Granéli / Turner Ecology of Harmful Algae

2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-32210-8
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 189, 416 Seiten

Reihe: Ecological Studies

Harmful algal can cause a variety of deleterious effects, including the poisoning of fish and shellfish, habitat disruptions for many organisms, water discoloration, beach fouling, and even toxic effects for humans. In this volume, international experts provide an in-depth analysis of harmful algae topics and offer a comprehensive synthesis of the latest research in the field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Granéli, Edna

Granéli, E.

Turner, Jefferson T.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;9
3;Contributors;21
4;Part A Harmful Algae and Their Global Distribution;27
4.1;1 An Introduction to Harmful Algae;28
4.1.1;References;32
4.2;2 Molecular Taxonomy of Harmful Algae;33
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;33
4.2.2;2.2 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates);34
4.2.3;2.3 Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae);38
4.2.4;2.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms);41
4.2.5;2.5 Concluding Remarks;41
4.2.6;References;42
4.3;3 The Biogeography of Harmful Algae;46
4.3.1;3.1 Biogeography and Species Concepts;46
4.3.2;3.2 Biogeographical Distribution;48
4.3.3;3.3 Distribution of Harmful Species;49
4.3.4;References;55
4.4;4 Importance of Life Cycles in the Ecology of Harmful Microalgae;59
4.4.1;4.1 Introduction;59
4.4.2;4.2 Phases of Phytoplankton Bloom Development and Life Cycles;61
4.4.3;4.3 Environmental Factors versus Biological Factors Affecting Transition;66
4.4.4;4.4 Status of Knowledge and Direction Needed;67
4.4.5;References;69
5;Part B The Ecology of Major Harmful Algae Groups;72
5.1;5 The Ecology of Harmful Dinoflagellates;73
5.1.1;5.1 Introduction;73
5.1.2;5.2 General Ecology;74
5.1.3;5.3 Blooms, Including Toxic Outbreaks;79
5.1.4;5.4 Human Influences;80
5.1.5;5.5 Conceptual Frameworks to Advance Understanding;81
5.1.6;References;84
5.2;6 The Ecology of Harmful Flagellates Within Prymnesiophyceae and Raphidophyceae;87
5.2.1;6.1 Introduction;87
5.2.2;6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta);87
5.2.3;6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta);92
5.2.4;References;97
5.3;7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms;100
5.3.1;7.1 Introduction;100
5.3.2;7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia;101
5.3.3;7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web;102
5.3.4;7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp.;103
5.3.5;7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia;105
5.3.6;7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research;106
5.3.7;References;107
5.4;8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria;113
5.4.1;8.1 Introduction;113
5.4.2;8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs;115
5.4.3;8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms;122
5.4.4;8.4 CyanoHAB Management;124
5.4.5;References;125
5.5;9 Brown Tides;128
5.5.1;9.1 Background;128
5.5.2;9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors;130
5.5.3;9.3 Sources of Cell Mortality;134
5.5.4;References;137
6;Part C The Ecology and Physiology of Harmful Algae;141
6.1;10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation to Physical Processes;142
6.1.1;10.1 Introduction;142
6.1.2;10.2 Physical Constraints: From Diffusion to Advection;143
6.1.3;10.3 Life-Forms;144
6.1.4;10.4 Algal Communities;145
6.1.5;10.5 Retention and Transport;146
6.1.6;References;151
6.2;11 Ecological Aspects of Harmful Algal In Situ Population Growth Rates;154
6.2.1;11.1 Introduction;154
6.2.2;11.2 Ecological Interpretation of In Situ Growth Rate Measurements;155
6.2.3;11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups;158
