Grayver Implementing Software Defined Radio

1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-1-4419-9332-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 270 Seiten

Software Defined Radio makes wireless communications easier, more efficient, and more reliable. This book bridges the gap between academic research and practical implementation. When beginning a project, practicing engineers, technical managers, and graduate students can save countless hours by considering the concepts presented in these pages. The author covers the myriad options and trade-offs available when selecting an appropriate hardware architecture. As demonstrated here, the choice between hardware- and software-centric architecture can mean the difference between meeting an aggressive schedule and bogging down in endless design iterations. Because of the author's experience overseeing dozens of failed and successful developments, he is able to present many real-life examples. Some of the key concepts covered are: Choosing the right architecture for the market - laboratory, military, or commercial, Hardware platforms - FPGAs, GPPs, specialized and hybrid devices, Standardization efforts to ensure interoperability and portabilitym State-of-the-art components for radio frequency, mixed-signal, and baseband processing.The text requires only minimal knowledge of wireless communications; whenever possible, qualitative arguments are used instead of equations. An appendix provides a quick overview of wireless communications and introduces most of the concepts the readers will need to take advantage of  the material. An essential introduction to SDR, this book is sure to be an invaluable addition to any technical bookshelf.

Dr. Grayver is a Senior Engineering Specialist at the Aerospace Corporation.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Grayver, Eugene

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Implementing Software Defined Radio;2
1.1;Preface;5
1.2;Acknowledgments;7
1.3;Contents;8
1.4;Abbreviations;12
1.5;1 What is a Radio?;16
1.6;2 What Is a Software-Defined Radio?;19
1.7;3 Why SDR?;23
1.7.1;3.1…Adaptive Coding and Modulation;24
1.7.1.1;3.1.1 ACM Implementation Considerations;30
1.7.2;3.2…Dynamic Bandwidth and Resource Allocation ;31
1.7.3;3.3…Hierarchical Cellular Network;33
1.7.4;3.4…Cognitive Radio;34
1.7.5;3.5…Green Radio;39
1.7.6;3.6…When Things go Really Wrong;40
1.7.6.1;3.6.1 Unexpected Channel Conditions;41
1.7.6.2;3.6.2 Hardware Failure;41
1.7.6.3;3.6.3 Unexpected Interference;42
1.7.7;3.7…ACM Case Study;43
1.7.7.1;3.7.1 Radio and Link Emulation;44
1.7.7.2;3.7.2 Cross-Layer Error Mitigation;46
1.7.7.2.1;3.7.2.1 Performance Evaluation with a Traffic Analyzer;46
1.7.7.2.2;3.7.2.2 Performance Evaluation with Real-Time Video Streaming;48
1.8;4 Disadvantages of SDR;50
1.8.1;4.1…Cost and Power;50
1.8.2;4.2…Complexity;51
1.8.3;4.3…Limited Scope;53
1.9;5 Signal Processing Devices;55
1.9.1;5.1…General Purpose Processors;55
1.9.2;5.2…Digital Signal Processors;56
1.9.3;5.3…Field Programmable Gate Arrays;56
1.9.4;5.4…Specialized Processing Units;59
1.9.4.1;5.4.1 Tilera Tile Processor;61
1.9.5;5.5…Application-Specific Integrated Circuit;63
1.9.6;5.6…Hybrid Solutions;63
1.9.7;5.7…Choosing a DSP Solution;64
