E-Book, Englisch, Band I, 444 Seiten
Reihe: Adolescent Medicine
ISBN: 978-3-11-025570-6
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Zielgruppe
Practicing Physicians, Clinicians, Health Professionals working with adolescents
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Allgemeinmedizin, Familienmedizin
- Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Pharmakotherapie, Psychopharmakotherapie
- Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Pharmakologie, Toxikologie
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Forword;17
2;Contributors;19
3;Abbreviations;21
4;1 Introduction – Adolescent medicine: Pharmacotherapeutics in general, mental, and sexual health;27
5;2 Overview on adolescence;35
5.1;2.1 Introduction;35
5.1.1;2.1.1 Terminology;35
5.1.2;2.1.2 Demography of adolescent population;36
5.1.3;2.1.3 Normal adolescent sexuality stages;36
5.1.4;2.1.4 The process of CNS maturation;38
5.2;2.2 Puberty;38
5.3;2.3 Sexual behavior;41
5.3.1;2.3.1 Homosexuality;45
5.3.2;2.3.2 Prevalence;46
5.3.3;2.3.3 Caring for the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) youth;47
5.3.4;2.3.4 The adolescent sex offender;47
5.4;2.4 Health status of adolescents;47
5.4.1;2.4.1 Mental health;48
5.4.2;2.4.2 Youth violence;49
5.4.3;2.4.3 Mortality;50
5.4.4;2.4.4 Homicide and suicide;50
5.4.5;2.4.5 Motor vehicle accidents;51
5.4.6;2.4.6 Abuse;51
5.4.7;2.4.7 Dating violence;52
5.4.8;2.4.8 Runaway and homeless youth;52
5.5;2.5 Caring for adolescents;53
5.5.1;2.5.1 Involvement of parents;53
5.5.2;2.5.2 Confidentiality;59
5.6;2.6 Immunizations;60
5.7;2.7 Counseling;61
5.8;2.8 Conclusions;61
6;3 Concepts of health care in adolescents in the twenty-first century;65
6.1;3.1 Introduction;65
6.2;3.2 Adolescents: The population;65
6.2.1;3.2.1 Financing of the adolescent population;66
6.2.2;3.2.2 Subgroups of the adolescent population;66
6.2.3;3.2.3 Complexity of the adolescent population;67
6.3;3.3 Use of modern health-ITs;68
6.3.1;3.3.1 Text messaging;68
6.3.2;3.3.2 Internet;68
6.3.3;3.3.3 Multifaceted approaches;69
6.4;3.4 Challenges: Use of modern health-ITs;70
6.4.1;3.4.1 Accuracy and validity of data and data sources;70
6.4.2;3.4.2 Privacy and security responsibilities;70
6.4.3;3.4.3 Health literacy and health-IT literacy;71
6.4.4;3.4.4 Cost and lack of revenue;72
6.5;3.5 Opportunities: Use of modern health-ITs;73
6.5.1;3.5.1 Provider-adolescent engagement at visit;73
6.5.2;3.5.2 Provider-adolescent engagement between visits;73
6.5.3;3.5.3 Provider-provider engagement;75
6.6;3.6 Practicalities: Use of modern health-ITs;77
6.7;3.7 Conclusions;78
7;4 Principles of pharmacology;81
7.1;4.1 Introduction;81
7.2;4.2 Pharmacokinetics;81
7.2.1;4.2.1 Absorption;81
7.2.2;4.2.2 Distribution;82
7.2.3;4.2.3 Metabolism;83
7.2.4;4.2.4 Excretion;84
7.2.5;4.2.5 Drug dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring;85
7.3;4.3 Pharmacodynamics;86
7.4;4.4 Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics;87
7.5;4.5 Conclusions;90
8;5 Basic concepts of neurotransmission;93
8.1;5.1 Introduction;93
8.2;5.2 Neurotransmission;93
