Ge / Li / Wang Nanomedicine

Principles and Perspectives
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4614-2140-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 415 Seiten

Reihe: Nanostructure Science and Technology

Increasing demand for and awareness of the applications of nanotechnology in medicine has resulted in the emergence of a new fast-growing multidisciplinary area - nanomedicine. This book offers comprehensive knowledge of and diverse perspectives on nanomedicine through two independent volumes. It aims to bridge the gap between nanotechnology and medicine through contributions by world-renowned experts from wide range of backgrounds including academia, industry, professional consultancy, and government agencies.Each contribution integrates knowledge from a wide range of areas to present the fundamentals of new applications and products of nanomedicine, as well as an outlook for the future. This book can well serve as a reference and guide for students, academics, researchers, scientists, engineers, clinicians, government researchers, and healthcare professionals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ge, Yi

Li, Songjun

Wang, Shenqi

Moore, Richard

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;10
3;Chapter 1: Nanomedicine: Revolutionary Interdiscipline;12
3.1;1.1 Introduction;12
3.2;1.2 Enhancement of Existing Technology: The Top-Down Revolution;13
3.3;1.3 From the Bottom-Up, Introduction of New Technology and the True Revolution;14
3.4;1.4 Interdisciplinary Medicine, Why the Fuss?;14
3.5;1.5 Technologies of Nanomedicine;15
3.5.1;1.5.1 Nanobiotechnology;16
3.5.2;1.5.2 Nanotechnology;17
3.5.3;1.5.3 The Revolution of Interdiscipline;18
3.5.4;1.5.4 Nanobiomimetics;19
3.6;1.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook;20
3.7;References;21
4;Chapter 2: Nanobiology in Medicine;25
4.1;2.1 Introduction to Nanobiology;25
4.2;2.2 Nanobiology and Human Biology;27
4.3;2.3 Nanomaterials for Medicine;29
4.4;2.4 Nanobiology: Applications in Medicine;32
4.4.1;2.4.1 Diagnostic Applications of Nanoparticles;32
4.4.2;2.4.2 Therapeutic Applications of Nanoparticles;34
4.5;2.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook;37
4.6;References;38
5;Chapter 3: Tissue Engineering In Vivo with Nanotechnology;42
5.1;3.1 In vivo Nanotechnology Tissue Engineering Studies;42
5.1.1;3.1.1 Bone Studies;43
5.1.1.1;3.1.1.1 Nanomaterial-Coating;43
5.1.1.2;3.1.1.2 Injectable Nanomaterials;44
5.1.1.3;3.1.1.3 Nanofiber Materials;44
5.1.1.4;3.1.1.4 Nanocomposite Materials;45
5.1.2;3.1.2 Neural Studies;46
5.1.2.1;3.1.2.1 Nanofiber Materials;47
5.1.2.1.1;3.1.2.1.1 Self-assembling Nanofibers;47
5.1.2.1.2;3.1.2.1.2 Electrospun Nanofibers;47
5.1.2.1.3;3.1.2.1.3 Carbon Based Nanofibers;48
5.1.3;3.1.3 Wound Repair Studies;49
5.1.3.1;3.1.3.1 Nanocomposites;50
5.1.3.2;3.1.3.2 Nanofiber Materials;51
5.1.3.3;3.1.3.3 Nanoparticles;52
5.1.4;3.1.4 Other Tissue Engineering Applications;53
5.1.4.1;3.1.4.1 Vascular System;53
5.1.4.2;3.1.4.2 Cardiac System;53
5.1.4.3;3.1.4.3 Visual System;54
5.2;3.2 Nanotechnology for Improved In Vivo Antimicrobial Response;54
5.2.1;3.2.1 Wound Repair;55
5.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Antimicrobial Nanofeatured Biomaterials;55
5.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Antimicrobial Nanoparticles Improve Wound Repair;57
5.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Biomaterials Coupled with Antimicrobial Nanoparticles;57
5.2.2;3.2.2 Bone Defect and Fracture Repair;58
5.2.3;3.2.3 Other Tissue Engineering Applications;62
