Hartland Counter-Current Extraction

An Introduction to the Design and Operation of Counter-Current Extractors
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6064-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 280 Seiten, Web PDF

Counter-Current Extraction: An Introduction to the Design and Operation of Counter-Current Extractors provide useful conclusions and results pertaining to counter-current extraction. This book aims to present illustrations of the various mathematical techniques as tools as well as means to an end. Organized into eight chapters, this book begins with an overview of the various aspects of the transfer of a single solute between two immiscible phases in counter-current flow. This text then describes all possible factors and obtains their relationship to the extraction factor and number of stages or transfer units. Other chapters consider the flows and concentrations in counter-current forward and back extraction. This book discusses as well the optimization of forward and back extraction using counter-current flow in differential and stagewise extractors. The final chapter deals with further applications of counter-current extractions. Undergraduates and researchers involved in the design and operation of counter-current extractors will find this book useful.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hartland, Stanley

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Counter-Current Extraction: An Introduction
to the Design and Operation of Counter-current Extractors;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Dedication;6
6;Preface;14
7;Glossary;18
8;Notation;20
9;CHAPTER 1. Introduction;24
9.1;1.1. Basic Equations;24
9.2;1.2. Inverse Separation Factors;26
9.3;1.3. Graphical Representation;26
9.4;1.4. Absorption and Stripping;28
9.5;1.5. Concentration Profiles;29
9.6;1.6. Application of the Equations;32
9.7;1.7. Units and Dimensions;33
9.8;1.8. Straight Equilibrium Lines;34
9.9;1.9. Comparison with Cross-current Extraction;34
9.10;1.10. A General Survey;37
9.11;Notation for Chapter 1;41
9.12;References;43
9.13;APPENDIX 1a: STAGEWISE CONCENTRATION PROFILES;43
9.14;APPENDIX 1b: DIFFERENTIAL CONCENTRATION PROFILES;45
9.15;APPENDIX 1c: CROSS-CURRENT EXTRACTION;48
10;CHAPTER 2. Formulae Relating N and J to the Different Separation Factors Q;51
10.1;2.1. Introduction;51
10.2;2.2. Separation Factors;51
10.3;2.3. Inversion;53
10.4;2.4. Formulae Relating N, J and Q;54
10.5;2.5. Comparison with Other Formulae;56
10.6;2.6. Analogy with Heat Transfer;57
10.7;2.7. Discussion;58
10.8;Notation for Chapter 2;63
10.9;References;64
10.10;APPENDIX 2a: INVERSION OF FORMULAE RELATING N, J AND Q;64
10.11;APPENDIX 2b: DERIVATION OF FORMULAE RELATING N, J AND Q FROM BASIC PRINCIPLES;65
10.12;APPENDIX 2c: EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF FORMULAE RELATING N, J AND Q;67
10.13;APPENDIX 2d: NUMERICAL EXAMPLES OF HEAT TRANSFER USING NT( 1— J) = In Q;69
11;CHAPTER 3. Errors in the Calculation of Numbers of Stages and Transfer Units;71
11.1;3.1. Introduction;71
11.2;3.2. Theory;72
11.3;3.3. Discussion;73
11.4;Notation for Chapter 3;79
11.5;References;79
12;CHAPTER 4. The Optimisation of Counter-current Forward and Back Extraction;80
12.1;4.1. Introduction;80
12.2;4.2. Equations Governing the Optimisation of Forward and Back Extraction;85
12.3;4.3. Solution of the Equations;91
12.4;4.4. Comparison with Ordinary Counter-current Extraction;95
12.5;4.5. Operation of an Existing Contactor;100
12.6;Notation for Chapter 4;107
12.7;References;109
12.8;APPENDIX 4a: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVERALL AND INDIVIDUAL SEPARATION FACTORS IN FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;111
12.9;APPENDIX 4b: COMPARISON WITH OTHER FORMULAE FOR FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;113
12.10;APPENDIX 4c: USE OF OTHER SEPARATION FACTORS IN FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;114
12.11;APPENDIX 4d: DERIVATION 4d DERIVATION OF (.Q0\.N1 ) AND (.Q0\.J1)N1 IN FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;116
12.12;APPENDIX 4e: DERIVATION OF (.2Q0\.N21) AND .2Q0\.N1.J1 IN FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;119
12.13;APPENDIX 4f: DERIVATION OF (.2Q0\.J21)N1 AND .2Q0\.J1.N1 IN FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION ;122
12.14;APPENDIX 4g: DERIVATION OF (.P\.N1)J1 AND (.P\.J1)N1 IN FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;126
