4.5.1 Expected Findings After Treatment;70
7.5.2;4.5.2 Persistent or Recurrent Cancer;75
7.5.3;4.5.3 Treatment Complications;78
7.6;4.6 Non-squamous Cell Laryngeal Neoplasms;80
7.6.1;4.6.1 Minor Salivary Gland Neoplasms;80
7.6.2;4.6.2 Mesenchymal Malignancies;81
7.6.3;4.6.3 Hematopoietic Malignancies ;82
8;5 Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Proximal Esophagus;88
8.1;5.1 Introduction;88
8.2;5.2 Anatomy;88
8.2.1;5.2.1 Descriptive Anatomy;88
8.2.2;5.2.2 Imaging Anatomy;89
8.3;5.3 Pathology;91
8.3.1;5.3.1 Non-squamous Cell Malignancies;91
8.3.2;5.3.2 Squamous Cell Malignancies;93
8.3.3;5.3.3 Secondary Involvement by Other Tumors;95
8.4;5.4 Cross-Sectional Imaging;97
8.5;5.5 Radiologist’s Role;99
8.5.1;5.5.1 Pre-treatment;99
8.5.2;5.5.2 During Treatment;101
8.5.3;5.5.3 Post Treatment;101
8.5.4;5.5.4 Detection of Second Primary;106
9;6 Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity;110
9.1;6.1 Anatomy;110
9.1.1;6.1.1 The Floor of the Mouth;110
9.1.2;6.1.2 The Tongue;110
9.1.3;6.1.3 The Lips and Gingivobuccal Regions;111
9.1.4;6.1.4 The Hard Palate and the Region of the Retromolar Trigone;112
9.1.5;6.1.5 Lymphatic Drainage;114
9.2;6.2 Preferred Imaging Modalities;114
9.3;6.3 Pathology;114
9.3.1;6.3.1 Benign Lesions;114
9.3.2;6.3.2 Squamous Cell Cancer;121
9.3.3;6.3.3 Other Malignant Tumors;129
9.3.4;6.3.4 Recurrent Cancer;130
10;7 Neoplasms of the Oropharynx;135
10.1;7.1 Introduction;135
10.2;7.2 Normal Anatomy;135
10.3;7.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma;138
10.3.1;7.3.1 Tonsillar Cancer;138
10.3.2;7.3.2 Tongue Base Cancer;139
10.3.3;7.3.3 Soft Palate Cancer;141
10.3.4;7.3.4 Posterior Oropharyngeal Wall Cancer;142
10.3.5;7.3.5 Lymphatic Spread;143
10.4;7.4 Treatment;143
10.5;7.5 Post-treatment Imaging;144
10.6;7.6 Other Neoplastic Disease;145
10.6.1;7.6.1 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma;145
10.6.2;7.6.2 Salivary Gland Tumors;146
10.6.3;7.6.3 Other;146
11;8 Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx;149
11.1;8.1 Introduction;149
11.2;8.2 Normal Anatomy;150
11.3;8.3 Pathologic Anatomy;151
11.3.1;8.3.1 Anterior Spread;151
11.3.2;8.3.2 Lateral Spread;151
11.3.3;8.3.3 Posterior Spread;155
11.3.4;8.3.4 Inferior Spread;155
11.3.5;8.3.5 Superior Spread;155
11.4;8.4 Metastasis;156
11.4.1;8.4.1 Nodal Metastasis;156
11.4.2;8.4.2 Distant Metastasis;156
11.5;8.5 TNM Staging System;157
11.5.1;8.5.1 T Staging;158
11.5.2;8.5.2 N Staging;159
11.6;8.6 Imaging Technique;159
11.7;8.7 Imaging Modalities;160
11.8;8.8 Imaging Strategies;161
11.8.1;8.8.1 Occult Malignancy;161
11.8.2;8.8.2 Staging;161
11.8.3;8.8.3 Follow-up Issues and Problems;161
11.9;8.9 Other Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx;165
12;9 Parapharyngeal Space Neoplasms;169
12.1;9.1 Introduction;169
12.2;9.2 Anatomy;169
12.2.1;9.2.1 Fascial Layers and Compartments;169
12.2.2;9.2.2 Radiological Anatomy;171
12.3;9.3 Imaging of Parapharyngeal Space Lesions;172
12.3.1;9.3.1 Primary Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space;172
12.3.2;9.3.2 Secondary Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space;176
13;10 Masticator Space Neoplasms;182
13.1;10.1 Masticator Space Anatomy;182
13.2;10.2 Introduction to Masticator Space Malignancies;182
13.3;10.3 Practical Issues for Masticator Space Imaging;183
13.4;10.4 Radiological Patterns of Neoplastic Masticator Space Involvement;184
13.4.1;10.4.1 Extrinsic Impingement on the MS by Benign Neoplasm;185
