Hariharan / Varwandkar / Gupta Modular Load Flow for Restructured Power Systems

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-981-10-0497-1
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 374, 128 Seiten

Reihe: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

In the subject of power systems, authors felt that a re-look is necessary at some conventional methods of analysis. In this book, the authors have subjected the time-honoured load flow to a close scrutiny. Authors have discovered and discussed a new load flow procedure - Modular Load Flow. Modular Load Flow explores use of power - a scalar - as source for electrical circuits which are conventionally analysed by means of phasors - the ac voltages or currents. The method embeds Kirchhoff's circuit laws as topological property into its scalar equations and results in a unique wonderland where phase angles do not exist! Generators are shown to have their own worlds which can be superimposed to obtain the state of the composite power system.  The treatment is useful in restructured power systems where stakeholders and the system operators may desire to know individual generator contributions in line flows and line losses for commercial reasons. Solution in Modular Load Flow consists of explicit expressions which are applicable with equal ease to well-conditioned, ill-conditioned and very low voltage situations. It is found to be computationally much faster than the iterative load flows and indicates promise for online application. Indian blackouts of July 30 and 31, 2012 are analysed using an equivalent grid network to indicate its utility. Besides its ability to deal with ground reality in power systems, Modular Load Flow points to a theory that unveils interesting mathematical structures which should entice avid researchers. Second author has had first author as teacher and third author as student. The lecture notes therefore reflect ethos of three generations of teachers. 


Prof. M.V. Hariharan is Gold Medal awardee for his performance in B.Tech in the entire state of Madras (1954) and a UNESCO scholar (1959). He has been a popular faculty at IIT Bombay, Mumbai (1962 - 93) and is known for his down-to-earth teaching methods. He has been Visiting Professor at University of Manitoba, Canada (1987) and at University of Western Ontario London, Canada (1988). He was consultant to Tata Consulting Engineers, Maharashtra State Electricity Board, now restructured as Mahagenco (MSPGCL), Mahatransco (MSETCL) and Mahadiscom (MSEDCL). Prof. Hariharan has carried out research projects for Department of Science and Technology, India and has published papers in international journals. He has guided many PhD students. Prof. S.D. Varwandkar, PhD (IIT Kanpur, India) was faculty at VJTI, Mumbai (1969 - 2004) and has taught courses on Electrical Machines, Power System Analysis, and Planning and Reforms and has published in international journals and guided three PhD students. He has carried out projects for Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, India and was Expert Consultant at Global R & D, Crompton Greaves, Mumbai (2007 - 08).  Ms. Pragati P. Gupta topped in BE among all branches of Engineering at Dibrugarh University in 1991 and in M.Tech (Power Systems) at VJTI. She is currently Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at VJTI and is associated with teaching of courses in Power Systems, especially Deregulated Systems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Hariharan, M. V.

Varwandkar, S. D.

