Goddard Infectious Diseases and Arthropods

2. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-1-60327-400-5
Verlag: Humana Press
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 251 Seiten

Reihe: Infectious Disease

In this second edition of Infectious Diseases and Arthropods, Jerome Goddard summarizes the latest thinking about the biological, entomological, and clinical aspects of the major vector-borne diseases around the world. His book covers mosquito-, tick-, and flea-borne diseases, and a variety of other miscellaneous vector-borne diseases, including Chagas' disease, African sleeping sickness, onchocerciasis, scrub typhus, and louse-borne infections. The author provides for each disease a description of the vector involved, notes on its biology and ecology, distribution maps, and general clinical guidelines for treatment and control. Among the diseases fully discussed are malaria, dengue and yellow fevers, lymphatic filariasis, spotted fevers, ehrlichiosis, lyme disease, tularemia, and plague. Other arthropod-caused or related problems-such as myiasis, imaginary insect or mite infestations, and arthropod stings and bites-are also treated.
At a time when vector-borne diseases are spreading ever more widely, Infectious Diseases and Arthropods provides physicians, infectious disease specialists, medical entomologists, and public health officials with an up-to-date, readily accessible, gold-standard reference source.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Goddard, Jerome

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Infectious Diseases and Arthropods;2
1.1;Series Title Page;4
1.2;Copyright Page;5
1.3;Preface;7
1.4;Acknowledgments;9
1.5;Contents;11
1.6;Section I: Arthropods and Human Health;17
1.6.1;Chapter 1;18
1.6.1.1;Arthropods and Health;18
1.6.1.1.1;1.1 Classification of Arthropods;18
1.6.1.1.1.1;1.1.1 Insects;18
1.6.1.1.1.2;1.1.2 Spiders;20
1.6.1.1.1.3;1.1.3 Mites and Ticks;23
1.6.1.1.1.4;1.1.4 Scorpions;23
1.6.1.1.1.5;1.1.5 Centipedes and Millipedes;24
1.6.1.1.2;1.2 Medical Importance of Arthropods;25
1.6.1.1.2.1;1.2.1 Historical Aspects of Medically Important Arthropods;25
1.6.1.1.2.2;1.2.2 Direct Effects on Health;26
1.6.1.1.2.3;1.2.3 Indirect Effects on Health;27
1.6.1.1.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Disease Transmission;27
1.6.1.1.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Arthropod Allergy;28
1.6.1.1.2.3.3;References;32
1.6.2;Chapter 2;34
1.6.2.1;Dynamics of Arthropod-Borne Diseases;34
1.6.2.1.1;2.1 Mechanical vs Biological Transmission of Pathogens;34
1.6.2.1.1.1;2.1.1 Mechanical Transmission;34
1.6.2.1.1.2;2.1.2 Biological Transmission;35
1.6.2.1.2;2.2 Vector Competence;39
1.6.2.1.2.1;2.2.1 Incrimination of Vectors: A Complicated Issue;40
1.6.2.1.3;References;42
1.7;Section II: Major Arthropod-Borne Diseases;44
1.7.1;Chapter 3;45
1.7.1.1;Mosquito-Borne Diseases;45
1.7.1.1.1;3.1 Basic Mosquito Biology;45
1.7.1.1.2;3.2 Malaria;49
1.7.1.1.2.1;3.2.1 Introduction;49
1.7.1.1.2.2;3.2.2 The Disease and Its Diagnosis;52
1.7.1.1.2.3;3.2.3 The Causative Agent and Life Cycle;52
1.7.1.1.2.4;3.2.4 Mosquito Vectors and Behavior;54
1.7.1.1.2.5;3.2.5 Malaria Treatment and Control;58
1.7.1.1.2.5.1;3.2.5.1 Prevention and Vector Control;58
1.7.1.1.2.5.2;3.2.5.2 Malaria Vaccine;58
1.7.1.1.2.5.3;3.2.5.3 Antimalarial Drugs;59
1.7.1.1.3;3.3 Mosquito-Transmitted Encephalitis Viruses;59
1.7.1.1.3.1;3.3.1 Introduction and General Comments;59
1.7.1.1.3.2;3.3.2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE);60
1.7.1.1.3.2.1;3.3.2.1 The Disease;60
