Gibson The Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-8576-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 302 Seiten, Web PDF

The Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials is a handbook that details the safety guidelines in transporting radioactive materials. The title covers the various regulations and policies, along with the safety measures and procedures of radioactive material transport. The text first details the 1963 version of the IAEA regulation for the safe transport of radioactive materials; the regulation covers the classification of radionuclides for transport purposes and the control of external radiation hazards during the transport of radioactive materials. The next chapter deals with concerns in the implementation of the IAEA regulations on both national and international levels. Next, the selection presents a review of transport accidents and incidents. The text also covers the liability and insurance in the transport of radioactive materials, along with the U.K. practice on insurance and indemnity during the transport of radioactive materials. The book will be of great use to individuals involved in the nuclear power industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Gibson, R.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Foreword;8
6;Introduction;12
7;PART I: The 1964 Version of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials;14
7.1;CHAPTER 1. An Analysis of the IAEA Regulations;16
7.1.1;INTRODUCTION;16
7.1.2;BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF TRANSPORT REGULATIONS;16
7.1.3;APPLICATION;17
7.1.4;TYPES OF CONSIGNMENT;18
7.1.5;GROUPING OF RADIONUCLIDES;19
7.1.6;PACKAGING;20
7.1.7;QUANTITY LIMITATIONS;22
7.1.8;PROTECTION AGAINST EXTERNAL RADIATION;23
7.1.9;MARKING;24
7.1.10;EXTERNAL CONTAMINATION;24
7.1.11;FISSILE CONSIGNMENTS;25
7.1.12;SEGREGATION;25
7.1.13;FULL LOADS;26
7.1.14;SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS;27
7.1.15;PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS OF TRANSPORT REGULATIONS;27
7.1.16;CERTIFICATION OF CONSIGNMENTS;27
7.1.17;DUTIES OF CARRIERS IN RESPECT OF EMPLOYEES;28
7.1.18;DUTIES OF COMPETENT AUTHORITIES;28
7.1.19;SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS;28
7.1.20;CUSTOMS EXAMINATION OF PACKAGES CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL;30
7.1.21;ACCIDENT PROCEDURE;30
7.1.22;STORAGE INCIDENTAL TO TRANSPORT;30
7.1.23;CONCLUSION;30
7.1.24;ANNEX;31
7.2;CHAPTER 2. The Role of the Competent Authority as Envisaged by the IAEA Transport Regulations;33
7.2.1;I. GENERAL REMARKS;33
7.2.2;II. PACKAGES AND SHIPMENTS NOT SUBJECT TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES PRIOR TO TRANSPORT; EXCEPTIONS TO THIS PRINCIPLE;36
7.2.3;III. PACKAGES AND SHIPMENTS SUBJECT TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES PRIOR TO TRANSPORT;40
7.2.4;IV. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR PACKAGES AND TRANSPORT MOVEMENTS INVOLVING FISSILE MATERIALS;48
7.2.5;V. PYROPHORIC RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS;51
7.2.6;VI. INSPECTIONS OF PACKAGING DURING CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OF PACKAGES;52
7.2.7;VII. CONCLUSIONS;53
7.3;CHAPTER 3. The Classification of Radionuclides for Transport Purposes;57
7.3.1;INTRODUCTION;57
7.3.2;EXAMINATION OF METHOD USED TO DERIVE PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION FOR GROUPS I-IV1,3;59
