Harff / Björck / Hoth The Baltic Sea Basin

2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-17220-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 449 Seiten

Reihe: Central and Eastern European Development Studies (CEEDES)

This book reports about the results of a Special Symposium 'The Baltic Sea Basin', held on August 11, 2008, within the frame of the 33rd IGC at Oslo, Norway in order to foster the understanding of the Baltic Basin as a unit in terms of genesis, structure, ongoing processes and utilization. It is the first time that in a joint publication, scientists from different disciplines give a comprehensive overview about the Baltic Sea basin in such a general sense. The book will be used not only by students and scientist but also by engineers and decision makers from industry and politics.  Summarizing the state of the art in the investigation of the Baltic Sea Basin, but also in the resource utilisation of the basin the book will enhance the development of new monitoring strategies and technical device design including satellite observation methods, the establishment of international research laboratories, innovative topics for interdisciplinary research projects, etc.

Jan Harff is a geologists and Professor emeritus for Marine Geology at the Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany. Currently, he serves as Humboldt Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Szczecin, Poland, and as adjunct Professor at two research institutes of the Academica sinica. He is a elected Foreign Member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. His main fields of interest are marine geology, sedimentology, paleoceanography and  mathematical geology.  Svante Björck is Professor and head of Quaternary Sciences at the GeoBiosphere Science Centre in Lund. His main research interests concern paleoclimate and paleoenvironments, including sea levels, of the last 150.000 years. He is an elected member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, of the Royal Fysiographic Society. He was internationally evaluated 2006 by VR as 'Outstanding Swedish Quaternary Geologist', chosen as the 'Geologist of the Year' (Årets Geolog) in 2006 by Sveriges Naturvetarförbund. Peer Hoth is a geologist with a Ph.D. from the Technical University in Berlin. He works now since two years for the energy department of the German Ministry of  Economics and Technology. Before, he served as a research scientist for different research institutions mainly in the field of energy. His main field of interest are basin analysis, sedimentology, oil and gas exploration and geothermal energy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Harff, Jan

Björck, Svante

Hoth, Peer

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;Contributors;8
3;Part I Introduction;13
3.1;1 The Baltic Sea Basin: Introduction;14
4;Part II Geological and Tectonical Evolution;21
4.1;2 Geological Evolution and Resources of the Baltic Sea Area from the Precambrian to the Quaternary;22
4.1.1;2.1 Introduction;23
4.1.2;2.2 Geological Framework and History of Sedimentation;23
4.1.2.1;2.2.1 The Baltic Basin;23
4.1.2.2;2.2.2 The Southwestern Basin Rim;29
