Gaura / Challen / Girod Wireless Sensor Networks

Deployments and Design Frameworks
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-5834-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 290 Seiten

The twentieth century ended with the vision of smart dust: a network of wirelessly connected devices whose size would match that of a dust particle, each one a se- containedpackageequippedwithsensing,computation,communication,andpower. Smart dust held the promise to bridge the physical and digital worlds in the most unobtrusive manner, blending together realms that were previously considered well separated. Applications involved scattering hundreds, or even thousands, of smart dust devices to monitor various environmental quantities in scenarios ranging from habitat monitoring to disaster management. The devices were envisioned to se- organize to accomplish their task in the most ef?cient way. As such, smart dust would become a powerful tool, assisting the daily activities of scientists and en- neers in a wide range of disparate disciplines. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as we know them today, are the most no- worthy attempt at implementing the smart dust vision. In the last decade, this ?eld has seen a fast-growing investment from both academia and industry. Signi?cant ?nancial resources and manpower have gone into making the smart dust vision a reality through WSNs. Yet, we still cannot claim complete success. At present, only specialist computerscientists or computerengineershave the necessary background to walk the road from conception to a ?nal, deployed, and running WSN system.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Challen, Geoffrey

Allen, Michael

Brusey, James

Girod, Lewis

Gaura, Elena

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Wireless Sensor Networks;1
1.1;Foreword;7
1.2;Preface;9
1.3;Acknowledgments;11
1.4;Contents;13
1.5;Contributors;15
1.6;Part I Wireless Sensor Networks Design for Deployment;17
1.6.1;1 Introduction;18
1.6.1.1;1.1 The Promise and the Challenge of Sensor Networks;18
1.6.1.1.1;1.1.1 Goals of this Book;20
1.6.1.1.2;1.1.2 How can this Book Help the Beginner WSN Practitioner?;20
1.6.1.2;1.2 Guide to Using this Book;22
1.6.1.2.1;1.2.1 Part I: Design Strategies for Deploying Sensor Networks;22
1.6.1.2.2;1.2.2 Part II: Case Studies;23
1.6.1.3;References;29
1.6.2;2 Learning from Deployment Experience;30
1.6.2.1;2.1 Illustrating the Problem: Three Deployments ;30
1.6.2.1.1;2.1.1 Bangladesh Groundwater Monitoring, 20061;31
1.6.2.1.2;2.1.2 Peru Seismic Station Deployment, 20072;33
1.6.2.1.3;2.1.3 WaterWise: Monitoring an Urban Water Distribution System (2008)3;36
1.6.2.1.4;2.1.4 Discussion;38
1.6.2.2;2.2 WSN Design Strategies;39
1.6.2.2.1;2.2.1 From Smart Dust to Today's WSNs;39
1.6.2.2.2;2.2.2 Design Spaces and Design Views;42
1.6.2.2.3;2.2.3 Meeting Application Requirements;45
1.6.2.2.4;2.2.4 The Practical–Theoretical Divide: Open Research Questions and the Value of Deployment;47
1.6.2.3;2.3 Starting Points for Development: Existing Platforms;49
1.6.2.3.1;2.3.1 End to End WSN Solutions;49
1.6.2.3.2;2.3.2 Generic Solutions;51
1.6.2.3.3;2.3.3 Research Platforms;52
1.6.2.3.4;2.3.4 Discussion;54
1.6.2.4;2.4 Who Is Taking Off: the WSNs or the Market Analysts?;55
1.6.2.4.1;2.4.1 WSN Forecasts and Gartner's Hype Cycle;56
1.6.2.4.2;2.4.2 Current and Forthcoming WSN Research and Commercialization Opportunities;59
1.6.2.5;2.5 Summary of Strategic Recommendations;60
1.6.2.6;References;61
1.6.3;3 Designing for Deployment;66
1.6.3.1;3.1 Introduction;66
1.6.3.2;3.2 The Design for Deployment Process;67
1.6.3.3;3.3 Key Design Parameters;69
1.6.3.3.1;3.3.1 Sampling Rate and Data Rate;69
1.6.3.3.1.1;3.3.1.1 Dealing with a High Data Rate;70
1.6.3.3.2;3.3.2 Cost ;71
1.6.3.3.3;3.3.3 Network Size and Density;72
1.6.3.3.4;3.3.4 Deployment Environment;73
1.6.3.3.5;3.3.5 Deployment Duration;74
1.6.3.3.6;3.3.6 Target Audience and Interaction Model;74
