Hartmann Possibility and Actuality

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-11-024668-1
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 524 Seiten

Nicolai Hartmann's Possibility and Actuality is the second volume of a four-part investigation of ontology. It deals with such questions as: How do we know that something is really possible? Is the possible only the actual? Is the actual only the possible? What is the difference between ideal and real possibility?This groundbreaking work of modal analysis describes the logical relations between possibility, actuality, and necessity, and it provides insight into the relations between modes of knowledge and modes of being. Hartmann reviews the history of philosophical concepts of possibility and necessity, from ancient Megarian philosophy to Aristotle, to Medieval Scholasticism, to Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel. He explains the importance of modal analysis as a basic investigative tool, and he proposes an approach to understanding the nature of human existence that unifies the fields of ontology, modal logic, metaphysics, and epistemology.This brilliant and fascinating work is relevant to many topics of debate in contemporary philosophy, including the ontology of possible worlds, the metaphysics of modality, the logic of counterfactual conditionals, and modal epistemology. It illuminates the nature of real, ideal, logical, and epistemic possibility.

Zielgruppe

Academics, Institutes, Libraries

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hartmann, Nicolai

Weitere Mitwirkende

Poli, Roberto

Adair, Stephanie

Scott, Alex

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Philosophie Metaphysik, Ontologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Philosophie Geschichte der Westlichen Philosophie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;37
2;Introduction;43
3;Part One: The Problem of the Levels of Modality;73
3.1;I Aporias and Equivocations of Modal Concepts;75
3.1.1;1 Meanings of “Contingency”;75
3.1.1.1;a) A Provisional Hierarchy of the Six Modes;75
3.1.1.2;b) The Questionable Position of Contingency;77
3.1.1.3;c) Equivocations of Contingency;79
3.1.1.4;d) The Only Ontically Relevant Meaning. Consequences;81
3.1.2;2 The Meanings of Necessity;82
3.1.2.1;a) The Relation of Necessity to its Counter-Modes;82
3.1.2.2;b) Equivocations in Linguistic Usage;83
3.1.2.3;c) Philosophically Essential Meanings of Being-Necessary;84
3.1.2.4;d) Summarization and Supplementation;87
3.1.3;3 Meanings of Possibility;88
3.1.3.1;a) Disjunctive and Indifferent Possibility;88
3.1.3.2;b) Logical, Ideal, and Gnoseological Possibility;89
3.1.3.3;c) The Particular Nature of Real Possibility;92
3.1.3.4;d) The Real Aspect of Partial Possibility;93
3.1.3.5;e) The Relationality of Possibility and its Essential Boundary;94
3.1.4;4 Meanings of Actuality;96
3.1.4.1;a) The Fluctuations of Meaning in Linguistic Usage;96
3.1.4.2;b) Logical, Gnoseological, and Essential Actuality;98
3.1.4.3;c) The Special Position of Real Actuality;99
3.1.4.4;d) Actuality and Nonactuality;101
3.2;II The Basic Modal Law;103
3.2.1;5 Toward the Differentiation of the Modes;103
3.2.1.1;a) The Appearance of Contingency in Being-Actual;103
3.2.1.2;b) The Reflection of the Modes of Being in the Secondary Modes;104
3.2.1.3;c) The Dimensions of Opposition of Modal Diversity;106
3.2.2;6 The Opposition of the Fundamental and Relational Modes;108
3.2.2.1;a) Conditionality and Unconditionality of the Kind of Being;108
3.2.2.2;b) The Aporia of Conditionality in Essential Necessity;110
3.2.2.3;c) The Same Aporia in Essential Possibility;111
3.2.3;7 The Development of the Basic Modal Law;113
3.2.3.1;a) The Relativity of Relational Modes to Fundamental Modes;113
3.2.3.2;b) The Proof of “Internal” Relativity;114
