Groysman Corrosion for Everybody

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3477-9
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 368 Seiten

People seldom enjoy corrosion. They usually perceive it as a nasty phenomenon with which they must cope. Yet many people, far from the corrosion field, come across it because of their professional duty. Lawyers, historians, doctors, architects, philosophers, artists, and archeologists, to name a few, may want or need to understand the principles of corrosion. This volume explains this important topic in a lucid, interesting, and popular form to everybody: to students and young engineers who are only beginning their studies, to scientists and engineers who have dealt with corrosion for many years, and to non-specialists involved in corrosion problems. The book uses a fresh writing style, with some new explanations relating to thermodynamics of oxidation of iron and mild steels in water, reversible and irreversible potential, solubility of oxygen in water and aqueous solutions of electrolytes, corrosion of metals in fuels, corrosion of storage tanks for fuels and their corrosion control, corrosion monitoring in practice, humanitarian aspects of corrosion science and technology (history of the evolution of knowledge about corrosion, relationships between corrosion and philosophy, corrosion and art). Many practical examples of various corrosion phenomena are given.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Groysman, Alec

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;7
2;Preface;12
3;Chapter 1 Corrosion Mechanism and Corrosion Factors;14
3.1;1.1 Definition of Corrosion;14
3.2;1.2 Metals and Non-Metals;16
3.3;1.3 Prediction of Corrosion of Metals;19
3.4;1.4 Corrosion Kinetics;22
3.4.1;1.4.1 Measuring the Corrosion Rate;23
3.4.2;1.4.2 Duration of Corrosion Test;24
3.5;1.5 Corrosion Mechanisms;26
3.5.1;1.5.1 Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes;26
3.5.2;1.5.2 Corrosion of Metals by Non-Electrolytes;27
3.5.3;1.5.3 Corrosion of Metals in the Presence of Electrolytes;27
3.5.4;1.5.4 Reference Electrodes;30
3.5.5;1.5.5 Electromotive Force Series;32
3.5.6;1.5.6 Electrochemical Corrosion Mechanism (Corrosion by Electrolytes);34
3.5.7;1.5.7 Electrochemical Mechanism on a Single Whole Alloy or Metal;37
3.6;1.6 Corrosion of Iron inWater and Aqueous Salt Solutions;43
3.7;1.7 Corrosion of Iron and Carbon Steels in Acids;48
3.8;1.8 Corrosion Factors;50
3.8.1;1.8.1 Influence of pH;51
3.8.2;1.8.2 Influence of Dissolved Salts in Water on Corrosion;54
3.8.2.1;1.8.2.1 Influence of Substances Forming Chemical Complexes with Metals on Corrosion;56
3.8.2.2;1.8.2.2 Influence of Cations Participating in Cathodic Reactions;57
3.8.3;1.8.3 Influence of Electrical Conductance of Media;57
3.8.4;1.8.4 The Influence of Dissolved Oxygen;60
3.8.5;1.8.5 The Influence of Temperature;60
3.9;1.9 Differential Aeration Cell;62
4;Chapter 2 Corrosion Phenomena;65
4.1;2.1 Uniform, or General, Corrosion;65
4.2;2.2 Non-Uniform, or Localized, Corrosion;67
4.3;2.3 Pitting Corrosion;68
4.3.1;2.3.1 Pitting Corrosion Caused by Factors Different from Chlorides;71
4.4;2.4 Galvanic Corrosion;74
4.4.1;2.4.1 Factors Influencing Galvanic Corrosion;75
4.4.2;2.4.2 Galvanic Electromotive Force Series;76
4.4.3;2.4.3 Prediction of Galvanic Corrosion Rate by Means of Electrochemical Polarization Curves;78
4.4.4;2.4.4 Interchange of Electrode Potentials between Dissimilar Metals;79
4.4.5;2.4.5 Ratio between Anode and Cathode Areas;81
4.4.6;2.4.6 The Distance between Anode and Cathode;82
4.4.7;2.4.7 Galvanic Corrosion in the Presence of Corrosion Products on Metals;82
4.4.8;2.4.8 Galvanic Corrosion Caused by the Presence of Metal Cations in Water;83
4.4.9;2.4.9 Galvanic Corrosion in the Atmosphere;83
4.4.10;2.4.10 Methods to Prevent Galvanic Corrosion;84
4.5;2.5 Corrosion That Occurs with the Participation of Microorganisms;84