13.4.2;10.4.2 Extrinsic Infiltration of the MS by a Malignant Neoplasm;186
13.4.3;10.4.3 Intrinsic Benign Neoplasm of the MS;186
13.4.4;10.4.4 Intrinsic Malignancies of the MS;187
13.4.5;10.4.5 Pseudo-neoplastic Benign Hypertrophy of MS Muscles;188
13.5;10.5 Special Concerns;188
13.5.1;10.5.1 Synergy Between CT and MRI in Radiological Work-Up of MS Neoplasms;188
13.5.2;10.5.2 Imaging of the Tumoral Spread Along the V3 Cranial Nerve;191
13.5.3;10.5.3 Treatment and Post-treatment Issues;191
14;11 Neoplasms of the Sinonasal Cavities;196
14.1;11.1 Introduction;196
14.2;11.2 Normal Radiological Anatomy;197
14.3;11.3 Indications for Imaging Studies;197
14.4;11.4 Imaging Appearance and Extension Patterns of Sinonasal Neoplasms;199
14.4.1;11.4.1 Appearance of the Tumor Mass on CT and MRI;199
14.4.2;11.4.2 Extension Towards Neighbouring Structures;199
14.5;11.5 Tumor Types;203
14.6;11.6 Therapeutic Relevance of Imaging Findings;220
14.7;11.7 Imaging After Therapy;221
15;12 Parotid Gland and Other Salivary Gland Tumors;224
15.1;12.1 Introduction;224
15.2;12.2 Anatomy;224
15.3;12.3 Imaging Issues;225
15.4;12.4 Benign Parotid Tumors;226
15.4.1;12.4.1 Benign Mixed Tumor or Pleomorphic Adenoma;226
15.4.2;12.4.2 Warthin’s Tumor or Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum;227
15.4.3;12.4.3 Other Benign Tumors;233
15.4.4;12.4.4 Congenital Tumors;233
15.4.5;12.4.5 Cystic Tumors;234
15.5;12.5 Malignant Parotid Tumors;235
15.5.1;12.5.1 Histologic Classification;236
15.5.2;12.5.2 Imaging Findings;236
15.6;12.6 Difficult Cases;239
15.7;12.7 Pseudotumors of the Parotid Gland;240
15.7.1;12.7.1 Sjögren’s Syndrome;240
15.7.2;12.7.2 Sarcoidosis;241
15.8;12.8 Tumors of the Other Salivary Glands;241
15.8.1;12.8.1 Minor Salivary Glands Tumors;242
15.8.2;12.8.2 Submandibular Gland Tumors;243
15.8.3;12.8.3 Sublingual Gland Tumors;244
15.9;12.9 Conclusion;244
16;13 Malignant Lesions of the Central and Posterior Skull Base;247
16.1;13.1 Introduction;247
16.2;13.2 Anatomy;247
16.2.1;13.2.1 Central Skull Base;248
16.2.2;13.2.2 Posterior Skull Base;249
16.3;13.3 Clinical Presentation;251
16.4;13.4 Normal Anatomical Variations;251
16.5;13.5 Pathology;253
16.5.1;13.5.1 Malignant Lesions Causing Diffuse or Multi-focal Skull Base Involvement;253
16.5.2;13.5.2 Mimics of Malignant Lesions Causing Diffuse or Multi-focal Skull Base Involvement;253
16.5.3;13.5.3 Non-region Specific, Localized Malignant Skull Base Lesions;254
16.5.4;13.5.4 Mimics of Non-region Specific, Localized Malignant Skull Base Lesions;256
16.5.5;13.5.5 Malignant Central Skull Base Lesions;258
16.5.6;13.5.6 Malignant Lesion at the Junction of Central to Posterior Skull Base;261
16.5.7;13.5.7 Mimics of Malignant Central Skull Base Lesions;263
16.5.8;13.5.8 Malignant Posterior Skull Base Lesions;264
16.5.9;13.5.9 Mimics of Malignant Posterior Skull Base Lesions;267
16.6;13.6 Imaging Protocol;270
16.7;13.7 Radiologist’s Role;271
17;14 Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasms;274
17.1;14.1 Imaging Modalities;274
17.1.1;14.1.1 Plain X-Ray;274
17.1.2;14.1.2 Ultrasound;274
17.1.3;14.1.3 Computed Tomography;278
17.1.4;14.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;279
17.1.5;14.1.5 Nuclear Medicine;279
17.2;14.2 Thyroid Gland;284
17.2.1;14.2.1 Embryology;284
17.2.2;14.2.2 Anatomy;284
17.2.3;14.2.3 Physiology and Implications for Follow-Up;284
17.2.4;14.2.4 Pathology;285
17.3;14.3 Parathyroid Gland;290
17.3.1;14.3.1 Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology;290