8.2.1;5.2.1 The neuron;93
8.2.2;5.2.2 The synapse;94
8.2.3;5.2.3 Chemical neurotransmission;95
8.3;5.3 Allosteric modulation;96
8.4;5.4 Nonsynaptic (volume) neurotransmission;96
8.5;5.5 Divergence and covergence;96
8.5.1;5.5.1 Agonists and antagonists;96
8.6;5.6 Major neurotransmitter systems;97
8.6.1;5.6.1 Cholinergic system;97
8.6.2;5.6.2 Dopaminergic system;97
8.6.3;5.6.3 GABAergic system;98
8.6.4;5.6.4 Glutamatergic system;99
8.6.5;5.6.5 Noradrenergic system;99
8.6.6;5.6.6 Serotonergic system;100
8.7;5.7 Conclusions;100
9;6 Genetics and adolescent medicine;105
9.1;6.1 Introduction;105
9.2;6.2 How genetic disease occurs;105
9.3;6.3 Chromosomal inheritance;105
9.4;6.4 Single gene disorders;106
9.5;6.5 Multifactorial inheritance and complex traits;107
9.6;6.6 Other etiologies;109
9.6.1;6.6.1 UPD;109
9.6.2;6.6.2 Imprinting;109
9.6.3;6.6.3 Mitochondrial disorders;109
9.6.4;6.6.4 Syndromes associated with SCD as an example;109
9.6.5;6.6.5 Syndromes associated with the structurally normal heart;110
9.6.6;6.6.6 Syndromes associated with the structural heart disease;110
9.6.7;6.6.7 Factors to be considered regarding the syndromes associated with SCD;111
9.7;6.7 Complex disorders: Behavioral phenotypes as an example;111
9.7.1;6.7.1 Smoking behavior;111
9.7.2;6.7.2 Alcohol and drug use;112
9.7.3;6.7.3 Eating disorders;113
9.8;6.8 Predispositional testing;114
9.9;6.9 Conclusions;115
10;7 Concepts of emergency care;119
10.1;7.1 Introduction;119
10.2;7.2 Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS);120
10.3;7.3 Anaphylaxis;121
10.4;7.4 Asthma;122
10.5;7.5 Conclusions;124
11;8 Concepts of surgical disorders in adolescents;125
11.1;8.1 Introduction;125
11.2;8.2 Abdominal surgery;125
11.2.1;8.2.1 Esophagus;125
11.2.2;8.2.2 Stomach;132
11.2.3;8.2.3 Small bowel;136
11.2.4;8.2.4 Billiary system;147
11.3;8.3 Bariatric surgery;151
11.3.1;8.3.1 Etiology;151
11.3.2;8.3.2 Clinical presentation;151
11.3.3;8.3.3 Workup;151
11.3.4;8.3.4 Treatment;152
11.3.5;8.3.5 Follow-up;154
11.4;8.4 Abdominal wall hernias;154
11.4.1;8.4.1 Etiology;154
11.4.2;8.4.2 Clinical presentation;154
11.4.3;8.4.3 Differential diagnosis;155
11.4.4;8.4.4 Workup;155
11.4.5;8.4.5 Treatment;155
11.4.6;8.4.6 Follow-up;156
11.5;8.5 Breast disease;156
11.5.1;8.5.1 Breast mass;156
11.5.2;8.5.2 Gynecomastia;157
11.6;8.6 Endocrine surgery;158
11.6.1;8.6.1 Thyroid disorders;158
11.6.2;8.6.2 Adrenal tumors;161
11.7;8.7 Skin and soft-tissue lesions;162
11.7.1;8.7.1 Benign skin lesions;162
11.7.2;8.7.2 Malignant lesions;163
11.7.3;8.7.3 STSs;165
11.8;8.8 Conclusions;167
12;9 Concepts of psychotherapy in adolescents;171
12.1;9.1 Introduction;171
12.2;9.2 Definition;171
12.3;9.3 Epidemiology;174
12.3.1;9.3.1 Controversey surrounding the use of evidence-based treatment approaches;175
12.3.2;9.3.2 Obstacles to psychopharmacotherapy;175
12.3.3;9.3.3 Obstacles to psychotherapy;176
12.3.4;9.3.4 Insurance providers;176
12.3.5;9.3.5 Access to therapists;176
12.3.6;9.3.6 Differential diagnosis;177
12.3.7;9.3.7 Treatment modalities used with adolescents;177
12.4;9.4 Management;179
12.5;9.5 Conclusions;179