3.2.3.3;c) Implementation and Apparent Difficulties;115
3.2.3.4;d) Nonactuality as a Fundamental Mode;116
3.2.3.5;e) The Proof of “External” Relativity;117
3.2.3.6;f) The Position of Negative Conditions;120
3.2.4;8 Supplement to the Basic Modal Law;122
3.2.4.1;a) The Third Kind of Relativity in the Relational Modes;122
3.2.4.2;b) The Historical. The Threefold Modal Law of Aristotle;123
3.2.4.3;c) The Historical Perspective;125
3.3;III General Arrangement of the Modes;127
3.3.1;9 The Position of Contingency Under the Basic Modal Law;127
3.3.1.1;a) The Abolishment of External Relativity in Contingency;127
3.3.1.2;b) The Aporia in the Relation of Possibility and Contingency;128
3.3.1.3;c) The Alternative between Contingency and Relational Modality;129
3.3.1.4;d) The Maintenance of Internal Relativity in Contingency;130
3.3.2;10 Contingency and the Self-Abolition of Necessity;132
3.3.2.1;a) The Ontological Principle of Contingency;132
3.3.2.2;b) Absolutely Necessary and Absolutely Contingent Being;133
3.3.2.3;c) Contingency as Irregular Mode and Limiting Mode;135
3.3.3;11 The Formal System of Modes;136
3.3.3.1;a) Modal Indifference and Modal Heterogeneity;136
3.3.3.2;b) The Dimensional Arrangement of the Regular Modes;138
3.3.3.3;c) The Insertion of the Irregular Mode;140
3.3.3.4;d) The Position of Indifferences in the Formal System of Modes;142
4.1;I The Real Modes and Their Intermodal Laws;147
4.1.1;12 Ontological Modes and Secondary Modes;147
4.1.1.1;a) The Role of Intermodal Relations;147
4.1.1.2;b) The Varying Preferential Position of the Modal Types;149
4.1.1.3;c) Intermodal Inconsistencies of the Traditional Hierarchy;151
4.1.1.4;d) The Aporetic in Kantian Modal Concepts;153
4.1.2;13 The Real Modes and Modal Consciousness;155
4.1.2.1;a) The Ontological Breakdown of the Traditional Hierarchy;155
4.1.2.2;b) Proof of the Heterogeneity of the Modes of Consciousness and Being;156
4.1.2.3;c) The Modal Oppositions and Modal Hierarchy of the Real;157
4.1.2.4;d) The Division of Real Possibility;158
4.1.3;14 An Overview of the Intermodal Laws of the Real;159
4.1.3.1;a) The Equivalences of the Relational Modes;159
4.1.3.2;b) The Position of the Fundamental Modes in the Real Sphere;161
4.1.3.3;c) The First Principle of Real Intermodal Relations;163
4.1.3.4;d) The Second Principle and its Corollaries;164
4.1.3.5;e) The Third Principle;166
4.1.3.6;f) Corollaries of the Third Principle;168
4.2;II Formal Proof of the Intermodal Laws of the Real;171
4.2.1;15 The Law of Division of Real Possibility;171
4.2.1.1;a) The Relation Between the Formal and the Material Proofs;171
4.2.1.2;b) The Meaning of the Law of Division and its Insightfulness;172
4.2.1.3;c) The Corollaries of the Law of Division;173
4.2.1.4;d) Actuality and Temporality. The Hardness of the Real;175
4.2.2;16 Formal Proof of Principles II and III;177
4.2.2.1;a) The Derivation of the Paradoxical Laws of Exclusion;177
4.2.2.2;b) Formal Proof of the Positive Laws of Implication;180
4.2.2.3;c) So as to Ward off a Dangerous Misunderstanding;181
4.2.2.4;d) Formal Proof of the Negative Laws of Implication;185
4.2.3;17 Formal Proof of Principle I;187
4.2.3.1;a) Abolition of the Second and Third Indifference;187
4.2.3.2;b) The Special Position of the First Indifference in the Real Sphere. Real Possibility and Real Contingency;189
4.2.3.3;c) Abolition of the First Indifference and the Limitation of this Abolition;190
4.2.3.4;d) The Disappearance of “Indifferent Possibility”;191
4.2.3.5;e) The Division of the Modal Table and the “Decidedness” of the Real;193
4.3;III Material Proof of the Intermodal Laws of the Real;197
4.3.1;18 The Foundation of the Material Proof;197
4.3.1.1;a) Formal and Material Discussion;197
4.3.1.2;b) The Twofold Conflict in the Popular Concept of Possibility;198
4.3.1.3;c) The Insufficiency of Partial Possibility and the Totality of Conditions;200