Gupta, Pragati P.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Acknowledgements;10
3;Contents;12
4;About the Authors;16
5;Abbreviations and Symbols;17
6;1 Introduction;19
6.1;1.1 Review of Graph Theory;19
6.1.1;1.1.1 Fundamental Cutsets (f-Cutsets);22
6.1.2;1.1.2 Incidence Matrices;23
6.1.3;1.1.3 Kirchhoff's Laws;24
6.1.4;1.1.4 Primitive Network;24
6.1.5;1.1.5 Network Structure;25
6.1.6;1.1.6 Network Matrices;26
6.1.7;1.1.7 Power Network;27
6.2;1.2 Iterative Load Flow;28
6.3;1.3 Issues with Iterative Load Flow;28
6.3.1;1.3.1 Premise;28
6.3.2;1.3.2 Voltage Specification at PV Buses;28
6.4;1.4 Load Representation;28
6.5;1.5 Concept of Port;29
6.6;1.6 Matrix xi;29
6.7;References;30
7;2 Circuit Solutions;31
7.1;2.1 Multi-terminal Representation;31
7.2;2.2 Solution for Element Variables;32
7.2.1;2.2.1 Single Current Source;32
7.2.2;2.2.2 Example;33
7.2.3;2.2.3 Single Voltage Source;34
7.2.4;2.2.4 Example;34
7.2.5;2.2.5 Single Power Source;35
7.2.6;2.2.6 Example;36
7.3;References;37
8;3 Kirchhoff State;38
8.1;3.1 Kstate-Variables;39
8.2;3.2 Kpowers;39
8.3;3.3 Kvoltages;40
8.3.1;3.3.1 Example;40
8.4;3.4 The Superposition Challenge;42
8.5;3.5 Quantum Perspective;42
8.6;Reference;43
9;4 Modular Load Flow;44
9.1;4.1 Concept of Modularity;44
9.2;4.2 Power Distribution in Kstates;47
9.3;4.3 Line Flows;47
9.4;4.4 Superposition of Line Flows;49
9.5;4.5 Voltages;49
9.6;4.6 Phase Angles;49
9.7;4.7 Modular Load Flow Algorithm;50
9.8;4.8 Comparison with Conventional Load Flow;51
9.9;4.9 HVDC, FACTS and DSG;52
9.10;References;53
10;5 Load Flow Examples;54
10.1;5.1 The 3-Bus System;54
10.1.1;5.1.1 Results for 3-Bus System;54
10.2;5.2 The IEEE 30-Bus System [1];56
10.2.1;5.2.1 Results for 30-Bus System;59
10.3;5.3 The Ill-Conditioned 43-Bus System;61
10.3.1;5.3.1 Results for 43-Bus System;65
10.4;References;67
11;6 Outage Analysis;68
11.1;6.1 Line Outage;68
11.1.1;6.1.1 Example;69
11.2;6.2 Power Flow Fractions Versus Distribution Factors;71
11.3;6.3 Identifying Outaged Generator;73
11.3.1;6.3.1 Example;73
11.4;6.4 Selective Computation of Line Flows;74
11.4.1;6.4.1 Example;74
11.5;Reference;75
12;7 Voltage Behaviour;76
12.1;7.1 Problem Formulation;77
12.2;7.2 Modular Approach;78
12.2.1;7.2.1 Example: Ill-Conditioned System;80
12.3;7.3 Variation of Voltage;82
12.4;7.4 Voltage Dependency of Loads;82
12.5;7.5 PQ-reserve and PQ-deficit Condition;83
12.5.1;7.5.1 Example: The Switchover;84
12.6;7.6 Conclusion;86
12.7;References;86
13;8 Optimization;87
13.1;8.1 Optimal Use of Injected Powers;87
13.2;8.2 Multi-generator Case;88
13.2.1;8.2.1 Example;89
13.3;8.3 Load Voltage Optimization;90
13.3.1;8.3.1 Example;92
13.4;8.4 Flow Optimization;93
13.4.1;8.4.1 Example;95
13.5;8.5 Tieline Dispatch;96
13.5.1;8.5.1 Example;97
13.6;8.6 State Estimation;98
13.7;8.7 Conclusion;98
13.8;References;99
14;9 Blackout Incipient;100
14.1;9.1 Introduction;100
14.2;9.2 Limitations in Blackout Related Studies;101
14.3;9.3 Blackout-Incipient and Vulnerability;101
14.4;9.4 The Indian Grid---Overview;102
14.5;9.5 Case Study 1: Grid Disturbance on 30th July 2012;103
14.6;9.6 Load Representation;104
14.7;9.7 Radial-Mesh Representation for Sub-grids;105
14.8;9.8 Benchmarking;106
14.9;9.9 Algorithm;106
14.10;9.10 Case Study 2: Grid Disturbance on 31st July 2012;112
14.11;9.11 Conclusion;116
14.12;References;116
15;10 Dirac Structures;118
15.1;10.1 Function Spaces with Inner Products;119
15.2;10.2 Hilbert Spaces and Orthoframes;119
15.2.1;10.2.1 Relation Between Orthoframes;120
15.3;10.3 Dirac Structures;122
15.3.1;10.3.1 Dual Spaces;122
15.3.2;10.3.2 Duality Product;123
15.3.3;10.3.3 Bilinear Form;123
15.3.4;10.3.4 Orthogonal Complement;123
15.3.5;10.3.5 Dirac Structure: Definition;124
15.4;10.4 Dirac Structure for Generators;124
15.5;10.5 Geometric Interpretation;124
15.5.1;10.5.1 Electrical Variables in Hilbert Spaces;124
15.5.2;10.5.2 Superposition of Dirac Structures;125
15.5.3;10.5.3 Example;126
15.6;10.6 Summary;127
15.7;References;127