1.10;6 Signal Processing Architectures;67
1.10.1;6.1…GPP-Based SDR;67
1.10.1.1;6.1.1 Nonrealtime Radios;70
1.10.1.2;6.1.2 High-Throughput GPP-Based SDR;72
1.10.2;6.2…FPGA-Based SDR;72
1.10.2.1;6.2.1 Separate Configurations;73
1.10.2.2;6.2.2 Multi-Waveform Configuration;73
1.10.2.3;6.2.3 Partial Reconfiguration;74
1.10.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Partial Reconfiguration for ACM;74
1.10.2.3.2;6.2.3.2 Simplex Spread-Spectrum Transceiver with FEC;76
1.10.2.3.3;6.2.3.3 Cognitive Radio;77
1.10.2.3.4;6.2.3.4 Hardware Acceleration;77
1.10.2.3.5;6.2.3.5 Partial Reconfiguration in the Virtex-4;78
1.10.2.3.6;6.2.3.6 Wires on Demand;80
1.10.3;6.3…Host Interface;80
1.10.3.1;6.3.1 Memory-Mapped Interface to Hardware;81
1.10.3.1.1;6.3.1.1 Acknowledge Signals;84
1.10.3.2;6.3.2 Packet Interface;85
1.10.4;6.4…Architecture for FPGA-Based SDR;85
1.10.4.1;6.4.1 Configuration;85
1.10.4.2;6.4.2 Data Flow;87
1.10.4.3;6.4.3 Advanced Bus Architectures;90
1.10.4.4;6.4.4 Parallelizing for Higher Throughput;92
1.10.5;6.5…Hybrid and Multi-FPGA Architectures;93
1.10.6;6.6…Hardware Acceleration;95
1.10.6.1;6.6.1 Software Considerations;96
1.10.6.2;6.6.2 Multiple HA and Resource Sharing;101
1.10.7;6.7…Multi-Channel SDR;104
1.11;7 SDR Standardization;108
1.11.1;7.1…Software Communications Architecture and JTRS;108
1.11.1.1;7.1.1 SCA Background;109
1.11.1.1.1;7.1.1.1 CORBA;110
1.11.1.1.2;7.1.1.2 CORBA for Non-GPPs;112
1.11.1.1.3;7.1.1.3 SCA Services;113
1.11.1.1.4;7.1.1.4 XML Ontology for SCA;113
1.11.1.2;7.1.2 Controlling the Waveform in SCA;114
1.11.1.3;7.1.3 SCA APIs;115
1.11.2;7.2…STRS;118
1.11.3;7.3…Physical Layer Description;120
1.11.3.1;7.3.1 Use Cases;122
1.11.3.2;7.3.2 Development Approach;122
1.11.3.3;7.3.3 A Configuration Fragment;124
1.11.3.4;7.3.4 Configuration and Reporting XML;126
1.11.3.5;7.3.5 Interpreters for Hardware-Centric Radios;127
1.11.3.6;7.3.6 Interpreters for Software-Centric Radios;127
1.11.3.7;7.3.7 Example;129
1.11.4;7.4…Data Formats;129
1.11.4.1;7.4.1 VITA Radio Transport (VITA 49, VRT);129
1.11.4.1.1;7.4.1.1 Data Packet Format;133
1.11.4.1.2;7.4.1.2 Context Packet Format;135
1.11.4.1.3;7.4.1.3 Packet Loss Mitigation;135
1.11.4.2;7.4.2 Digital RF (digRF);136
1.11.4.3;7.4.3 SDDS;136
1.11.4.4;7.4.4 Open Base Station Architecture Initiative;138
1.11.4.5;7.4.5 Common Public Radio Interface;139
1.12;8 Software-Centric SDR Platforms;141
1.12.1;8.1…GNURadio;141
1.12.1.1;8.1.1 Signal Processing Blocks;142
1.12.1.2;8.1.2 Scheduler;145
1.12.1.3;8.1.3 Basic GR Development Flow;146
1.12.1.4;8.1.4 Case Study: Low Costcost Receiver for Weather Satellites;147
1.12.1.4.1;8.1.4.1 Frequency Acquisition;148
1.12.1.4.2;8.1.4.2 BPSK and OQPSK Demodulation;148
1.12.1.4.3;8.1.4.3 FSK Demodulation;149
1.12.1.4.4;8.1.4.4 Results;150
1.12.2;8.2…Open-Source SCA Implementation: Embedded;150
1.12.3;8.3…Other All-Software Radio Frameworks;153
1.12.3.1;8.3.1 Microsoft Research Software Radio (Sora);153
1.12.4;8.4…Front End for Software Radio;154
1.12.4.1;8.4.1 Sound-Card Front Ends;155
1.12.4.2;8.4.2 Universal Software Radio Peripheral;155
1.12.4.2.1;8.4.2.1 Low-Cost USRP Clone;156
1.12.4.3;8.4.3 SDR Front Ends for Navigation Applications;159
1.12.4.4;8.4.4 Network-Based Front Ends;159