5.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 Gastrointestinal Tissue Repair;62
5.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 Abdominal Tissue Repair;62
5.3;3.3 Immune Response to Nanomaterials;64
5.3.1;3.3.1 Inflammation Pathway;64
5.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Foreign Body Response Summery;64
5.3.1.2;3.3.1.2 Inflammation in the Central Nervous System;65
5.3.1.3;3.3.1.3 Injectable Scaffolds;65
5.3.1.4;3.3.1.4 Different Inflammation Cascades;66
5.3.2;3.3.2 Future of Nanomaterials Inflammation;66
5.4;3.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;66
5.5;References;67
6;Chapter 4: Nanomaterial Design and Computational Modeling;72
6.1;4.1 Introduction;72
6.2;4.2 First-Principles Methods;74
6.2.1;4.2.1 Born-Oppenheimer Approximation;74
6.2.2;4.2.2 Density Functional Theory;75
6.2.3;4.2.3 Self-Consistent Field Processes in DFT;77
6.2.4;4.2.4 Examples;77
6.3;4.3 Tight Binding;78
6.3.1;4.3.1 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals;79
6.3.2;4.3.2 Slater-Koster Two-Center Approximation;80
6.3.3;4.3.3 Total Energy in TB;83
6.3.4;4.3.4 Examples;83
6.4;4.4 Molecular Dynamics;84
6.4.1;4.4.1 Empirical Potentials;85
6.4.1.1;4.4.1.1 Lennard-Jones Potential;85
6.4.1.2;4.4.1.2 Embedded Atomic Method;85
6.4.2;4.4.2 Integrator of Motion Equations;86
6.4.2.1;4.4.2.1 Verlet algorithm and Prediction-Correction Algorithm;86
6.4.3;4.4.3 Examples;87
6.5;4.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook;89
6.6;References;90
7;Chapter 5: Medical Nanomaterials;92
7.1;5.1 Introduction;92
7.2;5.2 The Need for New Medical Technologies;93
7.3;5.3 The Advantage of Nanotechnology;94
7.4;5.4 The Market for Medical Nanotechnologies;97
7.5;5.5 Medical Nanomaterials;98
7.5.1;5.5.1 A Systematic Approach to Understanding Nanomaterials;98
7.5.2;5.5.2 An In-Depth Look at Various Nanomaterials;100
7.5.2.1;5.5.2.1 From Liposomes to Polymer Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery;100
7.5.2.2;5.5.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles as Diagnostic Agents and Therapeutic Vehicles;101
7.5.2.2.1;5.5.2.2.1 Synthesis Methods;101
7.5.2.2.2;5.5.2.2.2 Diagnostic Applications;102
7.5.2.2.3;5.5.2.2.3 Therapeutic Applications;103
7.5.2.3;5.5.2.3 Multi-component Nano-devices;103
7.6;5.6 Summary and Future Outlook;105
7.7;References;105
8;Chapter 6: Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Theranostics and Imaging;109
8.1;6.1 Introduction;110
8.2;6.2 Design of Multifunctional Nanoparticle for Therapeutics and Diagnostics;110
8.3;6.3 Designs of Multifunctional Nanoparticle for Medical Imaging;113
8.3.1;6.3.1 Accumulation and Absorbance;113
8.3.2;6.3.2 Distribution;113
8.3.3;6.3.3 Metabolism and Drug Release;115
8.3.4;6.3.4 Excretion and Clearance;117
8.4;6.4 Conclusions;119
8.5;6.5 Future Perspective;119
8.6;References;120
9;Chapter 7: Medical Nanobiosensors;124
9.1;7.1 Introduction;125
9.2;7.2 Biorecognition Probes;126
9.2.1;7.2.1 Antibodies;127
9.2.2;7.2.2 Aptamers;128
9.2.3;7.2.3 Enzymes;128
9.2.4;7.2.4 Nucleic Acids;128
9.3;7.3 Transduction Modes;128
9.3.1;7.3.1 Optical Detection;128
9.3.2;7.3.2 Electrochemical Detection;129
9.3.3;7.3.3 Electrical Detection;129
9.3.4;7.3.4 Mass Sensitive Detection;129
9.3.5;7.3.5 Thermal Detection;129
9.4;7.4 Nanomaterials: The Nanobiosensors Toolbox;129
9.4.1;7.4.1 Zero-dimensional Nanomaterials;130
9.4.1.1;7.4.1.1 Quantum Dots (QDs);130
9.4.1.1.1;7.4.1.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs);130
9.4.1.1.2;7.4.1.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs);130
9.4.2;7.4.2 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials;130