7.3.3;EXAMINATION OF BASES OF ADJUSTMENT TO PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION FOR GROUPS I-IV1,3;63
7.3.4;CLASSIFICATION OF RADIONUCLIDES NOT LISTED BY THE ICRP5;68
7.3.5;CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIAL FORM MATERIAL;69
7.3.6;CLASSIFICATION OF NOBLE GASES AND TRITIUM (GROUPS V, VI, VII and VIII);70
7.3.7;OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THE REGULATIONS;74
7.3.8;FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS;78
7.3.9;REFERENCES;79
7.4;CHAPTER 4. A Guide to the Requirements Relating to Fissile Materials;80
7.4.1;THE REGULATIONS;82
7.4.2;ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PACKAGES CONTAINING FISSILE MATERIALS (C-5);83
7.4.3;GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY (C-5.2);85
7.4.4;FISSILE CLASS I (C-5.3);87
7.4.5;FISSILE CLASS I—NUCLEAR SAFETY CRITERIA (C.5.3.1);87
7.4.6;FISSILE CLASS II (C-5.4);89
7.4.7;FISSILE CLASS II—NUCLEAR SAFETY CRITERIA (C-5.4.1);89
7.4.8;PROVISIONS SPECIFIC TO FISSILE CLASS III PACKAGES (C-5.5);91
7.4.9;LABELLING REQUIREMENTS FOR PACKAGES OF FISSILE MATERIALS;92
7.4.10;ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS (C-6);92
7.4.11;APPROVALS FOR SHIPMENT AND PRIOR NOTIFICATION (C-6.3);94
7.4.12;REGULATIONS FOR STORAGE AND CARRIAGE (PART D);94
7.4.13;ANNEX III FISSILE MATERIALS METHODS OF COMPLIANCE WITH NUCLEAR SAFETY CRITERIA;95
7.4.14;CONCLUSION;99
7.5;CHAPTER 5. Tests for Type A and Type B Packaging and Capsules;100
7.5.1;INTRODUCTION;100
7.5.2;ENVIRONMENT NORMAL TO TRANSPORT;101
7.5.3;TESTS FOR TYPE A PACKAGING;102
7.5.4;ACCIDENT CONDITIONS IN TRANSPORT;108
7.5.5;TEST PROCEDURES FOR TYPE B PACKAGING;109
7.5.6;TEST PROCEDURES FOR FISSILE CLASSES I AND II PACKAGES;115
7.5.7;TESTS FOR DESIGN OF CAPSULES;118
7.5.8;PACKAGING TESTS—ASSESSMENT CRITERIA;120
7.5.9;GENERAL CONCLUSIONS;122
7.5.10;REFERENCES;124
7.6;CHAPTER 6. Design Principles for Type A and Type B Packaging;126
7.6.1;INTRODUCTION;126
7.6.2;PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS;127
7.6.3;CONTAINMENT AND RADIATION SHIELDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES;129
7.6.4;CONCLUSION;130
7.7;CHAPTER 7. The IAEA Concept of the Large Radioactive Source;132
7.7.1;BACKGROUND OF THE "LARGE SOURCE" CONCEPT;132
7.7.2;SPECIFIC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS SUPPLEMENTARY TO THOSE APPLICABLE TO TYPE B PACKAGING;137
7.7.3;THE PLACE OF IRRADIATED FUEL IN THE FIELD OF THE LARGE SOURCE;143
7.8;CHAPTER 8. The Carriage of Low Specific Activity Materials;145
7.8.1;INTRODUCTION;145
7.8.2;LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS IN RELATION TO ACCIDENT CONDITIONS;146
7.8.3;LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS IN THE NORMAL TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENT;150
7.8.4;EXAMPLES OF COMMON LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY SHIPMENTS;157
7.8.5;CONCLUSION;159
7.8.6;REFERENCES;159
7.9;CHAPTER 9. The Control of External Radiation Hazards During the Transport of Radioactive Materials;160
7.9.1;I. INTRODUCTION;160
7.9.2;II. OBJECTIVES OF EXTERNAL RADIATION CONTROL;161
7.9.3;III. BASIC STANDARDS OF EXPOSURE;161
7.9.4;IV. EXTERNAL RADIATION LIMITS FOR PACKAGES DURING NORMAL TRANSPORT;163
7.9.5;V. SOME PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF SEGREGATION DISTANCE TABLES;167
7.9.6;VI. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE CALCULATION OF SEGREGATION DISTANCES FROM PACKAGED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS;168