1.7.1.1.3.2.2;3.3.2.2 Ecology of EEE;61
1.7.1.1.3.2.3;3.3.2.3 Differential Diagnosis of EEE;62
1.7.1.1.3.2.4;3.3.2.4 Control of EEE;62
1.7.1.1.3.3;3.3.3 St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE);63
1.7.1.1.3.3.1;3.3.3.1 The Disease;63
1.7.1.1.3.3.2;3.3.3.2 Ecology of SLE;64
1.7.1.1.3.3.3;3.3.3.3 Control of SLE;66
1.7.1.1.3.4;3.3.4 West Nile Encephalitis (WNV);67
1.7.1.1.3.4.1;3.3.4.1 Control of West Nile Encephalitis;68
1.7.1.1.3.5;3.3.5 Other Mosquito-Borne Viruses;68
1.7.1.1.3.5.1;3.3.5.1 Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE);68
1.7.1.1.3.5.2;3.3.5.2 Lacrosse Encephalitis (LAC);68
1.7.1.1.3.5.3;3.3.5.3 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE);69
1.7.1.1.3.5.4;3.3.5.4 Japanese Encephalitis (JE);70
1.7.1.1.3.5.5;3.3.5.5 Chikungunya;70
1.7.1.1.4;3.4 Dengue Fever;72
1.7.1.1.4.1;3.4.1 Introduction;72
1.7.1.1.4.2;3.4.2 Spread of the Virus;72
1.7.1.1.4.3;3.4.3 Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics;75
1.7.1.1.4.3.1;3.4.3.1 Risk Factors for DHF/DSS;76
1.7.1.1.4.4;3.4.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control;76
1.7.1.1.4.4.1;3.4.4.1 Dengue Vaccine;77
1.7.1.1.5;3.5 Yellow Fever (YF);77
1.7.1.1.5.1;3.5.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;77
1.7.1.1.5.2;3.5.2 Brief History of Yellow Fever;79
1.7.1.1.5.3;3.5.3 Jungle vs Urban YF Cycles;81
1.7.1.1.5.4;3.5.4 Treatment and Prevention;81
1.7.1.1.6;3.6 Lymphatic Filariasis;82
1.7.1.1.6.1;3.6.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;82
1.7.1.1.6.2;3.6.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;82
1.7.1.1.6.3;3.6.3 Ecology of Lymphatic Filariasis;84
1.7.1.1.6.3.1;3.6.3.1 Bancroftian Filariasis;84
1.7.1.1.6.3.2;3.6.3.2 Brugian or Malayan Filariasis;86
1.7.1.1.6.3.3;3.6.3.3 Filarial Life Cycle in Hosts;86
1.7.1.1.6.3.4;3.6.3.4 Nocturnal Periodicity;86
1.7.1.1.6.3.5;3.6.3.5 Treatment;88
1.7.1.1.7;3.7 Other Human-Infesting Filarial Worms;88
1.7.1.1.8;References;91
1.7.2;Chapter 4;94
1.7.2.1;Tick-Borne Diseases;94
1.7.2.1.1;4.1 Basic Tick Biology;94
1.7.2.1.2;4.2 Rocky Mountain-Spotted Fever (RMSF);97
1.7.2.1.2.1;4.2.1 Introduction;97
1.7.2.1.2.2;4.2.2 Clinical and Laboratory Aspects of RMSF;98
1.7.2.1.2.3;4.2.3 Ecology of RMSF;100
1.7.2.1.2.4;4.2.4 Prevention and Treatment of RMSF;100
1.7.2.1.3;4.3 American Boutonneuse Fever (ABF);103
1.7.2.1.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction and Background;103
1.7.2.1.3.2;4.3.2 Clinical and Laboratory Description of a Case of ABF;105
1.7.2.1.3.3;4.3.3 Ecology of ABF;105
1.7.2.1.3.4;4.3.4 Prevention and Treatment of ABF;107
1.7.2.1.4;4.4 Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses;107
1.7.2.1.4.1;4.4.1 Boutonneuse Fever;107
1.7.2.1.4.2;4.4.2 African Tick-Bite Fever;109
1.7.2.1.4.3;4.4.3 Siberian Tick Typhus;109
1.7.2.1.4.4;4.4.4 Queensland Tick Typhus;109
1.7.2.1.5;4.5 Ehrlichiosis;109
1.7.2.1.5.1;4.5.1 Introduction;109
1.7.2.1.5.2;4.5.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;111
1.7.2.1.5.3;4.5.3 Ecology of Ehrlichiosis;112
1.7.2.1.5.4;4.5.4 Treatment and Control of Ehrlichiosis;113
1.7.2.1.6;4.6 Lyme Disease;113
1.7.2.1.6.1;4.6.1 Introduction;113
1.7.2.1.6.2;4.6.2 Background and Historical Information;115
1.7.2.1.6.3;4.6.3 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;116
1.7.2.1.6.4;4.6.4 Ecology of LD;117
1.7.2.1.6.5;4.6.5 Treatment;118
1.7.2.1.7;4.7 Tularemia;118
1.7.2.1.7.1;4.7.1 Introduction and Medical Significance of Tularemia;118
1.7.2.1.7.2;4.7.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;119
1.7.2.1.7.3;4.7.3 Arthropod Transmission of the Tularemia Organism;120