1.13;9 Radio Frequency Front End Architectures;160
1.13.1;9.1…Transmitter RF Architectures;160
1.13.1.1;9.1.1 Direct RF Synthesis;161
1.13.1.2;9.1.2 Zero-IF Upconversion;163
1.13.1.3;9.1.3 Direct-IF Upconversion;164
1.13.1.4;9.1.4 Super Heterodyne Upconversion;166
1.13.2;9.2…Receiver RF Front End Architectures;166
1.13.2.1;9.2.1 Six-Port Microwave Networks;167
1.14;10 State-of-the-Art SDR Components;168
1.14.1;10.1…SDR Using Test Equipment;168
1.14.1.1;10.1.1 Transmitter;169
1.14.1.2;10.1.2 Receiver;170
1.14.1.3;10.1.3 Practical Considerations;172
1.14.2;10.2…SDR Using COTS Components;174
1.14.2.1;10.2.1 Highly Integrated Solutions;174
1.14.2.2;10.2.2 Non-Integrated Solutions;175
1.14.2.3;10.2.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs);176
1.14.2.4;10.2.4 Digital to Analog Converters (DACs);180
1.14.3;10.3…Exotic SDR Components;180
1.14.4;10.4…Tunable Filters;182
1.14.5;10.5…Flexible Antennas;187
1.15;11 Development Tools and Flows;191
1.15.1;11.1…Requirements Capture;191
1.15.2;11.2…System Simulation;194
1.15.3;11.3…Firmware Development;196
1.15.3.1;11.3.1 Electronic System Level Design;196
1.15.3.2;11.3.2 Block-Based System Design;198
1.15.3.3;11.3.3 Final Implementation;200
1.15.4;11.4…Software Development;201
1.15.4.1;11.4.1 Real-Time Versus Non-Real-Time Software;201
1.15.4.2;11.4.2 Optimization;203
1.15.4.3;11.4.3 Automatic Code Generation;204
1.16;12 Conclusion;206
1.17;Appendix A An Introduction to Communications Theory;207
1.17.1;A.1…Information;207
1.17.2;A.2…Frequency and Bandwidth;208
1.17.3;A.3…Channel Capacity;211
1.17.4;A.4…Transmitting Messages;213
1.17.4.1;A.4.1 On-Off Keying;213
1.17.4.2;A.4.2 Frequency Shift Keying;214
1.17.4.3;A.4.3 Continuous Phase Modulation;214
1.17.4.4;A.4.4 Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying;215
1.17.4.5;A.4.5 Differential Modulation;216
1.17.4.6;A.4.6 Pulse Position Modulation;217
1.17.4.7;A.4.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing;217
1.17.4.8;A.4.8 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum;219
1.17.4.9;A.4.9 Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum;220
1.17.5;A.5…Multiple Access;221
1.17.5.1;A.5.1 Time Division Multiple Access;221
1.17.5.2;A.5.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access;222
1.17.5.3;A.5.3 Random Access;223
1.17.5.4;A.5.4 Time and Frequency Multiple Access;224
1.17.5.5;A.5.5 Code Division Multiple Access;224
1.17.5.6;A.5.6 Carrier-in-Carrier (Doubletalk) Multiple Access;225
1.17.6;A.6…MIMO;227
1.17.7;A.7…Performance Metrics;230
1.17.7.1;A.7.1Bit Error Rate;230
1.17.8;A.8…Forward Error Correction;232
1.17.9;A.9…Distortions and Impairments;235
1.17.9.1;A.9.1Thermal Noise;235
1.17.9.2;A.9.2 Path Loss;236
1.17.9.3;A.9.3 Multipath;236
1.17.9.3.1;A.9.3.1 Inter-Symbol Interference;237
1.17.9.3.2;A.9.3.2 Frequency Selective Fading;239
1.17.9.3.3;A.9.3.3 Statistical Fading Channel Models;241
1.17.9.4;A.9.4 Rain Attenuation;242
1.17.9.5;A.9.5 Interference;243
1.17.9.6;A.9.6 Nonlinearity;244
1.17.9.7;A.9.7 DC Offsets and I/Q Imbalance;245
1.17.9.8;A.9.8 Frequency and Timing Offsets;246
1.17.9.9;A.9.9 Phase Noise;246
1.17.10;Appendix BRecommended Test Equipment;248
1.17.11;Appendix C Sample XML files for an SCA Radio;250
1.17.12;Bibliography;257