4.5.1;2.5.1 Existence of Microorganisms;86
4.5.2;2.5.2 Control of Microbiological Activity towards Metals;96
4.5.3;2.5.3 The Prevention of MIC;98
4.5.3.1;2.5.3.1 Use of Biocides;100
4.6;2.6 Erosion – Corrosion and Cavitaion;103
4.6.1;2.6.1 Mechanism of Erosion-Corrosion;105
4.7;2.7 Other Corrosion Phenomena;108
4.7.1;2.7.1 Fretting Corrosion;108
4.7.2;2.7.2 Intergranular Corrosion;109
4.7.3;2.7.3 Dealloying;110
4.7.4;2.7.4 Stress Corrosion Cracking;112
4.7.5;2.7.5 Hydrogen Damages;116
4.7.6;2.7.6 Corrosion Fatigue;119
5;Chapter 3 Corrosion in Natural and Industrial Environments;121
5.1;3.1 Corrosion inWater;121
5.1.1;3.1.1 Prediction of Corrosiveness of Water on the Basis of Chemical Content;126
5.1.2;3.1.2 Methods of Prevention of Metallic Corrosion in Water;127
5.2;3.2 Corrosion in the Atmosphere;127
5.2.1;3.2.1 Factors Influencing the Corrosiveness of the Atmosphere;129
5.2.2;3.2.2 Mechanism of Atmospheric Corrosion;132
5.2.3;3.2.3 Methods of Prevention and Control of the Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals;133
5.3;3.3 Dewpoint Corrosion;138
5.4;3.4 Corrosion under Thermal Insulation;141
5.4.1;3.4.1 Types of Insulation;142
5.4.2;3.4.2 Corrosion Mechanism;143
5.4.3;3.4.3 Prevention of Corrosion under Thermal Insulation;144
5.5;3.5 Corrosion in Fuels;145
5.5.1;3.5.1 Synthetic Chemicals in Gasoline, Polymers, and Ecology;148
5.5.2;3.5.2 Change of Chemical and Physical Properties of Fuels Because of Metallic Corrosion;149
5.6;3.6 Corrosion of Storage Tanks for Fuels and Their Corrosion Control;150
5.6.1;3.6.1 Gasoline ASTs;152
5.6.2;3.6.2 Gas Oil ASTs;152
5.6.3;3.6.3 Heavy Fuel Oil Storage Tanks;153
5.6.4;3.6.4 Crude Oil Storage Tanks;153
5.6.5;3.6.5 Anti-Corrosion Techniques for ASTs;154
5.6.5.1;3.6.5.1 Technological Measures;154
5.6.5.2;3.6.5.2 Organic Coatings;155
5.6.5.3;3.6.5.3 Metallic Coatings;155
5.6.5.4;3.6.5.4 Corrosion Inhibitors;156
5.6.5.5;3.6.5.5 Internal Cathodic Protection;157
5.7;3.7 Corrosion and Corrosion Control in the Presence of Naphthenic Acids;158
5.7.1;3.7.1 Mitigation Measures;161
6;Chapter 4 Corrosion Control Measures;163
6.1;4.1 Use of Coatings;164
6.1.1;4.1.1 Organic Coatings;165
6.1.2;4.1.2 Surface Preparation;168
6.1.2.1;4.1.2.1 Mechanical Methods;168
6.1.2.2;4.1.2.2 Chemical Cleaning;169
6.1.2.3;4.1.2.3 Rust Converters and Surface Tolerant Coatings;170
6.1.2.4;4.1.2.4 Thermal (Flame) Cleaning;171
6.1.3;4.1.3 Selection of Coating System;171
6.1.4;4.1.4 Metallic Coatings;173
6.2;4.2 Electrochemical Methods of Corrosion Control;180
6.2.1;4.2.1 Cathodic Protection;181
6.2.1.1;4.2.1.1 Sacrificial Anodes;183
6.2.1.2;4.2.1.2 Impressed Current System of Cathodic Protection;185
6.2.2;4.2.2 Criteria for Cathodic Protection;185
6.2.3;4.2.3 Use of Organic Coatings Together with Cathodic Protection;187
6.2.4;4.2.4 Limitations and Disadvantages of Cathodic Protection;187
6.3;4.3 Change of Chemistry of the Environment;188
6.3.1;4.3.1 Corrosion Inhibitors;189
6.3.2;4.3.2 Corrosion Inhibitors in Water and Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes;190
6.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Iron and Carbon Steels;190
6.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 Copper;195
6.3.2.3;4.3.2.3 Aluminum;195
6.3.3;4.3.3 Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidic Media (Pickling Inhibitors);195
6.3.4;4.3.4 Mechanism of Corrosion Control with Inhibitors;196
6.3.5;4.3.5 Factors Influencing Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors;197
6.3.6;4.3.6 Inhibitor Efficiency;197
6.3.7;4.3.7 Application of Corrosion Inhibitors and Some Recommendations;198
6.3.8;4.3.8 Inhibitors and Ecology;199
6.3.9;4.3.9 Conclusions;200
7;Chapter 5 Corrosion Monitoring;201
7.1;5.1 Corrosion Allowance;204
7.2;5.2 Corrosion Monitoring Methods;205
7.2.1;5.2.1 Physical Methods of Corrosion Monitoring;207
7.2.1.1;5.2.1.1 Weight Loss (WL) Method;207