1.7.2.1.7.4;4.7.4 Treatment;121
1.7.2.1.8;4.8 Human Babesiosis;122
1.7.2.1.8.1;4.8.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;122
1.7.2.1.8.2;4.8.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;122
1.7.2.1.8.3;4.8.3 Species of Babesia and Their Ecology;123
1.7.2.1.8.4;4.8.4 Treatment and Control;124
1.7.2.1.9;4.9 Viruses Transmitted by Ticks;124
1.7.2.1.9.1;4.9.1 Introduction;124
1.7.2.1.9.2;4.9.2 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE);125
1.7.2.1.9.2.1;4.9.2.1 Clinical and Epidemiologic Features;125
1.7.2.1.9.2.2;4.9.2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment;125
1.7.2.1.9.3;4.9.3 Colorado Tick Fever (CTF);126
1.7.2.1.9.3.1;4.9.3.1 Clinical and Epidemiologic Features;126
1.7.2.1.9.3.2;4.9.3.2 Diagnosis and Treatment;126
1.7.2.1.10;4.10 Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF);127
1.7.2.1.10.1;4.10.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;127
1.7.2.1.10.2;4.10.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;127
1.7.2.1.10.3;4.10.3 The Etiologic Agent and Its Relationship to Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever;129
1.7.2.1.10.4;4.10.4 Ecology of TBRF;129
1.7.2.1.10.5;4.10.5 Treatment and Control;130
1.7.2.1.11;4.11 Tick Paralysis;132
1.7.2.1.11.1;4.11.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;132
1.7.2.1.11.2;4.11.2 Clinical Features;132
1.7.2.1.11.3;4.11.3 Ticks Involved and Mechanism of Paralysis;134
1.7.2.1.11.4;4.11.4 Prevention and Treatment;136
1.7.2.1.12;References;138
1.7.3;Chapter 5;143
1.7.3.1;Flea-Borne Diseases;143
1.7.3.1.1;5.1 Basic Flea Biology;143
1.7.3.1.2;5.2 Plague;145
1.7.3.1.2.1;5.2.1 Introduction and Clinical Presentation;145
1.7.3.1.2.2;5.2.2 History;146
1.7.3.1.2.3;5.2.3 Ecology of Plague;147
1.7.3.1.2.4;5.2.4 Diagnosis and Treatment;148
1.7.3.1.3;5.3 Murine Typhus;148
1.7.3.1.3.1;5.3.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;148
1.7.3.1.3.2;5.3.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;150
1.7.3.1.3.3;5.3.3 Ecology of Murine Typhus;150
1.7.3.1.3.4;5.3.4 Treatment;151
1.7.3.1.4;5.4 Cat-Scratch Disease (CSD);151
1.7.3.1.4.1;5.4.1 Introduction and Clinical Presentation;151
1.7.3.1.4.2;5.4.2 Reservoirs and Mode(s) of Transmission;153
1.7.3.1.4.3;5.4.3 Treatment;153
1.7.3.1.5;References;153
1.7.4;Chapter 6;155
1.7.4.1;Sand Fly-Transmitted Diseases;155
1.7.4.1.1;6.1 Basic Sand Fly Biology;155
1.7.4.1.2;6.2 Leishmaniasis;155
1.7.4.1.2.1;6.2.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;155
1.7.4.1.2.2;6.2.2 Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis;156
1.7.4.1.2.2.1;6.2.2.1 Old World Forms of Leishmaniasis;156
1.7.4.1.2.2.2;6.2.2.2 New World Forms of Leishmaniasis;158
1.7.4.1.2.2.3;6.2.2.3 Diagnosis;159
1.7.4.1.2.3;6.2.3 Ecology of Leishmaniasis;160
1.7.4.1.2.3.1;6.2.3.1 Indigenous Leishmaniasis in the United States;160
1.7.4.1.2.4;6.2.4 Treatment and Control of Leishmaniasis;161
1.7.4.1.3;6.3 Other Sand Fly-Transmitted Diseases;162
1.7.4.1.3.1;6.3.1 Bartonellosis (Carrion’s Disease);162
1.7.4.1.3.2;6.3.2 Sand Fly Fever;162
1.7.4.1.4;References;163
1.7.5;Chapter 7;164
1.7.5.1;Miscellaneous Vector-Borne Diseases;164
1.7.5.1.1;7.1 Chagas’ Disease;164
1.7.5.1.1.1;7.1.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;164
1.7.5.1.1.2;7.1.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;165
1.7.5.1.1.3;7.1.3 Ecology of Chagas’ Disease and Its Vectors;168
1.7.5.1.1.4;7.1.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control;170
1.7.5.1.2;7.2 African Sleeping Sickness;171
1.7.5.1.2.1;7.2.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;171