4.3.1.4;d) The Law of Totality of Real Possibility;202
4.3.1.5;e) The Law of Totality and the Law of Division;204
4.3.2;19 The Identity of Real Conditions;205
4.3.2.1;a) “External Relativity” as Real Dependency;205
4.3.2.2;b) The Coupling of Real Possibility and Real Necessity through the Identity of their Chains of Conditions;207
4.3.2.3;c) Discussion of an Example. Consequences;209
4.3.3;20 The Real Law of Necessity;211
4.3.3.1;a) Relation of Real Actuality to the Chain of Conditions;211
4.3.3.2;b) The Superordination of Real Actuality over Real Necessity;213
4.3.3.3;c) Real Connection as the Binding of the Modes to One Another;215
4.3.3.4;d) Resistance of the Consciousness of Actuality to the Real Law of Necessity;216
4.3.4;21 The Real Law of Possibility;217
4.3.4.1;a) The Ontological Meaning of the Law. Casting Out the Ghosts;217
4.3.4.2;b) The Mediated Reconnection of Real Actuality to the Conditions of Real Possibility;219
4.3.4.3;c) Real Possibility and Consciousness of Possibility;221
4.3.4.4;d) The “Narrowness of the Possible” as a Sign of the Higher Ways of Being;222
4.3.5;22 The Megarian Notion of Possibility;224
4.3.5.1;a) Aristotle’s Account and Polemic;224
4.3.5.2;b) The Real Ontological Meaning of the Megarian Thesis;226
4.3.5.3;c) Right and Wrong on Both Sides of the Argument over the “Possible”;228
4.3.5.4;d) Diodorus Cronus and his Kupieuuv Aoyo^;230
4.3.6;23 Material Proof for the Remaining Intermodal Laws;232
4.3.6.1;a) The Negative Laws of Implication;232
4.3.6.2;b) The Paradoxical Laws of Exclusion;233
4.3.6.3;c) The Abolition of Indifferences;234
4.4;IV The Ontological Law of Determination;237
4.4.1;24 The Real Law of Actuality;237
4.4.1.1;a) Modality and Determination;237
4.4.1.2;b) The Internal Inconsistency of Consciousness of Actuality;238
4.4.1.3;c) The Real Law of Possibility and the Real Law of Necessity;239
4.4.1.4;d) The Absorption of Both Laws into the Real Law of Actuality;240
4.4.1.5;e) The Modal Construction of the Real Process;243
4.4.2;25 Real Actuality and Real Determination;244
4.4.2.1;a) Skewed and One-Sided Concepts of Determination;244
4.4.2.2;b) More Precise Demarcation of the Ontological Problem of Determination;246
4.4.2.3;c) The Sufficiency of Real Ground as Completeness of Conditions;248
4.4.2.4;d) Toward the Overlapping Relation of the Two Laws;250
4.4.2.5;e) The Law of Determination’s Ability to be Proven from the Real’s Intermodal Lawfulness;252
4.4.3;26 Universal Real Determination and Particular Types of Real Nexuses;254
4.4.3.1;a) Real Strata and Types of Real Determination;254
4.4.3.2;b) The Mutual Relation of Different Types of Determination;255
4.4.3.3;c) The Passage Generally Taken by the Real Nexus through its Particularizations;257
4.4.3.4;d) Real Determination and Real Freedom;258
4.4.3.5;e) Determination and Determinism;260
4.4.4;27 The Real Mode of Contingency;261
4.4.4.1;a) The External Boundary of Real Determination;261
4.4.4.2;b) The Antinomy in the Essence of Real Contingency;262
4.4.4.3;c) Recurrence of Indifferences and the Abolition of the Paradoxical Intermodal Laws;264
4.5;V The Modal Construction of Becoming;267
4.5.1;28 Partial Possibility and Time Relation;267
4.5.1.1;a) The Real Modes and Becoming;267
4.5.1.2;b) Aporias of Partial Possibility in the Real Process;268
4.5.1.3;c) The Temporally Narrowing Circle of the Possible;270
4.5.2;29 Undecidedness and the Puzzle of Decision;271
4.5.2.1;a) New Aporias and Theoretical Perplexity;271
4.5.2.2;b) Theoretical Experimentation with Chance. New Inconsistencies;274
4.5.2.3;c) The Anthropomorphic Concept of Time and Becoming;275
4.5.3;30 Real Conditions and Real Decision;278
4.5.3.1;a) The Only Tangible Real Authority of Decision;278
4.5.3.2;b) The Progressive Completion of the Chain of Conditions and Continuous “Decision”;279