6.2.4;11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r- or K-Strategists?;162
6.2.5;11.5 Conclusions;164
6.2.6;References;164
6.3;12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death;168
6.3.1;12.1 Introduction;168
6.3.2;12.2 Mortality of HABs;171
6.3.3;12.3 Death Due to HABs;172
6.3.4;12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality;173
6.3.5;12.5 Ecological Implications;174
6.3.6;References;175
6.4;13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae: Focus on Osmotrophy;178
6.4.1;13.1 Introduction and Terminology;178
6.4.2;13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them;179
6.4.3;13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy;182
6.4.4;13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy;183
6.4.5;13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy;185
6.4.6;13.6 Conclusions;186
6.4.7;References;186
6.5;14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae;191
6.5.1;14.1 Introduction;191
6.5.2;14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages;194
6.5.3;14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity;196
6.5.4;14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy;198
6.5.5;References;199
6.6;15 Allelopathy in Harmful Algae: A Mechanism to Compete for Resources?;202
6.6.1;15.1 Harmful Algal Species Known of Allelopathy;202
6.6.2;15.2 Approaches to Demonstrate/Study Allelopathy – Pitfalls and Strength/ Weaknesses of Experimental Approaches;202
6.6.3;15.3 Which Toxins are Involved in the Allelopathic Effects?;205
6.6.4;15.4 Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Allelopathy;207
6.6.5;15.5 Ecological Significance of Allelopathy in Marine Ecosystems;211
6.6.6;References;212
6.7;16 Trace Metals and Harmful Algal Blooms;215
6.7.1;16.1 Introduction;215
6.7.2;16.2 Chemistry and Availability of Metals;216
6.7.3;16.3 Trace Metals as Limiting Nutrients;217
6.7.4;16.4 Trace Metal Toxicity;219
6.7.5;16.5 Trace Metal Effects on HABs: Domoic Acid Production in Pseudo- nitzschia;220
6.7.6;16.6 Trace Metal Effects on Other HAB Species;222
6.7.7;References;223
6.8;17 Molecular Physiology of Toxin Production and Growth Regulation in Harmful Algae;227
6.8.1;17.1 Introduction;227
6.8.2;17.2 Phycotoxin Biosynthesis;228
6.8.3;17.3 Growth and Regulation of Toxin Production;229
6.8.4;17.4 Toxin Production Through the Cell Cycle;231
6.8.5;17.5 Molecular Approaches to Growth and Toxin Expression;232
6.8.6;17.6 Current and Future Perspectives;235
6.8.7;References;238
6.9;18 Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content;240
6.9.1;18.1 Introduction;240
6.9.2;18.2 Growth Stage and Toxin Production;240
6.9.3;18.3 Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content;241
6.9.4;18.4 Inorganic Nutrients and Toxin Content;242
6.9.5;18.5 Organic Matter and Toxin Content;248
6.9.6;18.6 Conclusions;249
6.9.7;References;250
6.10;19 Relationships Between Bacteria and Harmful Algae;253
6.10.1;19.1 Introduction;253
6.10.2;19.2 Diversity of Algal-Associated Bacteria;254
6.10.3;19.3 Bacterial Influences on Algal Growth, Metabolism, and Toxins;257
6.10.4;19.4 Potential Implications of Interactions Among Bacteria;260
6.10.5;19.5 Future Directions/Research Needs/Critical Questions;261
6.10.6;References;262
7;Part D Harmful Algae and the Food Web;266
7.1;20 Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine Planktonic Grazers;267
7.1.1;20.1 Introduction;267
7.1.2;20.2 Planktonic Grazers;268
7.1.3;20.3 HAB Toxin Accumulation in Zooplankton;271
7.1.4;20.4 Selective Grazing and Feeding Deterrence by Harmful Algae;271
7.1.5;20.5 Impact of Zooplankton Grazing on Formation and Termination of HA Blooms;272
7.1.6;20.6 Conclusions;273
7.1.7;References;274
7.2;21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae;279
7.2.1;21.1 Introduction;279
7.2.2;21.2 Viruses;279