9.4.2.1;7.4.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs);130
9.4.2.2;7.4.2.2 Nanowires;131
9.4.3;7.4.3 The Innovative Two-Dimensional Material: Graphene;131
9.5;7.5 Nanobiosensing Strategies Toward Medical Applications in Health Priorities: Biomarkers Detection;131
9.5.1;7.5.1 Neurodegenerative Diseases;138
9.5.2;7.5.2 Cardiovascular Diseases;140
9.5.3;7.5.3 Cancer;142
9.6;7.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;144
9.7;References;145
10;Chapter 8: Nanotechnology in Advanced Medical Devices;151
10.1;8.1 Introduction;152
10.1.1;8.1.1 Nanoimaging;155
10.1.1.1;8.1.1.1 Quantum Dots;155
10.1.1.2;8.1.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;156
10.1.1.3;8.1.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy;157
10.1.1.4;8.1.1.4 Optical Tweezers;159
10.1.2;8.1.2 Nanobiosensors;159
10.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors;160
10.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Optical Biosensors;160
10.1.2.3;8.1.2.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors;162
10.1.2.4;8.1.2.4 Nanotechnological Impact;162
10.1.2.5;8.1.2.5 Progress to Lab On a Chip (LOC);163
10.1.3;8.1.3 Surgery and Clinical Applications;164
10.1.3.1;8.1.3.1 Nanosurgery;165
10.1.3.2;8.1.3.2 Implantable Devices;166
10.1.3.3;8.1.3.3 Tissue Regeneration and Prosthetics;167
10.1.4;8.1.4 Hindrances and Effects to be Considered;168
10.1.4.1;8.1.4.1 Scientific Hindrances;169
10.1.4.2;8.1.4.2 Regulatory Hindrances;169
10.2;8.2 Summary and Outlook;170
10.3;References;172
11;Chapter 9: Wireless Actuation of Micro/Nanorobots for Medical Applications;176
11.1;9.1 Introduction;176
11.2;9.2 Magnetic Actuation;177
11.2.1;9.2.1 Gradient Field for Concentration and Steering of Magnetic Therapeutic Carriers;178
11.2.1.1;9.2.1.1 Concentrating Magnetic Carriers at Targeted Sites by External Magnets;178
11.2.1.2;9.2.1.2 Concentrating Magnetic Therapeutic Carriers Directly at Implants;178
11.2.1.3;9.2.1.3 Steering Magnetic Therapeutic Carriers in Flows by MRI Systems;181
11.2.2;9.2.2 Magnetic-Torque-Driven Propulsion at Low Reynolds Number;181
11.2.3;9.2.3 Scaling Effects of Micro/Nanorobots Driven by Magnetic Force and Torque;184
11.3;9.3 Bacterial Actuation;185
11.4;9.4 Chemical-Fuel-Driven Actuation;186
11.4.1;9.4.1 Principle and Fabrication;187
11.4.2;9.4.2 Applications;187
11.5;9.5 Wirelessly-Actuated Robotic Tools;189
11.6;9.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook;191
11.7;References;191
12;Chapter 10: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Overcoming Drug Delivery Challenges in Contemporary Medicine;195
12.1;10.1 Challenges in Delivery of Contemporary Therapeutics;195
12.1.1;10.1.1 Chemical Challenges;196
12.1.2;10.1.2 Remote Disease Targets;198
12.2;10.2 Nanotechnology Solutions;200
12.2.1;10.2.1 Enhancing Solubility and Permeability;200
12.2.2;10.2.2 Targeted Delivery to Disease Sites;201
12.2.3;10.2.3 Intracellular and Subcellular Delivery;203
12.2.4;10.2.4 Enabling Non-invasive Delivery;203
12.3;10.3 Illustrative Examples of Nanotechnology Products;204
12.3.1;10.3.1 Lipid-Based Nanosystems;206
12.3.2;10.3.2 Polymer-Based Nanosystems;208
12.3.3;10.3.3 Nano-sized Drug Crystals;210
12.4;10.4 Multifunctional Nanotechnology;211
12.4.1;10.4.1 Choice of Materials for Nanotechnology;211
12.4.2;10.4.2 Surface Modification to Increase Availability at Tissue and Cell Levels;216
12.4.3;10.4.3 Image-Guided Therapy;217
12.4.4;10.4.4 Combination Therapeutics;218
12.5;10.5 Regulatory Issues in Nano-pharmaceuticals;219
12.5.1;10.5.1 Approval of Pharmaceutical Products in the US;219