1.7.5.1.2.2;7.2.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;172
1.7.5.1.2.3;7.2.3 Ecology of African Sleeping Sickness and Its Vectors;172
1.7.5.1.2.4;7.2.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control;174
1.7.5.1.3;7.3 Onchocerciasis;175
1.7.5.1.3.1;7.3.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;175
1.7.5.1.3.2;7.3.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;176
1.7.5.1.3.3;7.3.3 Ecology of Onchocerciasis and Its Vectors;176
1.7.5.1.3.4;7.3.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control;177
1.7.5.1.4;7.4 Scrub Typhus (ST);177
1.7.5.1.4.1;7.4.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;177
1.7.5.1.4.2;7.4.2 Clinical and Laboratory Findings;178
1.7.5.1.4.3;7.4.3 Ecology of ST and Its Vectors;179
1.7.5.1.4.4;7.4.4 Treatment, Prevention, and Control;179
1.7.5.1.5;7.5 Louse-Borne Infections;181
1.7.5.1.5.1;7.5.1 General and Medical Importance of Body Lice;181
1.7.5.1.5.2;7.5.2 Epidemic Typhus;182
1.7.5.1.5.3;7.5.3 Trench Fever;182
1.7.5.1.5.4;7.5.4 Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (LBRF);185
1.7.5.1.5.5;7.5.5 Treatment, Prevention, and Control of Louse-Borne Diseases;185
1.7.5.1.6;References;185
1.7.6;Chapter 8;188
1.7.6.1;Bed Bugs: Do They Transmit Diseases?;188
1.7.6.1.1;8.1 Introduction and Bed Bug Biology;188
1.7.6.1.2;8.2 Bed Bugs and Disease Transmission;190
1.7.6.1.3;References;191
1.7.7;Chapter 9;193
1.7.7.1;Why Mosquitoes and Other Arthropods Cannot Transmit HIV;193
1.7.7.2;References;194
1.8;Section III: Other Arthropod-Caused or -Related Problems;195
1.8.1;Chapter 10;196
1.8.1.1;Brown Recluse Bites: Facts and Fables;196
1.8.1.1.1;10.1 Introduction and Biology;196
1.8.1.1.2;10.2 Facts and Fables About Brown Recluse Bites;196
1.8.1.1.3;10.3 Differential Diagnosis;198
1.8.1.1.4;10.4 Treatment of Bites;200
1.8.1.1.5;References;201
1.8.2;Chapter 11;203
1.8.2.1;Fire Ant Attacks on Humans;203
1.8.2.1.1;11.1 The Problem;203
1.8.2.1.2;11.2 Effects of the Venom;204
1.8.2.1.3;11.3 Infectious Complications;205
1.8.2.1.4;11.4 Protecting Patients in Health Care Facilities from Ant Attacks;206
1.8.2.1.5;References;206
1.8.3;Chapter 12;208
1.8.3.1;Medical Conditions Caused by Arthropod Stings or Bites;208
1.8.3.1.1;12.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;208
1.8.3.1.2;12.2 Pathogenesis;208
1.8.3.1.2.1;12.2.1 Mouthpart Types;208
1.8.3.1.2.2;12.2.2 Sting Apparatus;209
1.8.3.1.2.3;12.2.3 Direct Damage to Tissue;212
1.8.3.1.2.4;12.2.4 Infectious Complications;212
1.8.3.1.3;12.3 Clues to Recognizing Insect Bites or Stings;213
1.8.3.1.3.1;12.3.1 Diagnosis;213
1.8.3.1.4;12.4 Summary and Conclusions;214
1.8.3.1.5;References;215
1.8.4;Chapter 13;216
1.8.4.1;Myiasis;216
1.8.4.1.1;13.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;216
1.8.4.1.1.1;13.1.1 Accidental Myiasis;216
1.8.4.1.1.2;13.1.2 Facultative Myiasis;218
1.8.4.1.1.3;13.1.3 Obligate Myiasis;219
1.8.4.1.2;13.2 Contributing Factors;222
1.8.4.1.2.1;13.2.1 Accidental Myiasis;222
1.8.4.1.2.2;13.2.2 Facultative Myiasis;222
1.8.4.1.2.3;13.2.3 Obligate Myiasis;223
1.8.4.1.2.4;13.2.4 Myiasis in Clinical Practice;223
1.8.4.1.2.5;13.2.5 Differential Diagnosis;224
1.8.4.1.3;13.3 Prevention, Treatment, and Control;224
1.8.4.1.4;References;225
1.8.5;Chapter 14;227
1.8.5.1;Imaginary Insect or Mite Infestations;227
1.8.5.1.1;14.1 Introduction and Medical Significance;227
1.8.5.1.2;14.2 Clinical Aspects and Contributing Factors;228
1.8.5.1.3;14.3 Differential Diagnosis;229
1.8.5.1.4;14.4 Treatment Strategies;229
1.8.5.1.5;References;230
1.9;Appendix 1;232
1.10;Appendix 2;237
1.11;Index;241