Händle / Händle. Extrusion in Ceramics

1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-27102-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 413 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering Materials and Processes

Frank Handle ¨ 1.1 What to Expect For some time now, I have been toying around with the idea of writing a book about 'Ceramic Extrusion', because to my amazement I have been unable to locate a single existing, comprehensive rundown on the subject - much in contrast to, say, plastic extrusion and despite the fact that there are some outstanding contributions to be found about certain, individual topics, such as those in textbooks by Reed [1], Krause [2], Bender/Handle ¨ [3] et al. By way of analogy to Woody Allen's wonderfully ironic movie entitled 'Eve- thing You Always Wanted to Know about Sex', I originally intended to call this book 'Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Ceramic Extrusion', but - ter giving it some extra thought, I eventually decided on a somewhat soberer title. Nevertheless, my companion writers and I have done our best - considering our target group and their motives - not to revert to the kind of jargon that people use when they think the less understandable it sounds, the more scienti c it appears. This book addresses all those who are looking for a lot or a little general or selective information about ceramic extrusion and its sundry aspects. We realize that most of our readers will not be perusing this book just for fun or out of intellectual curiosity, but because they hope to get some use out of it for their own endeavours.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Händle., Frank

Händle, Frank

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;6
2;List of Contributors;8
3;Acknowledgements;10
4;Introduction;11
4.1;1.1 What to Expect;11
4.2;1.2 History of an Obsession;12
4.3;1.3 About the Various Contributions;15
4.4;1.4 Famous LastWords;18
4.5;References;21
5;Shaping in Ceramic Technology – An Overview;23
5.1;2.1 Dry Pressing;24
5.2;2.2 Extruding;31
5.3;2.3 Slip Casting;33
5.4;References;40
6;Current Classification of Ceramic Materials;44
6.1;3.1 Classification by Application or Chemical-Mineralogical Structure;44
6.2;References;65
7;Types of Extrusion Units;67
7.1;4.1 Classification by the Range of Application;68
7.2;4.2 Classification by the Product to be Extruded;70
7.3;4.3 Classification by the Arrangement of the Auger Shaft and Direction of Column Exit;70
7.4;4.4 Classification by the Diameter of the Extruder Barrel;73
7.5;4.5 Classification by the Number of Auger Shafts;74
7.6;4.6 Classification by the Consistency of the Body to be Processed;76
7.7;4.7 Classification by the Design of the Extruder Barrel;77
7.8;4.8 Classification by the Design and Mounting of the Augers;80
7.9;4.9 Classification by Specific Extrusion Method;81
7.10;4.10 Classification by the Type of De-Airing Device Employed;85
7.11;4.11 Classification by the Extruder Design Features;85
7.12;4.12 Classification by the Design of the De-Airing Mixer;89
7.13;4.13 Classification by the Design Version of the Combined De- Airing Extrusion Unit;89
7.14;References;92
8;A Short History of the Extruder in Ceramics;93
8.1;5.1 The Development of the Extruder and Column Shaping;94
8.2;5.2 The Development of Individual Extruder Components;109
8.3;5.3 The Development of the Vacuum Extruder and Combined De- Airing Extrusion Unit;126
8.4;5.4 The Extruder in the Different Fields of Ceramics;129
8.5;5.5 Chronology of Extrusion in Ceramics;132
8.6;References;135
9;The Principle of the Auger Extruder;137
9.1;6.1 Introduction;137
9.2;6.2 Liquid Phase and Additives;137
9.3;6.3 Physics of Process Steps;138
9.4;6.4 Engineering Implementation;142
9.5;6.5 Other Types of Product;144
9.6;6.6 Range of Product Size and Shape;146
9.7;6.7 Other Technologies;146
9.8;6.8 Final View;147
9.9;References;148
10;Rheology of Ceramic Bodies;149
10.1;7.1 Introduction;149
10.2;7.2 The Material Law;149
10.3;7.3 Dynamic Consideration of Cylindrical-Tube Pressure Flow of Bingham Media with Wall Slippage;156
10.4;7.4 True Flow Curve;158
10.5;7.5 The Rheological Simulation Model;161
10.6;7.6 Summary and Prospects;165
10.7;References;167
11;Rheology and Extrudability of Ceramic Compounds;168
11.1;8.1 Introduction;168
11.2;8.2 Rheological Test Methods for Describing Extrudability;170