7.9.7;VII. THE APPLICATION OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES TO THE DETERMINATION OF SEGREGATION DISTANCES FOR PERSONS;173
7.9.8;VIII. SEGREGATION OF PACKAGES FROM FILM;179
7.9.9;IX. PACKAGE CLASSIFICATION AND SEGREGATION PROCEDURE IN THE U.S.S.R.;180
7.9.10;X. SEGREGATION OF PACKAGED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS: REQUIREMENTS IN THE 1964 IAEA TRANSPORT REGULATIONS;185
7.9.11;XI. SEGREGATION OF LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS;188
7.9.12;XII. VEHICLE DOSE - RATE LIMITATIONS;189
7.9.13;XIII. THE USE OF DOSE-RATE MEASURING EQUIPMENT;190
7.9.14;REFERENCES;190
7.9.15;APPENDIX I. Estimate of the Radioactive Traffic Factor for Air Transport ex U.K.;191
8;PART II: International and National Implementation of the IAEA Regulations;194
8.1;CHAPTER 10. IATA and the Carriage of Radioactive Materials by Air;196
8.1.1;FUNCTIONS OF IATA;196
8.1.2;DEVELOPMENT OF IATA RESTRICTED ARTICLES REGULATIONS;198
8.1.3;PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR RESTRICTED ARTICLES;200
8.1.4;DEVELOPMENT OF IATA RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS REGULATIONS;201
8.2;CHAPTER 11. The Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization and the IAEA Transport Regulations;205
8.3;CHAPTER 12. Implementation of the IAEA Regulationsin the RID;207
8.3.1;THE STRUCTURE OF RID;209
8.3.2;DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RID AND IAEA TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS;213
8.3.3;DIVERGENCES BETWEEN RID AND IAEA IN THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THEIR SAFETY PHILOSOPHIES;218
8.3.4;FITTING THE DUTIES OF THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY INTO THE RID FORMAT;221
8.3.5;CONCLUSION;225
8.4;CHAPTER 13. Implementation of the IAEA Regulations in the U.S.A.;226
8.4.1;INTRODUCTION;226
8.4.2;THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY;226
8.4.3;HISTORICAL NOTE;228
8.4.4;REGULATORY STRUCTURE;229
8.4.5;REGULATIONS;229
8.4.6;COMPARISON OF EARLY U.S. AND IAEA REGULATIONS;231
8.4.7;REVISING OF U.S. REGULATIONS;233
8.4.8;PRESENT STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION;236
8.4.9;REFERENCES;238
8.5;CHAPTER 14. IAEA Regulations in the United Kingdom;239
8.5.1;SEA;240
8.5.2;RAIL;242
8.5.3;ROAD;243
8.5.4;AIR;244
8.6;CHAPTER 15. Implementation of the IAEA Regulationsin France;245
8.6.1;A LOOK AT THE PAST;245
8.6.2;THE SHAPE OF THE FRENCH REGULATIONS;247
8.6.3;FUTURE PROSPECTS;249
8.6.4;REFERENCES;250
8.7;CHAPTER 16. Regulations Governing the Transportation of Radioactive Materials in Canada;251
9;PART III;254
9.1;CHAPTER 17. Review of Transport Accidents and Incidents Involving Radioactive Materials;256
9.1.1;INTRODUCTION;256
9.1.2;ACCIDENT ANALYSIS;257
9.1.3;ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC;259
9.1.4;TRANSPORT INCIDENTS;260
9.1.5;GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS;260
9.1.6;REFERENCES;260
10;PART IV;268
10.1;CHAPTER 18. Liability and Insurance in the Transport of Radioactive Materials;270
10.1.1;I. LIABILITY IN THE FIELD OF NUCLEAR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS;271
10.1.2;II. INSURANCE IN THE TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS;285
10.2;CHAPTER 19. United Kingdom Practice on Insurance and Indemnity during the Transport of Radioactive Materials;288
10.2.1;REFERENCES;292
10.2.2;APPENDIX A: Nuclear Matter Transport Certificate;294
11;Index;296