13;MENTAL HEALTH;181
13.1;10 Substance abuse disorders;183
13.1.1;10.1 Introduction;183
13.1.2;10.2 Alcohol;188
13.1.2.1;10.2.1 Alcohol abuse management;194
13.1.3;10.3 Tobacco;197
13.1.3.1;10.3.1 Management of tobacco abuse;198
13.1.4;10.4 Marijuana;205
13.1.5;10.5 Amphetamines;207
13.1.5.1;10.5.1 Methamphetamine;208
13.1.6;10.6 Cocaine;209
13.1.6.1;10.6.1 Management of cocaine addiction;209
13.1.7;10.7 Opioids;211
13.1.7.1;10.7.1 Heroin;212
13.1.7.2;10.7.2 Naltrexone;215
13.1.7.3;10.7.3 Methadone;215
13.1.7.4;10.7.4 Buprenorphine;216
13.1.7.5;10.7.5 LAAM;216
13.1.8;10.8 Hallucinogens;216
13.1.9;10.9 MDMA (Ecstasy);217
13.1.10;10.10 Date rape drugs;218
13.1.10.1;10.10.1 Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol®);219
13.1.10.2;10.10.2 GHB;219
13.1.10.3;10.10.3 Ketamine;219
13.1.11;10.11 Inhalant drugs;219
13.1.12;10.12 Sedatives;222
13.1.12.1;10.12.1 BZDs;222
13.1.12.2;10.12.2 Barbiturates;222
13.1.13;10.13 Conclusions;223
13.2;11 Pharmacotherapy of adolescent attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder;227
13.2.1;11.1 Introduction;227
13.2.2;11.2 Assessment and treatment principles;228
13.2.2.1;11.2.1 Diagnosis;228
13.2.2.2;11.2.2 Diagnostic workup;228
13.2.2.3;11.2.3 Discussing treatment options, medications, and monitoring with patients and caretakers;228
13.2.3;11.3 Psychopharmacology of ADHD;230
13.2.4;11.4 FDA-approved stimulant agents;231
13.2.4.1;11.4.1 AMP preparations;233
13.2.4.2;11.4.2 Short-acting AMP formulations (about 6 hours’ duration);233
13.2.4.3;11.4.3 Long-acting AMP formulations (about 8–10 hours’ duration);233
13.2.4.4;11.4.4 Prodrug formulation;234
13.2.4.5;11.4.5 MPH preparations;235
13.2.4.6;11.4.6 Oral short-acting MPH formulations (about 3–5 hours’ duration);236
13.2.4.7;11.4.7 Oral intermediate-acting MPH formulations (about 8 hours’ duration);237
13.2.4.8;11.4.8 Long-acting MPH formulations (about 12 hours’ duration);237
13.2.4.9;11.4.9 MPH transdermal formulation;238
13.2.5;11.5 Special safety considerations regarding stimulants;238
13.2.5.1;11.5.1 Growth;238
13.2.5.2;11.5.2 Tics;239
13.2.5.3;11.5.3 Cardiovascular effects;239
13.2.6;11.6 FDA-approved nonstimulant agents;240
13.2.6.1;11.6.1 Atomoxetine (Strattera);240
13.2.6.2;11.6.2 Guanfacine XR (Intuniv);242
13.2.6.3;11.6.3 Clonidine XR (Kapvay);242
13.2.7;11.7 Non-FDA-approved treatments;243
13.2.8;11.8 General treatment guidelines;243
13.2.8.1;11.8.1 Child versus adolescent symptom presentation;243
13.2.8.2;11.8.2 ADHD and driving;244
13.2.8.3;11.8.3 Abuse potential;244
13.2.8.4;11.8.4 Differential diagnosis versus comorbidity;244
13.2.8.5;11.8.5 Pretreatment procedures;245
13.2.8.6;11.8.6 Choosing a starting agent;245
13.2.8.7;11.8.7 Short-versus long-acting stimulant formulations;245
13.2.8.8;11.8.8 AMP versus MPH;245
13.2.8.9;11.8.9 Medication titration;246
13.2.8.10;11.8.10 What to do when side effects develop;246
13.2.8.11;11.8.11 Nonimprovement using FDA-approved treatments;246
13.2.8.12;11.8.12 Duration of successful treatment;246
13.2.9;11.9 Summary;247
13.3;12 Disorders of disruption, violence, and cognitive abilities;253