4.5.3.3;c) “Decision” as Being Contained in the Respective Complex of Real Conditions;281
4.5.4;31 Determinative and Modal Construction of Becoming;282
4.5.4.1;a) The Connectedness of the Processes and the Total Process;282
4.5.4.2;b) The “Multiplicity of Possibilities” and Real Possibility;284
4.5.4.3;c) Completeness and Incompleteness of Conditions;287
4.5.4.4;d) The Chain of Conditions and the Respective Complex of Conditions;288
4.5.4.5;e) Real Possibility, Process and Causality;290
4.5.5;32 The Positive Relation of the Modes in Real Events;292
4.5.5.1;a) The Higher Forms of Determination;292
4.5.5.2;b) The Present as Loaded with the Future;293
4.5.5.3;c) Real Making-Possible and Real Actualization;295
4.5.5.4;d) The Special Role of the Relational Modes in Becoming;297
4.5.5.5;e) The Temporal Precedence of Real Possibility and Real Necessity;298
4.6;VI Fields of Incomplete Reality;301
4.6.1;33 The Modal Construction of the Ought;301
4.6.1.1;a) The Dissolution of the Overlapping Relation;301
4.6.1.2;b) Requirement, Constraint, Tendency, Will, and Action;302
4.6.1.3;c) The Predominance of Necessity in the Actual Ought-to-Be;304
4.6.1.4;d) Detached Necessity and its Freedom;305
4.6.1.5;e) The Identical Character of Modal Constructions in the Ought and in Freedom;307
4.6.2;34 The Real Mode of Actualization;308
4.6.2.1;a) The Making Possible of the Impossible;308
4.6.2.2;b) The Aporia of Free Necessity;310
4.6.2.3;c) Two Kinds of Necessity and Two Kinds of Possibility;312
4.6.3;35 The World of the Beautiful and its Modal Structure;313
4.6.3.1;a) The Predominance of Possibility over Necessity;313
4.6.3.2;b) The Artistic Object and its Modality;314
4.6.3.3;c) The Mode of Deactualization and Free Possibility;316
4.6.3.4;d) Artistic Freedom and Disjunctive Possibility;317
5.1;I The Modal Construction of the Logical Sphere;321
5.1.1;36 The Particular Nature of the Modes of Judgment;321
5.1.1.1;a) The Position and Lawfulness of the Logical Forms;321
5.1.1.2;b) The Table of the Modes of Judgment;323
5.1.1.3;c) The Position of Contingency in Judgment;324
5.1.1.4;d) Relational and Absolute Modes of Judgment;325
5.1.1.5;e) The Logical Modes as Modes of Predicative Being;326
5.1.2;37 The Intermodal Laws of the Logical Sphere;328
5.1.2.1;a) Modality of Assertion and Modality of Statement;328
5.1.2.2;b) Relation of Logical Possibility and Necessity to the Real;330
5.1.2.3;c) The Laws of Implication of the Positive Modes of Judgment;332
5.1.2.4;d) The Laws of Implication of the Negative Modes of Judgment;333
5.1.2.5;e) The Modal Indifference and Laws of Exclusion of Judgment;335
5.1.3;38 Inconsistencies and Indeterminacies;337
5.1.3.1;a) The Disappearance of the Principle of Sufficient Reason;337
5.1.3.2;b) Predicative Being as Softened Being;339
5.1.3.3;c) Aporias of Logical Possibility and Actuality;340
5.1.3.4;d) The Amphiboly in the Indifference of Logical Possibility;341
5.1.4;39 Toward the Solution of the Aporias;343
5.1.4.1;a) Internal and External Indifference;343
5.1.4.2;b) Non-Contradiction, and Indeterminateness;344
5.1.4.3;c) The Neutrality that Non-Contradiction Bears toward Internal and External Indifference;346
5.1.4.4;d) The Aporias of Logical Contingency;348
5.1.4.5;e) Contingency of Judgment and Necessity of Judgment;349
5.1.4.6;f) The Alogical in the Logical;351
5.2;II The Modality of Ideal Being;353
5.2.1;40 The Particular Nature of the Essential Modes;353
5.2.1.1;a) Predicative and Ideal Being;353
5.2.1.2;b) Ideal and Real Being. Relatedness and Opposition of their Modality;354
5.2.1.3;c) The Regression of the Absolute Modes and the Autocracy of the Relational Modes;356
5.2.1.4;d) Essential Actuality as a Concurrent Modal Factor;358
5.2.2;41 Preliminary Version of the Modality of Essence;359
5.2.2.1;a) Transfer of the Paradoxical Laws of Implication;359
5.2.2.2;b) The Scope of Essential Possibility and its Delimitation;360