4.1.3;2.3 Basin Subsidence and Geodynamic Evolution;32
4.1.3.1;2.3.1 Failed Rift Stage;33
4.1.3.2;2.3.2 Passive Continental Margin Stage;34
4.1.3.3;2.3.3 Foreland Stage;35
4.1.3.4;2.3.4 Intracratonic Basin Stage;36
4.1.3.5;2.3.5 Thermal Doming and Thermal Sag Stage;36
4.1.4;2.4 Major Tectonic Phases and Basin Structures;37
4.1.4.1;2.4.1 Early Ediacaran Tectonic--Igneous Phase;39
4.1.4.2;2.4.2 Late Silurian--Early Devonian Phase;40
4.1.4.3;2.4.3 Permocarboniferous Phase;41
4.1.4.4;2.4.4 Late Cretaceous Inversion Phase;43
4.1.5;2.5 Tectonic Evolution of the Southwestern Basin Rim During the Early Palaeozoic;43
4.1.6;2.6 Present Morphology of the Baltic Sea Depression;44
4.1.7;2.7 Geological Resources;46
4.1.7.1;2.7.1 Hydrocarbon Fields;46
4.1.7.2;2.7.2 Major Reservoirs;47
4.1.7.3;2.7.3 Source Rocks;48
4.1.7.4;2.7.4 Oil and Gas Generation;50
4.1.8;2.8 Discussion and Conclusions;52
4.1.9;References;54
4.2;3 Glacial Erosion/Sedimentation of the Baltic Region and the Effect on the Postglacial Uplift;61
4.2.1;3.1 Introduction;61
4.2.2;3.2 Glacial Erosion and Sedimentation;63
4.2.3;3.3 Methods;65
4.2.4;3.4 Results and Discussion;71
4.2.4.1;3.4.1 Sediment accumulation and mass balance;74
4.2.5;3.5 Conclusions;76
4.2.6;References;77
5;Part III The Basin Fill as a Climate and Sea Level Record;80
5.1;4 The Development of the Baltic Sea Basin During the Last 130ka;81
5.1.1;4.1 Introduction;81
5.1.2;4.2 History of the Baltic Sea Prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM);83
5.1.2.1;4.2.1 130--70 ka BP;83
5.1.3;4.3 Late and Postglacial History of the Baltic Sea;88
5.1.3.1;4.3.1 16,00--11,7 ka BP;88
5.1.3.2;4.3.2 11.7--10.7 ka BP;90
5.1.3.3;4.3.3 10.7--9.8 ka BP;92
5.1.3.4;4.3.4 9.8--8.5 (8) ka BP;94
5.1.3.5;4.3.5 8.5 (8) ka BP--Present;95
5.1.3.6;4.3.6 Salinity;96
5.1.3.7;4.3.7 Nutrient Conditions and Hypoxia;97
5.1.4;References;98
5.2;5 Late Quaternary Climate Variations Reflected in Baltic Sea Sediments;104
5.2.1;5.1 Introduction;105
5.2.2;5.2 The Area of Investigation and the Geological Development as a Response to Climate Variability;105
5.2.3;5.3 Methodology;109
5.2.4;5.4 Data;111
5.2.4.1;5.4.1 Seismoacoustic Survey;111
5.2.4.2;5.4.2 Sampling and Sediment Data;111
5.2.4.3;5.4.3 Physical Properties;113
5.2.4.4;5.4.4 Geochemical Data;116
5.2.4.5;5.4.5 Diatomological Data;116
5.2.5;5.5 Results;117
5.2.5.1;5.5.1 Zonation of Basin Sediments;117
5.2.5.2;5.5.2 Spatial Correlation of Late Pleistocene to Holocene Sediments;118
5.2.5.3;5.5.3 Thickness Analysis;119
5.2.5.4;5.5.4 Downhole Facies Variation at the Central Eastern Gotland Basin as Indicator for Holocene Environmental Change;121
5.2.5.4.1;5.5.4.0 Zone A (520--417 cm);124
5.2.5.4.2;5.5.4.0 Zone B1 (417--354 cm);125
5.2.5.4.3;5.5.4.0 Zone B2 (354--333 cm);125
5.2.5.4.4;5.5.4.0 Zone B3 (333--250 cm);125
5.2.5.4.5;5.5.4.0 Zone B4 (250--94 cm);125
5.2.5.4.6;5.5.4.0 Zone B5 (94--48 cm);126
5.2.5.4.7;5.5.4.0 Zone B6 (48--20 cm);126
5.2.5.5;5.5.5 Periodicity (Frequency) Analysis;126
5.2.6;5.6 Discussion;128
5.2.7;5.7 Summary;132
5.2.8;References;133
5.3;6 Geological Structure of the Quaternary Sedimentary Sequence in the Klaipda Strait, Southeastern Baltic;138
5.3.1;6.1 Introduction;139