13.3.1;12.1 Introduction;253
13.3.2;12.2 Definitions;253
13.3.2.1;12.2.1 Disruptive behavior disorders;253
13.3.2.2;12.2.2 ODD;253
13.3.2.3;12.2.3 CD;254
13.3.2.4;12.2.4 Developmental disorders (DDs);254
13.3.2.5;12.2.5 Aggression and violence;254
13.3.3;12.3 Epidemiology;255
13.3.4;12.4 Differential diagnosis;256
13.3.4.1;12.4.1 SUDs;256
13.3.4.2;12.4.2 GMCs;258
13.3.4.3;12.4.3 Psychiatric disorders;259
13.3.4.4;12.4.4 DDs;260
13.3.5;12.5 Management;261
13.3.5.1;12.5.1 SUDs;262
13.3.5.2;12.5.2 GMCs;262
13.3.5.3;12.5.3 Psychiatric disorders;263
13.3.5.4;12.5.4 DDs;264
13.3.6;12.6 Summary;264
13.4;13 Mood disorders;269
13.4.1;13.1 Introduction;269
13.4.2;13.2 Epidemiology;269
13.4.3;13.3 Differential diagnosis;271
13.4.4;13.4 Management;271
13.4.4.1;13.4.1 Depressive disorders;271
13.4.4.2;13.4.2 BDs;274
13.4.4.3;13.4.3 Mood disorder NOS;278
13.4.5;13.5 Conclusion;278
13.5;14 Anxiety disorders;281
13.5.1;14.1 Introduction;281
13.5.1.1;14.1.1 SAD;281
13.5.1.2;14.1.2 Panic disorder;282
13.5.1.3;14.1.3 GAD;282
13.5.1.4;14.1.4 Social anxiety disorder;283
13.5.1.5;14.1.5 OCD;283
13.5.1.6;14.1.6 Specific phobia;283
13.5.2;14.2 Epidemiology;284
13.5.3;14.3 Differential diagnosis;284
13.5.4;14.4 Management;285
13.5.4.1;14.4.1 Role of parents;285
13.5.4.2;14.4.2 Role of teachers;285
13.5.4.3;14.4.3 Psychotherapy;286
13.5.4.4;14.4.4 Pharmacotherapy;286
13.5.4.5;14.4.5 SSRIs;286
13.5.4.6;14.4.6 Other agents;288
13.5.4.7;14.4.7 Treatment of comorbidities;290
13.5.5;14.5 Conclusions;291
13.6;15 Schizophrenia;295
13.6.1;15.1 Introduction;295
13.6.1.1;15.1.1 Delusions;296
13.6.1.2;15.1.2 Hallucinations;296
13.6.1.3;15.1.3 Disorganized speech;296
13.6.1.4;15.1.4 Disorganized behavior;296
13.6.1.5;15.1.5 Negative symptoms;296
13.6.2;15.2 Diagnosis;296
13.6.2.1;15.2.1 Premorbid symptoms;297
13.6.3;15.3 Epidemiology;297
13.6.4;15.4 Differential diagnosis;298
13.6.4.1;15.4.1 Substance use disorders (SUDs) and drug intoxications;298
13.6.4.2;15.4.2 Bipolar disorder (BD);299
13.6.4.3;15.4.3 Anxiety disorder;300
13.6.5;15.5 Treatment;300
13.6.5.1;15.5.1 Consultations;300
13.6.5.2;15.5.2 Atypical antipsychotics;302
13.6.5.3;15.5.3 Clozapine;303
13.6.5.4;15.5.4 Typical antipsychotics;303
13.6.5.5;15.5.5 Psychosocial interventions;305
13.6.6;15.6 Conclusions;305
14;SEXUAL AND GYNECOLOGIC HEALTH;309
14.1;16 The adolescent breast;311
14.1.1;16.1 Introduction;311
14.1.2;16.2 Clinician’s breast examination;311
14.1.3;16.3 Congenital anomalies;312
14.1.3.1;16.3.1 Athelia and amastia;312
14.1.3.2;16.3.2 Polythelia and polymastia;312
14.1.3.3;16.3.3 Other nipple anomalies;312
14.1.4;16.4 Asymmetric breast development;313
14.1.5;16.5 Underdeveloped breasts;313
14.1.5.1;16.5.1 Tuberous breasts;314
14.1.6;16.6 Virginal hypertrophy;314
14.1.7;16.7 Breast masses;314
14.1.7.1;16.7.1 Cystosarcoma phylloides;316
14.1.7.2;16.7.2 Cystic breast disease;317
14.1.7.3;16.7.3 Fibrocystic change;318
14.1.8;16.8 Nipple discharge;319
14.1.9;16.9 Summary;324
14.2;17 Menstrual disorders in the adolescent female;327
14.2.1;17.1 Introduction;327
14.2.1.1;17.1.1 Adolescent menstrual patterns;327
