Green Third Generation Photovoltaics

Advanced Solar Energy Conversion
1. Auflage 2003. 2. printing 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-26563-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 12, 160 Seiten

Reihe: Springer Series in Photonics

Photovoltaics, the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity, is now the fastest growing technology for electricity generation. Present `first generation` products use the same silicon wafers as in microelectronics. `Second generation` thin-films, now entering the market, have the potential to greatly improve the economics by eliminating material costs. Martin Green, one of the world’s foremost photovoltaic researchers, argues in this book that `second generation` photovoltaics will eventually reach its own material cost constraints, engendering a `third generation` of high performance thin-films. The book explores, self-consistently, the energy conversion potential of advanced approaches for improving photovoltaic performance and outlines possible implementation paths.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Green, Martin A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
2;Table of Contents;9
3;1 Introduction;12
3.1;1.1 “Twenty-Twenty Vision”;12
3.2;1.2 The Three Generations;12
3.3;1.3 Outline of Options;15
3.4;Exercise;16
3.5;References;16
4;2 Black-Bodies, White Suns;18
4.1;2.1 Introduction;18
4.2;2.2 Black-Body Radiation;18
4.3;2.3 Black-Body in a Cavity;21
4.4;2.4 Angular Dependence of Emitted Radiation;22
4.5;2.5 Direct and Diffuse Efficiencies;26
4.6;2.6 Black-Body Emission Properties;27
4.7;Exercise;30
4.8;References;30
5;3 Energy, Entropy and Efficiency;32
5.1;3.1 Introduction;32
5.2;3.2 Energy and Entropy Conservation;32
5.3;3.3 Carnot Efficiency;33
5.4;3.4 Landsberg Limit;35
5.5;3.5 Black-Body Limit;36
5.6;3.6 Multi-Colour Limit;38
5.7;3.7 Non-Reciprocal Systems;40
5.8;3.8 Ultimate System;41
5.9;3.9 Omnidirectional Global Converters;42
5.10;3.10 Summary;43
5.11;Exercise;44
5.12;References;44
6;4 Single Junction Cells;46
6.1;4.1 Efficiency Losses;46
6.2;4.2 Shockley-Queisser Formulation;49
6.3;4.3 Hot Photons ( Chemical Potential of Light);51
6.4;4.4 Einstein Coefficients;54
6.5;4.5 Photon Boltzmann Equation;56
6.6;4.6 General Cell Analysis;60
6.7;4.7 Lasing Conditions;61
6.8;4.8 Photon Spatial Distributions;62
6.9;4.9 Effect of Sample Thickness;65
6.10;4.10 Thermodynamics of Single Junction Cell;66
6.11;Exercises;68
6.12;References;68
7;5 Tandem Cells;70
7.1;5.1 Spectrum Splitting and Stacking;70
7.2;5.2 Split-Spectrum Cells;71
7.3;5.3 Stacked Cells;72
7.4;5.4 Two Terminal Operation;74
7.5;5.5 Infinite Number of Cells;75
7.6;5.6 Approximate Solution;76
7.7;5.7 Thermodynamics of the Infinite Stack;77
7.8;Exercises;77
7.9;References;77
8;6 Hot Carrier Cells;80
8.1;6.1 Introduction;80
8.2;6.2 Relevant Time Constants;80
8.3;6.3 Ross And Nozik’s Analysis;83
8.4;6.4 Simplification for Eg = 0;88
8.5;6.5 Würfel’s Analysis;88
8.6;6.6 Possible Low Dimensional Implementation;90
8.7;Exercise;91
8.8;References;91
9;7 Multiple Electron-Hole Pairs per Photon;92
9.1;7.1 Introduction;92
9.2;7.2 Multiple-Carrier Photon Emission;93
9.3;7.3 Limiting Performance;94
9.4;7.4 Comparison with Würfel’s Analysis;96
9.5;7.5 Possible Implementation;97
9.6;7.6 Generalised Analysis;97
9.7;7.7 Raman Luminescence;99
9.8;Exercises;103
9.9;References;103
10;8 Impurity Photovoltaic and Multiband Cells;106
10.1;8.1 Introduction;106
10.2;8.2 3-Band Cell;108
10.3;8.3 Photon Absorption Selectivity;109
10.4;8.4 Absorption Leakage Loss;113
10.5;8.5 Other Possible Multigap Schemes;115
10.6;8.6 Impurity Photovoltaic Effect;117
10.7;8.7 Up-and Down-Conversion;118
10.8;Exercises;118
10.9;References;119
11;9 Thermophotovoltaic and Thermophotonic Conversion;122
11.1;9.1 Introduction;122
11.2;9.2 Solar Thermal Conversion;124
11.3;9.3 Thermophotovoltaic Conversion;125
11.4;9.4 Thermophotonics;129
11.5;Exercises;133
11.6;References;133
12;10 Conclusions;136
12.1;References;137
13;Appendix A;139
13.1;Greek Alphabet;139
14;Appendix B;141
14.1;Physical Constants;141
15;Appendix C;142
15.1;Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Integrals;142
15.2;C.1 Functional Expressions;142
15.3;C.2 General Properties;143
15.4;C.3 Special Cases;143
15.5;C.4 Approximate Expressions;144
15.6;C.5 More General Integrals;145
15.7;References;147
16;Appendix D;148
16.1;List Of Symbols;148
17;Appendix E;150
17.1;Quasi-Fermi Levels;150
17.2;E.1 Introduction;150
17.3;E.2 Thermal Equilibrium;150
17.4;E.3 Non-Equilibrium;151
17.5;E.4 Interfaces;152
17.6;E.5 Non-Equilibrium P-N Junction;153
17.7;E.6 Use Of Quasi-Fermi Levels;154
18;Appendix F;158
18.1;Solutions to Selected Problems ;158
18.2;Exercise 2.1;158
18.3;Exercise 3.1;159
18.4;Exercise 4.1;160
18.5;Exercise 4.3;161
18.6;Exercise 5.1;164
18.7;Exercise 5.2;165
18.8;Exercise 6.1;165
18.9;Exercise 7.1;166
18.10;Exercise 8.1;167
18.11;References;168
19;Index;170