5.2.2.3;c) The Meaning of the Overlapping Relation of the Relational Modes in Ideal Being;362
5.2.2.4;d) The Ranges of Possibility and Necessity. The Law of Consolidation;364
5.2.2.5;e) The Gradation of the Density of Determinateness in the Logical, Ideal, and Real Sphere;365
5.2.3;42 Aporias of the Essential Modes. Compossibility;367
5.2.3.1;a) The Inconsistency of Presuppositions in the Understanding of the Modes;367
5.2.3.2;b) Proof of the Law of Division in the Ideal Sphere. Genus and Species;368
5.2.3.3;c) The Range of Disjunctive Possibility in the Construction of the Levels of the Essential Realm;370
5.2.3.4;d) The Multiradiality of the Possible and the Parallelism of the Incompossible;372
5.2.3.5;e) The Ideal Law of Possibility. The Widened Modal Table of Ideal Beings—;374
5.2.4;43 Metaphysical Problems of Essential Possibility;376
5.2.4.1;a) Leibniz’s “Possible Worlds” and the Real Making-Possible of the Actual World;376
5.2.4.2;b) Kant’s “100 Possible Thalers”;378
5.2.4.3;c) The Confusion of Ontological Terminology;379
5.2.4.4;d) Humankind and “Its” Possibilities;380
5.2.4.5;e) Mathematical Possibilities;382
5.2.5;44 The Unveiling of Ideal Being;383
5.2.5.1;a) The Delimitation of Essential Necessity;383
5.2.5.2;b) The False Nimbus of Ideal Being and Essential Contingency;385
5.2.5.3;c) The Contingency of Parallel Systems;387
5.2.5.4;d) Essential Nonactuality and Incompossibility;388
5.2.5.5;e) The Definitive Table of the Essential Modes;390
5.2.6;45 The Intermodal Laws of Ideal Being;392
5.2.6.1;a) The Laws of Exclusion of Essential Modality;392
5.2.6.2;b) The Laws of Indifference of the Essential Modes;393
5.2.6.3;c) The Laws of Implication of the Essential Modes;395
5.2.6.4;d) The Incompleteness of Ideal Beings—;398
5.3;III The Modal Problem of Knowledge;401
5.3.1;46 The External and Internal Modality of Knowledge;401
5.3.1.1;a) The Real Modes and Real Determination of Knowledge;401
5.3.1.2;b) The Modality of the Form of Knowledge and Modal Knowledge;402
5.3.1.3;c) The Dissolution of the Real Modal Connection in Comprehension;404
5.3.2;47 Modal Consciousness and Modal Comprehension;405
5.3.2.1;a) Direct Intuition and Comprehension;405
5.3.2.2;b) Aposterioristic Consciousness of Actuality; Aprioristic Comprehension of Possibility and Necessity;407
5.3.2.3;c) The Modal Detour of Comprehension and the Impact of the Hypothetical;409
5.3.2.4;d) The Modal Construction of Hypothesis;411
5.3.2.5;e) The Freedom of Movement in the Comprehension of Possibility and Necessity;412
5.3.3;48 The Law of Knowledge of Actuality;414
5.3.3.1;a) Modal Cycle of Knowledge;414
5.3.3.2;b) Comprehension and Real Actuality;416
5.3.3.3;c) The Rootedness of the Modes of Comprehension in the Modes of the Real;417
5.3.4;49 The Twofold Modal Table of Knowledge;418
5.3.4.1;a) The Modal Table of Direct Intuition;418
5.3.4.2;b) The Modal Table of Comprehension;421
5.3.4.3;c) The Aporia in the Comprehension of Possibility;423
5.3.4.4;d) The Amphiboly of the Possibility of Knowledge;424
5.4;IV The Modes of Knowledge and their Laws;427
5.4.1;50 The Modal Connection of Intuition and Comprehension;427
5.4.1.1;a) The Combined Modal Table of Knowledge;427
5.4.1.2;b) The Dynamic Relation between Consciousness of Contingency and Comprehension of Necessity;429
5.4.1.3;c) The Double Shape of Knowledge of Possibility;431
5.4.1.4;d) Logical Possibility and Epistemic Possibility;432
5.4.1.5;e) The Impact of Essential Modality on the Modes of Comprehension;434
5.4.2;51 The Intermodal Laws of Givenness;436
5.4.2.1;a) Amphibolous and Complex Intermodal Relations;436
5.4.2.2;b) The Immediate Consciousness of Nonactuality;437
5.4.2.3;c) The Givenness of Actuality and the Modes of Possibility of Knowledge;439
5.4.2.4;d) The Givenness of Actuality and the Comprehension of Necessity;440