7.2.1.2;5.2.1.2 Electrical Resistance (ER) Method;212
7.2.1.3;5.2.1.3 On-Line CorrosionMonitoring at the Overhead of a Crude Distillation Unit at an Oil Refinery;215
7.3;5.3 Controling the Environment (Chemical Analytical, Physico-Chemical, Physical, and Microbiological Methods);220
7.3.1;5.3.1 Monitoring of Microbiological Activity towards Metals;221
7.3.2;5.3.2 Deposit Accumulation Test (Heat Transfer Resistance Method);223
7.3.3;5.3.3 Hydrogen Monitoring;224
7.4;5.4 Electrochemical Methods;225
7.4.1;5.4.1 The Measurement of Oxidation/Reduction (Redox) Potential (ORP);227
7.4.2;5.4.2 The Measurement of the Corrosion Potential of Metallic Equipment;228
7.4.3;5.4.3 Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) Method;229
7.4.4;5.4.4 Electrochemical Noise Measurements (ENM);232
7.4.5;5.4.5 Zero Resistance Ammetry (ZRA);234
7.4.6;5.4.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS);235
7.4.7;5.4.7 Harmonic Distortion Analysis (HDA), or Harmonic Analysis (HA);237
7.5;5.5 Monitoring of the Corrosiveness of the Atmosphere;237
7.6;5.6 On-Line, Real-Time Corrosion Monitoring in Industrial Systems;238
7.7;5.7 Conclusions;239
7.8;References;241
8;Chapter 6 Humanitarian Aspects of Corrosion Science and Technology;243
8.1;6.1 History of the Evolution of Knowledge about Corrosion;243
8.1.1;6.1.1 Ancient Times;244
8.1.1.1;6.1.1.1 Copper;246
8.1.1.2;6.1.1.2 Bronze (“Alloying”) Age;247
8.1.1.3;6.1.1.3 Lead;249
8.1.1.4;6.1.1.4 Iron Age;250
8.1.2;6.1.2 Metals and Mysticism;252
8.1.3;6.1.3 The Alchemy Ages;253
8.1.4;6.1.4 From Alchemy to Chemistry (1500–1791);255
8.1.5;6.1.5 Discovery of New Metals;257
8.1.6;6.1.6 Definition of “Corrosion”;257
8.1.7;6.1.7 “Renaissance” Era (1791–1890);260
8.1.8;6.1.8 “Baroque” Era (1890–1935);268
8.1.9;6.1.9 “Classical” Period (1935–1960);272
8.1.10;6.1.10 “Modern” Period (after 1960);274
8.1.11;6.1.11 Conclusion;275
8.1.11.1;6.1.11.1 A View to the Future;275
8.2;6.2 Corrosion and Philosophy;276
8.2.1;6.2.1 Duality and Uncertainty in Corrosion;277
8.2.2;6.2.2 Dialectics of Corrosion;278
8.2.3;6.2.3 Time in Corrosion, Philosophy and Art;280
8.2.4;6.2.4 Corrosion and Entropy;281
8.2.5;6.2.5 Beneficial Applications of Corrosion Phenomena;282
8.3;6.3 Corrosion and Art;285
8.3.1;6.3.1 Philosophy of Links between Corrosion and Art;297
9;Appendix A Thermodynamics of Oxidation of Iron and Carbon Steels in Water;299
9.1;A.1 Reactions of Iron and Steels with Water;299
9.2;A.2 Thermodynamics of Oxidation of Ferrous Ions with Oxygen in Aqueous Solutions;301
9.3;A.3 Reaction of Pure Iron Fe with Ferric Cations Fe3+ in Aqueous Solutions;301
9.4;References;302
10;Appendix B Reversible and Irreversible Electrode Potential;303
10.1;B.1 Reversible Potential;303
10.2;B.2 Corrosion Potential;304
10.3;B.3 Distinction between Reversible and Corrosion Electrode Potential;306
10.4;B.4 Influence of Temperature on Reversible Electrode Potential of Iron in Aqueous Solutions;307
10.5;References;310
11;Appendix C Electrochemical Kinetics and Polarization Curves;311
11.1;C.1 Polarization;312
11.2;C.2 The Causes of Polarization;315
11.3;C.3 Polarization Curves;317
11.4;References;318
12;Appendix D Passivity;319
12.1;References;323
13;Appendix E Solubility of Oxygen inWater and Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes;324
13.1;E.1 Influence of Temperature on Solubility of Oxygen in Water;324
13.2;E.2 Influence of Pressure on Solubility of Oxygen in Water;324
13.3;E.3 Influence of Type and Concentration of Electrolyte on Oxygen Solubility in Water;325
13.4;References;327
14;Appendix F Chemical Compositions of Alloys;328
15;Appendix G Biocides Used in Industry;331
15.1;References;331
16;Appendix H Physico-Chemical Properties of Crude Oil, Petroleum Distillates/Fuels, Naphthenic, and Some Aliphatic Acids;335
17;Appendix I Identification of Corrosion Products Accordingto Their Colors;339
18;Postscript;346
19;Color Section;348
20;Index;374