5.3.2;6.2 Geological Setting;141
5.3.3;6.3 Methods;142
5.3.3.1;6.3.1 Sampling;142
5.3.3.2;6.3.2 IR-OSL Measurements;144
5.3.3.3;6.3.3 Other Investigations;146
5.3.4;6.4 Results;146
5.3.5;6.5 Discussion;147
5.3.6;6.6 Conclusions;149
5.3.7;References;150
6;Part IV Coastline Changes;152
6.1;7 Coastlines of the Baltic Sea -- Zones of Competition Between Geological Processes and a Changing Climate: Examples from the Southern Baltic;153
6.1.1;7.1 Introduction;154
6.1.2;7.2 Area of Investigation;155
6.1.3;7.3 Regional Transgression/Regression Model;157
6.1.4;7.4 Sea Level Change and Palaeogeographic Scenarios;158
6.1.5;7.5 Vertical Displacement of the Earth's Crust;161
6.1.6;7.6 Extreme Sea Level Scenarios (Future Projections);162
6.1.7;7.7 Conclusion;165
6.1.8;References;166
6.2;8 Palaeogeographic Model for the SW Estonian Coastal Zone of the Baltic Sea;169
6.2.1;8.1 Introduction;169
6.2.2;8.2 Study Area;171
6.2.3;8.3 Modelling of Water-Level Change and Palaeocoastlines;171
6.2.3.1;8.3.1 Reconstruction of Water-Level Surfaces;171
6.2.3.2;8.3.2 Water-Level Change Curve for the Pärnu Area;173
6.2.3.3;8.3.3 Temporal and Spatial Water-Level Change Model;178
6.2.3.4;8.3.4 Reconstruction of Palaeocoastlines;179
6.2.4;8.4 Modelling Results;179
6.2.5;8.5 Development of the Baltic Sea Coastline and Stone Age Human Occupations in SW Estonia;186
6.2.6;8.6 Conclusions;189
6.2.7;References;190
6.3;9 Palaeoreconstruction of the Baltic Ice Lake in the Eastern Baltic;193
6.3.1;9.1 Introduction;193
6.3.2;9.2 Methods;195
6.3.3;9.3 Results;196
6.3.3.1;9.3.1 BIL 13,300 cal. years BP (A1);196
6.3.3.2;9.3.2 BIL 12,700 cal. years BP (A2);197
6.3.3.3;9.3.3 BIL 12,200 cal. years BP (BI);197
6.3.3.4;9.3.4 BIL 12,000 cal. years BP (BII);199
6.3.3.5;9.3.5 BIL 11,600 cal. years (BP/BIII);200
6.3.4;9.4 Discussion;201
6.3.5;9.5 Conclusions;203
6.3.6;References;204
6.4;10 Submerged Holocene Wave-Cut Cliffs in the South-eastern Part of the Baltic Sea: Reinterpretation Based on Recent Bathymetrical Data;207
6.4.1;10.1 Introduction;207
6.4.2;10.2 Study Area;208
6.4.3;10.3 Previous Studies;211
6.4.4;10.4 Materials and Methods;214
6.4.5;10.5 Results;215
6.4.6;10.6 Discussion;217
6.4.7;10.7 Conclusions;220
6.4.8;References;220
6.5;11 Drowned Forests in the Gulf of Gda´nsk (Southern Baltic) as an Indicator of the Holocene Shoreline Changes;222
6.5.1;11.1 Introduction;222
6.5.2;11.2 Area, Scope and Methods of Study;223
6.5.3;11.3 Results;227
6.5.4;11.4 Discussion;232
6.5.5;11.5 Summary;233
6.5.6;References;233
6.6;12 Holocene Evolution of the Southern Baltic Sea Coast and Interplay of Sea-Level Variation, Isostasy, Accommodation and Sediment Supply;235
6.6.1;12.1 Introduction;235
6.6.2;12.2 Geographic Setting;236
6.6.3;12.3 Data Acquisition;238
6.6.4;12.4 Investigation Results;240
6.6.4.1;12.4.1 Sea-Level Development;240
6.6.4.2;12.4.2 Relief Prior to Transgression;242
6.6.4.3;12.4.3 Structure and Volume of Coastal Barriers;244
6.6.5;12.5 Discussion and Conclusions;246
6.6.6;12.6 Summary;249
6.6.7;References;251
7;Part V Sediment Dynamics;254
7.1;13 On the Dynamics of ``Almost Equilibrium'' Beaches in Semi-sheltered Bays Along the Southern Coast of the Gulf of Finland;255
7.1.1;13.1 Beaches Along the North Estonian Coast;256