12.5.2;10.5.2 Preclinical and Clinical Development;223
12.5.3;10.5.3 Knowledge Management, Manufacturing and Scale-Up;224
12.6;10.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook;230
12.7;References;230
13;Chapter 11: Harmful or Helpful, the Toxicity and Safety of Nano-sized Medicine;241
13.1;11.1 Introduction;241
13.1.1;11.1.1 Chapter Overview;241
13.1.2;11.1.2 Paradox of Nanomaterials as Toxins and Therapeutic Agents;242
13.2;11.2 Toxicology of Engineered Nanomaterials: Size Really Does Matter;243
13.2.1;11.2.1 Engineering Benefits of Nanomaterials;243
13.2.2;11.2.2 Nanotoxicity;244
13.2.3;11.2.3 Specific Issues Related to Nanomedicines;246
13.2.4;11.2.4 Toxicity Testing of Nano-scale Particles;247
13.3;11.3 EC/UK Regulation;248
13.4;11.4 Conclusions;251
13.5;References;252
14;Chapter 12: Ethical Implications of Nanomedicine: Implications of Imagining New Futures for Medicine;255
14.1;12.1 A Historical Introduction;255
14.2;12.2 Generic and Cross-Cutting Ethical Issues;257
14.3;12.3 Diagnostics, Information and Predictive Medicine;259
14.4;12.4 Remote or Personal Monitoring of Health Status;262
14.5;12.5 Implants and Targeted Delivery;264
14.6;12.6 Theranostics;265
14.7;12.7 Regenerative Medicine;266
14.8;12.8 Risk and Uncertainty;266
14.9;12.9 Human Enhancement;267
14.10;12.10 Conclusions and Postscript;270
14.11;References;271
15;Chapter 13: Nanomedicine: A Hyper-expectation and Dawning Realisation?;274
15.1;13.1 Introduction;274
15.2;13.2 Popular Media: Feeding Frenzy;278
15.3;13.3 The Dawning Implication of Hyper-expectation;280
15.3.1;13.3.1 Nanomedicine: The Cure for Death?;282
15.3.2;13.3.2 Cellular Surgery and Beyond;284
15.3.3;13.3.3 Nano-Doctors: The Perpetual House Call;288
15.3.4;13.3.4 Nanomedicine and Prostheses;289
15.3.5;13.3.5 The Tithonus Error;292
15.3.6;13.3.6 A Brave New World of Nanomedicine;294
15.4;13.4 The Boy Who Cried … Self-Assembling Semiconductors!;297
15.5;13.5 Nanotoxicology and Regulation;299
15.6;13.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook;301
15.7;References;302
16;Chapter 14: Nanomedicine as a Business Venture;308
16.1;14.1 The Current Nanomedicine Market;309
16.1.1;14.1.1 Nanomedicine: A Global Market Analysis;309
16.1.1.1;14.1.1.1 A Market Overview;309
16.1.1.2;14.1.1.2 A Breakdown per Types of Companies;310
16.1.1.3;14.1.1.3 Predicting the Nanomedicine Market;310
16.1.2;14.1.2 Nanomedicine: An Overview of the Research and Development Landscape;311
16.1.3;14.1.3 Nanomedicine: An Overview of the Patent Landscape;312
16.1.3.1;14.1.3.1 A New Era of Commercial Development;312
16.1.3.2;14.1.3.2 Sectorial and Country Breakdown of Patents in Nanomedicine Worldwide;313
16.2;14.2 The Nanomedicine Business Environment;313
16.2.1;14.2.1 Introduction: Key Players in the Nanomedicine Business Environment;313
16.2.2;14.2.2 Nanomedicine Business Drivers;315
16.2.3;14.2.3 Business Models and Strategies;315
16.2.4;14.2.4 The Nanomedicine Business Environment: An Overview of Its Dynamics;317
16.2.5;14.2.5 Current Issues and Future Perspectives;319
16.2.5.1;14.2.5.1 Current Issues and Strategic Recommendations;319
16.3;14.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;320
16.4;References;321
17;Chapter 15: What Can Nanomedicine Learn from the Current Developments of Nanotechnology?;323
17.1;15.1 Introduction;323
17.2;15.2 From Nanotechnology to Nanomedicine;325
17.2.1;15.2.1 A Quick Look at the Current Development in Nanotechnology with a Critical View;325
17.2.2;15.2.2 A Glance of Current Advanced Nanomedicine;327
17.2.2.1;15.2.2.1 Medical Diagnostics;327
17.2.2.2;15.2.2.2 Nanomedical Therapeutics;329