5.4.2.5;e) Consciousness of Positive and Negative Possibility;442
5.4.3;52 The Intermodal Laws of Comprehension;444
5.4.3.1;a) The Comprehension of Possibility;444
5.4.3.2;b) The Comprehension of Necessity and of Impossibility;446
5.4.3.3;c) The Essential Knowledge in Comprehension of Real Necessity;448
5.4.3.4;d) The Comprehension of Actuality and of Nonactuality;451
5.4.3.5;e) The Consciousness of Contingency;453
5.4.4;53 Determination of Knowledge and Ground of Knowledge;455
5.4.4.1;a) The Double Error of Rationalism and Modal Analysis;455
5.4.4.2;b) The Real Ground of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Real Ground;457
5.4.4.3;c) The “Grounding” and the Demonstration of Real Grounds;458
5.4.4.4;d) Essence and Ground, Comprehension and Grounding;461
6.1;I The Modal Relation of the Two Spheres of Being;465
6.1.1;54 The Problem of Spheres in Light of Modal Analysis;465
6.1.1.1;a) The Distribution of Ontological Weight in the Relation of Spheres;465
6.1.1.2;b) Faulty Transfer of Logical Relations;466
6.1.1.3;c) The Hiddenness of Modes as a Source of Metaphysical Misunderstandings;468
6.1.1.4;d) The Metaphysical Significance of Second-Order Intermodality;470
6.1.2;55 Possibility and Actuality of the Two Spheres of Being;471
6.1.2.1;a) Essential Actuality and Real Actuality;471
6.1.2.2;b) Essential Nonactuality and Real Nonactuality;474
6.1.2.3;c) Essential Possibility and Real Possibility;475
6.1.3;56 The Modes of Necessity of the Two Spheres of Being;476
6.1.3.1;a) Compossibility and Real Possibility;476
6.1.3.2;b) Essential Impossibility and Real Impossibility;477
6.1.3.3;c) Essential Necessity and Real Necessity;479
6.2;II The Real Sphere and Knowledge;483
6.2.1;57 Real Actuality and the Knowledge of It;483
6.2.1.1;a) Indifference of the Real Modes toward Knowledge;483
6.2.1.2;b) Consciousness of Actuality and Real Actuality;485
6.2.1.3;c) Real Nonactuality and Consciousness of Nonactuality;487
6.2.2;58 The Modes of Possibility Belonging to Reality and Knowledge;488
6.2.2.1;a) Real Possibility and Consciousness of Possibility;488
6.2.2.2;b) The Comprehension of Positive Possibility and Positive Real Possibility;490
6.2.2.3;c) The Comprehension of Negative Possibility and the Real Possibility of Nonbeing;492
6.2.2.4;d) Real Impossibility and Comprehension of Impossibility;493
6.2.2.5;e) On Encountering and Mistaking Real Possibility;494
6.2.3;59 The Modes of Necessity and of Actuality;496
6.2.3.1;a) Real Necessity and Indirect Comprehension;496
6.2.3.2;b) True Comprehension of Necessity and of its Conditions;497
6.2.3.3;c) Real Actuality and the Comprehension of Actuality;499
6.2.3.4;d) Real Nonactuality and Comprehension of Nonactuality;501
6.2.3.5;e) Consequences. The System of Two Authorities of Knowledge;503
6.3;III The Position of Ideal Being and of the Logical;507
6.3.1;60 The Essential Sphere and Knowledge;507
6.3.1.1;a) The Proximity of Ideal Being to Consciousness;507
6.3.1.2;b) Essential Actuality and Intuitive Givenness;508
6.3.1.3;c) Essential Possibility and Comprehension of Possibility;510
6.3.2;61 The Higher Essential Modes and Comprehension;512
6.3.2.1;a) Compossibility and Comprehension of Compossibility;512
6.3.2.2;b) Essential Impossibility and Comprehension of Impossibility;513
6.3.2.3;c) Essential Necessity and Comprehension of Necessity;515
6.3.2.4;d) Essential Intuition and Comprehension of Essential Connections;517
6.3.3;62 Intermodal Position of the Logical Sphere;518
6.3.3.1;a) Indifference of Being toward the Logical Modes;518
6.3.3.2;b) Apodictic Judgment and Real Necessity;520
6.3.3.3;c) Apodictic Judgment and Essential Necessity;522
6.3.3.4;d) Apodictic Judgment and Epistemic Necessity;523

Über Autor(innen)

Alex Scott, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stephanie Adair, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.