7.1.2;13.2 Forcing Factors of Sediment Transport Processes;258
7.1.2.1;13.2.1 Internal Properties of Beaches beaches ;258
7.1.2.2;13.2.2 Forcing Factors;261
7.1.2.3;13.2.3 Local Sediment Transport;262
7.1.3;13.3 Features of Pirita Beach and Narva-Jõesuu Beach;264
7.1.4;13.4 Equilibrium Profiles and Transport Patterns;267
7.1.5;13.5 Applications for “Almost Equilibrium” Beaches;269
7.1.5.1;13.5.1 Sediment Balance at Pirita Beach;270
7.1.5.2;13.5.2 Sediment Loss from Almost Equilibrium Beaches;271
7.1.5.3;13.5.3 Interplay of Littoral Transport and River Flow at Narva-Jõesuu;273
7.1.6;13.6 Discussion and Conclusions;275
7.1.7;References;277
7.2;14 Modelling Coastline Change of the Darss-Zingst Peninsula with Sedsim;280
7.2.1;14.1 Introduction;281
7.2.2;14.2 Area of Investigation;281
7.2.3;14.3 Methodology;282
7.2.4;14.4 Data;284
7.2.4.1;14.4.1 Digital Elevation Model;284
7.2.4.2;14.4.2 Sediment Map;285
7.2.4.3;14.4.3 Vertical Movement of the Earth's Crust;287
7.2.4.4;14.4.4 Sea Level Change;288
7.2.4.5;14.4.5 Waves;290
7.2.4.6;14.4.6 Events;291
7.2.5;14.5 Results and Discussion;292
7.2.6;14.6 Summary;294
7.2.7;References;295
8;Part VI Interactions Between a Changing Environment and Society;298
8.1;15 Settlement Development in the Shadow of Coastal Changes -- Case Studies from the Baltic Rim;299
8.1.1;15.1 Introduction;299
8.1.2;15.2 Methodology;301
8.1.2.1;15.2.1 Shore-Displacement Models as a Base for Dating Prehistoric Sites;302
8.1.2.2;15.2.2 Archaeological Sites as Sea-Level Index Points;304
8.1.3;15.3 Case Studies -- The Baltic Rim as a Prehistoric Anthroposphere and an Archive of Coastal Change;305
8.1.3.1;15.3.1 Late Palaeolithic Reindeer Hunters Around the Baltic Ice Lake and Yoldia Sea;306
8.1.3.2;15.3.2 Mesolithic and Early Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Fishermen on the Shores of the Ancylus Lake and Littorina Sea;313
8.1.3.3;15.3.3 Seamen and Traders -- The Post-Littorina and Limnaea Seas as a Transportation and Communication Zone;323
8.1.4;15.4 Summary;328
8.1.5;References;330
8.2;16 Geological Hazard Potential at the Baltic Sea and Its Coastal Zone: Examples from the Eastern Gulf of Finland and the Kaliningrad Area;335
8.2.1;16.1 Introduction;335
8.2.1.1;16.1.1 Approaches and Methods of the Geological Hazard Classification and Typology;337
8.2.2;16.2 Materials and Methods;340
8.2.3;16.3 Results;342
8.2.4;16.4 Kaliningrad Area;342
8.2.4.1;16.4.1 Endogenic Processes;342
8.2.4.2;16.4.2 Exogenic Processes;344
8.2.4.2.1;16.4.2.1 Coastal Erosion;344
8.2.4.2.2;16.4.2.2 Sea Bottom Erosion;345
8.2.4.2.3;16.4.2.3 Slope Slides;346
8.2.4.2.4;16.4.2.4 Aeolian Processes;347
8.2.4.2.5;16.4.2.5 Flood and Swamping;347
8.2.5;16.5 Eastern Gulf of Finland;347
8.2.5.1;16.5.1 Endogenic Processes;347
8.2.5.2;16.5.2 Exogenic Processes;348
8.2.5.2.1;16.5.2.1 Coastal Erosion;348
8.2.5.2.2;16.5.2.2 Sea Bottom Erosion and Sediment Flows;350
8.2.5.2.3;16.5.2.3 Ice Impact;353
8.2.5.2.4;16.5.2.4 Slope Slides;353
8.2.5.2.5;16.5.2.5 Sea Bottom Sediment Pollution;353
8.2.6;16.6 General Classification of Geological Hazard Potential of the Eastern Gulf of Finland and the Kaliningrad Area;354
8.2.7;16.7 Discussion and Risk Prevention;355