17.3.2;14.3.2 Pathology;290
18;15 Neck Nodal Disease;295
18.1;15.1 Introduction;295
18.2;15.2 Neck Anatomy and Patterns of Metastasis;295
18.3;15.3 Benign Lymphadenopathy in the Neck;297
18.4;15.4 Metastatic Lymphadenopathy;297
18.4.1;15.4.1 Thyroid Carcinoma;298
18.4.2;15.4.2 Salivary Gland Carcinomas;298
18.4.3;15.4.3 Skin Neoplasms;298
18.4.4;15.4.4 Mucosal Squamous Cell Carcinoma;299
18.5;15.5 Imaging Techniques;300
18.5.1;15.5.1 CT and MR Imaging;300
18.5.2;15.5.2 Ultrasound;301
18.5.3;15.5.3 Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration Cytology;302
18.6;15.6 Clinical Impact of Diagnostic Evaluation;304
18.6.1;15.6.1 Clinically Negative (N0) Neck;304
18.6.2;15.6.2 Clinically Positive (N+) Neck;305
18.6.3;15.6.3 Recurrent Disease in the Neck;306
19;16 Neck Lymphoma;312
19.1;16.1 Introduction;312
19.1.1;16.1.1 Epidemiology;312
19.1.2;16.1.2 Aetiology;313
19.1.3;16.1.3 Pathology and Classifications;313
19.2;16.2 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma;313
19.3;16.3 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas (NHL) and Specific Entities;314
19.4;16.4 Work-Up;315
19.4.1;16.4.1 Diagnosis;315
19.4.2;16.4.2 Initial Imaging;315
19.4.3;16.4.3 Staging;315
19.5;16.5 Treatment;315
19.6;16.6 Response Assessment;317
19.7;16.7 Nodal Disease;317
19.7.1;16.7.1 The Common Sites;317
19.7.2;16.7.2 The Uncommon Sites;318
19.8;16.8 Extranodal Disease;319
19.8.1;16.8.1 Waldeyer’s Ring and the Upper Aerodigestive Tract;319
19.8.2;16.8.2 Orbit;321
19.8.3;16.8.3 Salivary Glands;323
19.8.4;16.8.4 Sinonasal Cavities;325
19.8.5;16.8.5 Thyroid;325
19.8.6;16.8.6 Bone;327
19.8.7;16.8.7 Skin;328
20;17 Positron Emission Tomography in Head and Neck Cancer;330
20.1;17.1 Introduction;330
20.1.1;17.1.1 Metabolic Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography;330
20.1.2;17.1.2 Biochemical Foundations of the Use of 18F-FDG as a Marker in Malignancy;330
20.1.3;17.1.3 Intratumoral Distribution of FDG at the Cellular Level;331
20.1.4;17.1.4 Physical and Technical Aspects of Whole-Body FDG-PET(-CT) Imaging;331
20.1.5;17.1.5 General Consideration on the Use of FDG-PET in Head and Neck Cancer;332
20.2;17.2 Clinical Applications;333
20.2.1;17.2.1 Physiological FDG Uptake Distribution in the Head and Neck Region;333
20.2.2;17.2.2 Staging the Primary Tumour;333
20.2.3;17.2.3 Detection and Staging of Recurrent Disease;337
20.2.4;17.2.4 FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning;339
20.2.5;17.2.5 Therapy Monitoring and Planning;340
20.3;17.3 Conclusion;342
21;18 Use of Imaging Data in Radiotherapy Planning of Head and Neck Cancer: Improved Tumour Characterization, Delineation and Treatment Veri. cation;345
21.1;18.1 Introduction;345
21.2;18.2 General Principles of Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer;346
21.3;18.3 Present Status of Imaging Modalities in Radiotherapy: Overview;348
21.3.1;18.3.1 Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy;349
21.3.2;18.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Radiotherapy;350
21.3.3;18.3.3 Positron Emission Tomography in Radiotherapy;350
21.4;18.4 Applications of Imaging Data in Radiation Oncology;351
21.4.1;18.4.1 Target Delineation: Anatomical Information;351
21.4.2;18.4.2 Target Delineation: Biological Information;353
21.4.3;18.4.3 Treatment Verification;357
21.5;18.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges;357
22;Subject Index;360
23;List of Contributors;364