12.15;APPENDIX 4h: SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING THE OPTIMISATION OF FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION IN A STAGEWISE CONTACTOR;128
12.16;APPENDIX 4i: LIMITING CASES OF THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION IN A STAGEWISE CONTACTOR;134
12.17;APPENDIX 4j: THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN AN EXISTING DIFFERENTIAL FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTOR;136
12.18;APPENDIX 4k: SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN AN EXISTING FORWARD AND BACK STAGEWISE EXTRACTOR;142
12.19;APPENDIX 4l: THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN AN EXISTING STAGEWISE FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTOR;145
12.20;APPENDIX 4m: COMPUTER PROGRAM 4.1.NEWTON-RAPHSON TECHNIQUE FOR THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A STAGEWISE EXTRACTOR;151
12.21;APPENDIX 4n: COMPUTER PROGRAM 4.2. RANDOM SEARCH TECHNIQUE FOR THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A STAGEWISE EXTRACTOR;155
12.22;APPENDIX 4o: COMPUTER PROGRAM 4.3. NEWTON'S METHOD FOR THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN AN EXISTING STAGEWISE EXTRACTOR;159
12.23;APPENDIX 4p: COMPUTER PROGRAM 4.4· RANDOM SEARCH TECHNIQUE FOR THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN AN EXISTING STAGEWISE EXTRACTOR;163
13;CHAPTER 5. Forward and Back Extraction Using Cross-current Flow with Recirculation;167
13.1;5.1. Introduction;167
13.2;5.2. Theory of Cross-current Extraction with Recirculation;168
13.3;5.3. Comparison with Counter-current Forward and Back Extraction;172
13.4;5.4. Comparison with Ordinary Counter-current Extraction;176
13.5;Notation for Chapter 5;178
13.6;References;179
13.7;APPENDIX 5a: DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A CROSS-CURRENT FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTOR;180
14;CHAPTER 6. Linear Equilibrium Data;183
14.1;6.1. Introduction;183
14.2;6.2. Theory;185
14.3;6.3. Experimental Data;188
14.4;6.4. Results and Discussion;191
14.5;Notation for Chapter 6;201
14.6;References;202
14.7;APPINDIX 6a:TO FIT A STRAIGHT LINE TO DATA BY THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES-THE REGRESSION OF y ON x;206
14.8;APPENDIX 6b: TO FIT A STRAIGHT LINE TO DATA BY THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES-THE REGRESSION OF x ON y;209
14.9;APPENDIX 6c: TO FIT A STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH THE ORIGIN BY THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES- THE REGRESSION OF y ON x;210
14.10;APPENDIX 6d: TO FIT A STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH THE ORIGIN BY THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES—THE REGRESSION OF x ON y;211
14.11;APPENDIX 6e: REDUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE TWO REGRESSIONS;212
14.12;APPENDIX 6f: COMPUTER PROGRAM 6.1. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND LEAST SQUARES REGRESSIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM DATA;216
14.13;APPENDIX 6g: LIST OF SYSTEMS INVESTIGATED;221
14.14;APPENDIX 6h: SLOPES AND ERRORS OF LINES THROUGH ORIGIN;229
14.15;APPENDIX 6i: PARAMETERS OF LINES THROUGH MEAN VALUES x AND y;235
14.16;APPENDIX 6j: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLVENTS AND SOLUTES;247
15;CHAPTER 7. Conclusions;252
15.1;7.1. Generalised Form of Equation;252
15.2;7.2. Introduction;253
15.3;7.3. Separation Factors and Basic Formulae;255
15.4;7.4. Errors in N, J and Q;256
15.5;7.5. Forward and Back Extraction Using Counter-current Flow;257
15.6;7.6. Forward and Back Extraction Using Cross-current Flow with Recirculation;260
15.7;7.7. Linear Equilibrium Data;261
15.8;Notation for Chapter 7;262
16;CHAPTER 8. Further Applications;263
16.1;GENERAL APPLICATIONS;263
16.2;8.1. Form of Presentation;263
16.3;8.2. Errors;263
16.4;8.3. Optimisation;264
16.5;FORWARD AND BACK EXTRACTION;264
16.6;8.4. Effect of Solvent Washing;264
16.7;8.5. Minimum Capital Cost;265
16.8;8.6. Economic Optimisation;265
16.9;8.7. Empirical Correlations;266
16.10;8.8. Curved Equilibrium and Operating Lines;266
16.11;8.9. Non-equilibrium Stages;266
16.12;8.10. Cross-current Extraction;268
16.13;8.11. Effect of Concentration Units;269
16.14;8.12. Effect of Concentration Range;269
16.15;Notation for Chapter 8;269
16.16;References;270
17;Index;272