8.2.8;16.8 Conclusions and Future Work;358
8.2.9;References;359
8.3;17 Seafloor Desertification -- A Future Scenario for the Gulf of Finland?;363
8.3.1;17.1 Introduction;363
8.3.2;17.2 Study Area and Characteristics of the Gulf of Finland;364
8.3.3;17.3 Materials and Methods;366
8.3.4;17.4 Present Situation;366
8.3.5;17.5 Worst Scenario;368
8.3.6;17.6 Discussion;369
8.3.7;References;370
8.4;18 Sources, Dynamics and Management of Phosphorus in a Southern Baltic Estuary;371
8.4.1;18.1 Background and Objectives;371
8.4.2;18.2 Methods and Models;373
8.4.3;18.3 Long-Term Pollution History;375
8.4.4;18.4 Annual Dynamics and the Role of Sediments;377
8.4.5;18.5 Phosphorus Budget in the Lagoon;380
8.4.6;18.6 Phosphorus Load Reductions in the River Basin;382
8.4.7;18.7 Discussion and Conclusion;384
8.4.8;References;385
9;Part VII Hydrogeological Modeling;387
9.1;19 Potential Change in Groundwater Discharge as Response to Varying Climatic Conditions -- An Experimental Model Study at Catchment Scale;388
9.1.1;19.1 Introduction;388
9.1.2;19.2 Materials and Methods;390
9.1.2.1;19.2.1 Balance Concept;390
9.1.2.2;19.2.2 Groundwater Recharge Assessment;391
9.1.2.3;19.2.3 Numerical Groundwater Models Feflow and Modflow;392
9.1.3;19.3 Test Site: Subcatchment at Wismar Bay;392
9.1.4;19.4 Model Assumptions and Results;393
9.1.4.1;19.4.1 Groundwater Recharge;393
9.1.4.2;19.4.2 Finite-Element Model: 'Catchment';394
9.1.4.3;19.4.3 Simplified Finite-Difference Model 'Simple' for Transient Simulation of Sea-Level Rise;396
9.1.5;19.5 Discussion;398
9.1.6;19.6 Conclusion;400
9.1.7;References;400
10;Part VIII Monitoring;402
10.1;20 Monitoring the Bio-optical State of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem with Remote Sensing and AutonomousINTbreak; In Situ Techniques;403
10.1.1;20.1 Introduction;404
10.1.1.1;20.1.1 The Baltic Sea from an Optical Perspective;404
10.1.1.2;20.1.2 Seasonal Variations in Optical Properties;405
10.1.1.3;20.1.3 Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea;405
10.1.1.4;20.1.4 Baltic Sea Ecology Observed from Space;406
10.1.1.5;20.1.5 Bio-optical Properties of Natural Waters;408
10.1.1.6;20.1.6 Historical Trends in Water Quality Assessment;409
10.1.1.7;20.1.7 A Multiscale Approach to Monitoring;411
10.1.2;20.2 Methods Applied;412
10.1.2.1;20.2.1 Remote Sensing Methods;412
10.1.2.1.1;20.2.1.1 Background;412
10.1.2.1.2;20.2.1.2 Ocean Colour Remote Sensing;412
10.1.2.1.3;20.2.1.3 Remote Sensing Products;413
10.1.2.1.4;20.2.1.4 Limitations and Challenges;414
10.1.2.1.5;20.2.1.5 Baltic Sea Remote Sensing;415
10.1.2.1.6;20.2.1.6 Operational Satellite Systems in the Baltic Sea;416
10.1.2.2;20.2.2 Autonomous Systems for Sea-Truthing of Satellite Data;417
10.1.2.2.1;20.2.2.1 The FerryBox System;417
10.1.2.2.2;20.2.2.2 The In Situ Autonomous NASA AERONET-Ocean Colour Stations;418
10.1.3;20.3 Recent Results and Developments;419
10.1.3.1;20.3.1 Assessment of Eutrophication from Space;419
10.1.3.2;20.3.2 Optical Gradients of Inorganic Suspended Matter in Coastal Waters;421
10.1.3.3;20.3.3 Synoptic Use of Remote Sensing and In Situ Techniques;422
10.1.4;20.4 Conclusions and Outlook;424
10.1.5;References;427
11;Index;432