7.2.3;21.4 Parasitic Fungi;283
7.2.4;21.5 Parasitic Protists;284
7.2.5;21.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;287
7.2.6;References;288
7.3;22 Phycotoxin Pathways in Aquatic Food Webs: Transfer, Accumulation and Degradation;291
7.3.1;22.1 Introduction;291
7.3.2;22.2 Bacteria;291
7.3.3;22.3 Zooplankton;293
7.3.4;22.4 Bivalves;294
7.3.5;22.5 Benthic Invertebrates (Non-Bivalves);295
7.3.6;22.6 Fishes;296
7.3.7;22.7 Seabirds and Marine Mammals;297
7.3.8;22.8 Summary and Conclusions;298
7.3.9;References;301
8;Part E Studying and Mitigating Harmful Algae: New Approaches;304
8.1;23 Molecular Approaches to the Study of Phytoplankton Life Cycles: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Ecology;305
8.1.1;23.1 Introduction;305
8.1.2;23.2 Identifying Life Cycle Stages Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH);305
8.1.3;23.3 Nuclear Staining to Determine Ploidy and Growth Rates;307
8.1.4;23.4 Genomic Approaches to Identifying Mitotic and Meiotic Life Cycle Stages;308
8.1.5;23.5 Measuring Genetic Recombination During Sexual Reproduction;311
8.1.6;23.6 Future Application of Reverse Transcriptase Assays and DNA Microarrays in Life Cycle Studies;311
8.1.7;23.7 Conclusions;313
8.1.8;References;313
8.2;24 Laboratory and Field Applications of Ribosomal RNA Probes to Aid the Detection and Monitoring of Harmful Algae;316
8.2.1;24.1 Introduction;316
8.2.2;24.2 Ribosomal RNA Sequences as Markers for Phylogenetic Studies and Species Identification;317
8.2.3;24.3 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Identifying Intact Cells;317
8.2.4;24.4 Detecting Many Species Simultaneously Using DNA Probe Arrays;321
8.2.5;24.5 Conclusions;325
8.2.6;References;326
8.3;25 Mitigation and Controls of HABs;331
8.3.1;25.1 Introduction;331
8.3.2;25.2 Mitigation Strategies and Control of HABs;332
8.3.3;25.3 Conclusions;339
8.3.4;References;339
9;Part F Human Impact on Harmful Algae and Harmful Algae Impact on Human Activity;343
9.1;26 The Complex Relationships Between Increases in Fertilization of the Earth, Coastal Eutrophication and Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms;344
9.1.1;26.1 Introduction;344
9.1.2;26.2 Global Trends in Population, Agricultural Fertilizer Usage and Implications for Export to Coastal Waters;344
9.1.3;26.3 Nutrient Limitation versus Eutrophication: Basic Conceptual Framework;346
9.1.4;26.4 Nutrient Loading, Nutrient Composition, and HABs;347
9.1.5;26.5 Factors Complicating the Relationship Between Eutrophication and HABs;350
9.1.6;26.6 Conclusions;353
9.1.7;References;354
9.2;27 “ Top-Down” Predation Control on Marine Harmful Algae;358
9.2.1;27.1 Introduction;358
9.2.2;27.2 “ Top-down” Predators;360
9.2.3;27.3 Case Studies;362
9.2.4;27.4 Conclusions;365
9.2.5;References;366
9.3;28 Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms;370
9.3.1;28.1 Introduction;370
9.3.2;28.2 Evidence from the Past;372
9.3.3;28.3 Results from Plankton Records;373
9.3.4;28.4 Results from the Sedimentary Record of Dinoflagellate Cysts;375
9.3.5;28.5 Conclusions;378
9.3.6;References;379
9.4;29 Anthropogenic Introductions of Microalgae;382
9.4.1;29.1 Potential Transport Vectors for Microalgae;382
9.4.2;29.2 Vector Surveys for Microalgae;383
9.4.3;29.3 Evidence for Successful Establishment of Non- Indigenous Microalgae;384
9.4.4;29.4 Management Options to Reduce Risk of Introductions;386
9.4.5;29.5 Conclusions;391
9.4.6;References;391
9.5;30 The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms;394
9.5.1;30.1 Introduction;394
9.5.2;30.2 Scientific Concerns;395
9.5.3;30.3 Economic Concerns;395
9.5.4;30.4 Why Measure Economic Losses?;396
9.5.5;30.5 Economic Losses;397
9.5.6;30.6 Economic Impacts;400
9.5.7;30.7 Estimates of National Economic Effects;401
9.5.8;30.8 Conclusions;404
9.5.9;References;405
10;Subject Index;406