14.2.2;17.2 Amenorrhea;328
14.2.2.1;17.2.1 Amenorrhea in adolescent athletes;334
14.2.2.2;17.2.2 Management of amenorrhea;335
14.2.2.3;17.2.3 Management of PCOS;336
14.2.2.4;17.2.4 DUB;337
14.2.2.5;17.2.5 DUB management;340
14.2.2.6;17.2.6 Absence of anemia or mild anemia;340
14.2.2.7;17.2.7 Moderate anemia;341
14.2.2.8;17.2.8 Management of DUB due to coagulation disorders;342
14.2.2.9;17.2.9 Other DUB management options;343
14.2.3;17.3 Dysmenorrhea;343
14.2.3.1;17.3.1 Etiology;345
14.2.3.2;17.3.2 Primary dysmenorrhea management;345
14.2.3.3;17.3.3 Secondary dysmenorrhea;347
14.2.4;17.4 Endometriosis;348
14.2.4.1;17.4.1 Symptomatology;348
14.2.4.2;17.4.2 Diagnosis;349
14.2.4.3;17.4.3 Management of endometriosis;351
14.2.5;17.5 PMS;352
14.2.5.1;17.5.1 Management of PMS;354
14.2.6;17.6 Summary;355
14.3;18 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);357
14.3.1;18.1 Introduction;357
14.3.2;18.2 C. trachomatis;360
14.3.3;18.3 Cervicitis;361
14.3.4;18.4 Urethritis and epididymitis;362
14.3.5;18.5 N. gonorrhoeae;362
14.3.6;18.6 PID;363
14.3.7;18.7 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome;366
14.3.8;18.8 DGI;366
14.3.9;18.9 HSV;367
14.3.10;18.10 T. vaginalis;369
14.3.11;18.11 BV;370
14.3.12;18.12 HPV;371
14.3.13;18.13 Vulvovaginitis;374
14.3.14;18.14 Physiological leukorrhea;375
14.3.15;18.15 C. albicans;375
14.3.16;18.16 Miscellaneous STDs;377
14.3.17;18.17 Homosexuality and STDs in adolescents;380
14.3.17.1;18.17.1 HIV/AIDS;380
14.3.18;18.18 Conclusions;385
14.4;19 Contraception in adolescents;387
14.4.1;19.1 Introduction;387
14.4.2;19.2 Oral contraceptives (OCPs; combined oral contraceptives [COCs]);390
14.4.2.1;19.2.1 Contraindications to OCPs/COCs;393
14.4.2.2;19.2.2 Cardiovascular risks and OCPs;395
14.4.2.3;19.2.3 OCPs and miscellaneous risks;396
14.4.3;19.3 Transdermal hormonal contraception;396
14.4.4;19.4 NuvaRing vaginal ring;397
14.4.5;19.5 POPs;397
14.4.6;19.6 ECs;397
14.4.7;19.7 Injectable contraceptives;398
14.4.8;19.8 IUD;400
14.4.9;19.9 Barrier methods;401
14.4.9.1;19.9.1 Diaphragm and vaginal spermicides;401
14.4.9.2;19.9.2 Cervical cap;402
14.4.9.3;19.9.3 Vaginal contraceptive sponge;403
14.4.9.4;19.9.4 Female condom;403
14.4.9.5;19.9.5 Male condom;403
14.4.10;19.10 Summary;403
14.4.11;19.11 Internet sites;403
14.5;20 Adolescent pregnancy;413
14.5.1;20.1 Introduction;413
14.5.2;20.2 Risks of adolescent pregnancy;415
14.5.3;20.3 Risks for children of adolescents;418
14.5.4;20.4 Adolescent fathers;420
14.5.5;20.5 Abortion;420
14.5.6;20.6 Prevention of adolescent pregnancy and pregnancy complications;420
14.5.7;20.7 Mental health;421
14.5.8;20.8 Conclusions;422
15;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;425
15.1;21 About the editors;427
15.2;22 About the Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University/Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States;429
15.3;23 About the Division of Adolescent Medicine at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States;431
15.4;24 About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel;433
16;Index;437