17.2.2.3;15.2.2.3 Multifunctional Nanoparticles: Diagnostics and Therapeutics in a Single System;332
17.2.2.4;15.2.2.4 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine;333
17.2.2.5;15.2.2.5 Nanomedicine in Gene Therapy;334
17.3;15.3 What Lessons Nanomedicine Can Learn from Nanotechnology?;335
17.3.1;15.3.1 Inconsistency Issues in Nanofabrication;336
17.3.2;15.3.2 Industrial Scale-up and Commercialisation Limitations;336
17.3.3;15.3.3 Complex Nature of Biological Phenomena: Additional Complication to the Complex Concept of Nanoscience, Nanotoxicity and Related Matters;336
17.3.4;15.3.4 Establishment of Standards and Protocols for Nanomaterial Characterisation;337
17.3.5;15.3.5 Nanomedicine Regulating Bodies: A Demand for Proper Regulations;337
17.3.6;15.3.6 Ethical Issues;338
17.4;15.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook;339
17.5;References;339
18;Chapter 16: Intersection of Nanotechnology and Healthcare;343
18.1;16.1 Introduction – Brief Background of Nanotechnology;343
18.2;16.2 Healthcare;344
18.3;16.3 Advances of Nanotechnology in Healthcare;345
18.3.1;16.3.1 Applications of Nanotechnology in Imaging;345
18.3.2;16.3.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery;346
18.3.3;16.3.3 Applications of Nanotechnology in Gene Delivery;347
18.4;16.4 Impacts of Nanotechnology on Healthcare;348
18.4.1;16.4.1 Nanotoxicity;349
18.4.2;16.4.2 Nanopharmaceuticals and Food and Drug Administration (FDA);350
18.5;16.5 Regulatory Challenges to Nanotechnology;351
18.6;16.6 Rules Governing Nanomedicine;351
18.7;16.7 Marketing Prospects of Nanotechnology;352
18.8;16.8 Public’s Concern & Prospects on Nanotechnology;352
18.9;16.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;354
18.10;References;354
19;Chapter 17: The Impact of Nanopharmaceuticals on Healthcare and Regulation;357
19.1;17.1 Introduction;357
19.2;17.2 Nanopharmaceuticals in Healthcare;358
19.2.1;17.2.1 Techniques and Advances;358
19.2.2;17.2.2 Positive Impacts;361
19.2.3;17.2.3 Safety and Other Concerns;362
19.3;17.3 Nanopharmaceuticals and Regulation;362
19.4;17.4 Summary and Future Outlook;364
19.5;References;365
20;Chapter 18: Nanomedicine in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Converging Medical Technologies Impacting Healthcare;367
20.1;18.1 Introduction;367
20.2;18.2 Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy in Clinical Trials and at Advanced Preclinical Phases of Evaluation;370
20.3;18.3 Nanoparticle Applications in Triggered and Image-­Guided Therapies;376
20.4;18.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective;379
20.5;References;380
21;Chapter 19: Challenges to Nanomedicine;387
21.1;19.1 Introduction;387
21.2;19.2 The Rising Costs of Healthcare;388
21.3;19.3 The Demographic Shift Towards an Ageing Population;389
21.4;19.4 Disruptive Innovation?;391
21.5;19.5 Risks and Regulatory Compliance;392
21.6;19.6 Health Technology Assessment;396
21.7;19.7 Reimbursement and Novel Medical Technologies;398
21.8;19.8 Professional Uptake of Nanomedicine;399
21.9;19.9 Public Perception;401
21.10;19.10 Ethical Considerations and Safeguards;403
21.10.1;19.10.1 What Do We Understand by Healthcare?;403
21.10.2;19.10.2 The Changing Face of Medicine;403
21.10.3;19.10.3 A Data Overload?;404
21.10.4;19.10.4 Non-discrimination and Equity;404
21.10.5;19.10.5 The Precautionary Principle;405
21.11;19.11 Training;405
21.12;19.12 Conclusions and Perspectives for the Future;406
21.13;References;406
22;Biography of the Editors;409
22.1;Dr. Yi Ge;409
22.2; Dr. Songjun Li;409
22.3; Richard Moore;410
22.4; Dr. Shenqi Wang;410
23;Index;411