11.3;8.3 Summary;178
11.4;References;178
12;Scenarios of Extrusion;179
12.1;9.1 Introduction;179
12.2;9.2 Functioning of Screw Extruders;179
12.3;9.3 Measures;186
12.4;9.4 Conclusion;191
12.5;References;192
13;Laminations in Extrusion;193
13.1;10.1 Definition;193
13.2;10.2 Causes of the Development of Laminations and Different Types of Laminations;194
13.3;10.3 De-Airing Laminations;205
13.4;10.4 Laminations as a Result of Inhomogeneous Body;207
13.5;10.5 Methods for Detection and Evaluation of Laminations;207
13.6;10.6 Opportunities for Minimising Detrimental Effects Caused by Laminations;211
13.7;10.7 Conclusion;214
13.8;References;215
14;Additives for Extrusion;217
14.1;11.1 Introduction;217
14.2;11.2 Additive Types;220
14.3;11.3 The Chemical Structure and Mechanism of Action of Plasticizing Additives;222
14.4;11.4 Summary;225
14.5;References;226
15;Dies, Pressure Heads, Strainer Plates and More;227
15.1;12.1 Outline/Introduction;227
15.2;12.2 Specific Characteristics of Ceramic Extrusion Body with Regard to Shaping;228
15.3;12.3 Factors of Influence to be Considered for the Design of Extrusion Tools;228
15.4;12.4 Combination Pressure Head and Die Assemblies for Technical Ceramics;229
15.5;12.5 Combination Pressure Head and Die Assemblies in Heavy Clay Ceramics;233
15.6;Conclusions;237
15.7;12.6 Brief Overview of Tribomaterials Customarily Employed in Ceramic Extrusion Tools;244
15.8;12.7 Closing Remarks;245
15.9;References;245
16;Twin-Screw Extruders in Ceramic Extrusion;246
16.1;13.1 Introduction;246
16.2;13.2 History of Batch and Continuous Kneading;246
16.3;13.3 Working Principle of Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders;249
16.4;13.4 High-Torque Versus High-Volume Extruders;251
16.5;13.5 Compounding Applications with High Solid Contents;254
16.6;13.6 Ceramic Extrusion Plants;255
16.7;13.7 Summary;262
16.8;References;263
17;Piston Extruders;264
17.1;14.1 Piston Extruders in Ceramics;264
17.2;14.2 Types of Piston Extruder;264
17.3;14.3 The Components of Piston Extruders;265
17.4;14.4 The Pros and Cons of Piston Extruders;275
17.5;14.5 Auxiliary Equipment;275
17.6;14.6 Development;277
17.7;14.7 Literature;278
18;Evacuation in Ceramic Extrusion – Dependences and Local Situations;279
18.1;15.1 Vacuum Measurement;280
18.2;15.2 Percent Vacuum as a Function of Site Elevation, Parameter: Temperature of Extrusion Compound;281
18.3;15.3 Percent Vacuum as a Function of Weather-Induced Differences in Air Pressure Parameter: Temperature of Extrusion Compound;282
18.4;15.4 Physical Interdependences;282
18.5;References;283
19;Evacuation Technology for Ceramic Extrusion;284
19.1;16.1 Introduction;284
19.2;16.2 Liquid-Ring Vacuum Systems;284
19.3;16.3 Vacuum Systems with Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps;287
19.4;16.4 Vacuum Systems with Dry-Running Vacuum Pumps;289
19.5;16.5 Vacuum Pump Combinations;291
19.6;16.6 Components of the Vacuum System;293
19.7;16.7 Control and Regulation;296
19.8;16.8 Summary;296
19.9;References;297
20;Thermoplastic Extrusion for Ceramic Bodies;298
20.1;17.1 Introduction;298
20.2;17.2 Thermoplastic Extrusion Processing;300
20.3;17.3 Thermoplastic Extrusion Processing;304
20.4;17.4 Conclusion;313
20.5;References;313
21;Tribological Principles;315
21.1;18.1 Tribological System;315
21.2;18.2 ElementaryWear Processes;318
21.3;References;322
22;Measures for Protection Against Abrasion on Screws Used in Extruding Ceramic Compounds;323
22.1;19.1 Protection Against Abrasion by Using the Appropriate Material;323
22.2;19.2 Layer-Based Abrasion Protection;325
22.3;References;331
23;Perspectives forWear Reduction with Ceramic Extruder Components;332
23.1;20.1 Introduction;332
23.2;20.2 Properties of Ceramics;332
23.3;20.3 Design and Field Testing of Ceramic Augers;337
23.4;20.4 Application of a Ceramic Auger in the Production Process for Al2O3 Filtration Tubes;343
23.5;20.5 Conclusions and Outlook;346
23.6;References;346
24;Test Methods for Plasticity and Extrusion Behaviour;348
24.1;21.1 Actuating Variables;348
24.2;21.2 Test Methods to Determine Plasticity;355
24.3;References;362
25;Simulation in Ceramic Extrusion;364
25.1;22.1 The Fundamentals;364
25.2;22.2 Solution of the Governing Equations;372
25.3;22.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics for Ceramic Extrusion;374
25.4;References;379
26;Selected Literature;380
27;The Authors of the Book;396
28;Index;410