1.6.3.4;3.4 Iterative Deployment;75
1.6.3.4.1;3.4.1 The First Deployment Iteration;76
1.6.3.4.2;3.4.2 The Second Deployment Iteration;77
1.6.3.4.3;3.4.3 Subsequent Deployments;78
1.6.3.5;3.5 Lessons from the Field;79
1.6.3.5.1;3.5.1 Development Lessons;79
1.6.3.5.2;3.5.2 Deployment Lessons;81
1.6.3.5.3;3.5.3 Learning from the Deployment Experience;81
1.6.3.6;3.6 Summary;82
1.6.3.7;Reference;82
1.7;Part II Wireless Sensor Network Applications Case Studies;83
1.7.1;4 Volcano Monitoring: Addressing Data QualityThrough Iterative Deployment;84
1.7.1.1;4.1 Introduction;84
1.7.1.1.1;4.1.1 Overview of Seismoacoustic Monitoring;85
1.7.1.1.2;4.1.2 Opportunities for Wireless Sensor Networks;86
1.7.1.1.3;4.1.3 Overview of Three Deployments;87
1.7.1.1.4;4.1.4 Datum v Dataset Quality;89
1.7.1.1.5;4.1.5 Structure of this Chapter;90
1.7.1.2;4.2 Sensor Interface Board;90
1.7.1.2.1;4.2.1 2005 Board Redesign;92
1.7.1.2.2;4.2.2 Performance and Future Designs;93
1.7.1.3;4.3 Time Synchronization;94
1.7.1.3.1;4.3.1 Single-Hop Time Synchronization;95
1.7.1.3.2;4.3.2 Adaptation to Multi-Hop Using FTSP;95
1.7.1.3.3;4.3.3 Observed FTSP Instabilities;96
1.7.1.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Timestamp Filtering;98
1.7.1.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Timestamp Rectification;98
1.7.1.3.4;4.3.4 Evaluation;99
1.7.1.3.4.1;4.3.4.1 Lab Experiments;99
1.7.1.3.4.2;4.3.4.2 Comparison with Broadband Station;100
1.7.1.3.5;4.3.5 Lessons Learned;102
1.7.1.4;4.4 Event Detection;103
1.7.1.5;4.5 Addressing Storage and Bandwidth Limitations;105
1.7.1.5.1;4.5.1 Overview of Lance;106
1.7.1.5.2;4.5.2 Cardinal v Ordinal Utilities;107
1.7.1.5.3;4.5.3 Utility Functions;108
1.7.1.5.4;4.5.4 2007 Deployment;109
1.7.1.5.4.1;4.5.4.1 RSAM v EWMA Node Level Utility Calculator;109
1.7.1.6;4.6 Policy Modules;110
1.7.1.6.1;4.6.1 Example Policy Modules;111
1.7.1.6.2;4.6.2 Evaluation and Use at Tungurahua;112
1.7.1.7;4.7 Optimizing for Energy and Bandwidth Usage;114
1.7.1.7.1;4.7.1 Refocusing on Energy Usage;116
1.7.1.7.2;4.7.2 Cost Estimation;117
1.7.1.7.3;4.7.3 Lance Optimizer;118
1.7.1.7.4;4.7.4 Evaluation and Results;119
1.7.1.7.4.1;4.7.4.1 Simulation and Testbed Experiments;119
1.7.1.7.4.2;4.7.4.2 2007 Deployment Analysis;122
1.7.1.7.4.3;4.7.4.3 Results Summary;123
1.7.1.8;4.8 Conclusions and Future Work;124
1.7.1.9;References;125
1.7.2;5 VoxNet: Reducing Latency in High Data Rate Applications;127
1.7.2.1;5.1 Introduction;128
1.7.2.2;5.2 In-situ Acoustic Source Localization;129
1.7.2.2.1;5.2.1 Enabling In-Situ Automation and Interaction;130
1.7.2.2.2;5.2.2 Usage Scenario;130
1.7.2.2.3;5.2.3 Localization Algorithm and Components;131
1.7.2.3;5.3 The VoxNet Platform;132
1.7.2.3.1;5.3.1 System Architecture;133
1.7.2.3.2;5.3.2 Interaction Model;133
1.7.2.3.3;5.3.3 Hardware;134
1.7.2.3.4;5.3.4 Software;136
1.7.2.3.4.1;5.3.4.1 High Level Application Layer;136
1.7.2.3.4.2;5.3.4.2 Distribution and Interaction Layer;137
1.7.2.3.4.3;5.3.4.3 Platform Drivers and Services Layer;139
1.7.2.4;5.4 In-Situ Deployment;140
1.7.2.4.1;5.4.1 Discussion of Problems Encountered During Deployments;141
1.7.2.4.1.1;5.4.1.1 Deployment One;143
1.7.2.4.1.2;5.4.1.2 Deployment Two;144
1.7.2.4.1.3;5.4.1.3 Deployment Three;145
1.7.2.4.2;5.4.2 Deployment Four;146
1.7.2.4.3;5.4.3 Summary;147
1.7.2.5;5.5 Factors Affecting Timeliness;148
1.7.2.5.1;5.5.1 Event Frequency;149
1.7.2.5.2;5.5.2 False Detections;149
1.7.2.5.3;5.5.3 A Case for Dynamic Processing;151
1.7.2.6;5.6 Lazy Grouping;152
1.7.2.6.1;5.6.1 Lazy Grouping Experimentation;154
1.7.2.6.1.1;5.6.1.1 Experiment One: Data Reduction;154
1.7.2.6.1.2;5.6.1.2 Experiment Two: Latency Reduction;156
1.7.2.6.2;5.6.2 Discussion;157
1.7.2.7;5.7 Adaptation Policy;159
1.7.2.7.1;5.7.1 Evaluation;160
1.7.2.7.2;5.7.2 Gathering Empirical Data;161
1.7.2.7.3;5.7.3 Simulation;162
1.7.2.7.4;5.7.4 Performance;162
1.7.2.7.5;5.7.5 Accuracy;163
1.7.2.7.6;5.7.6 Effects of Varying Local Processing Time;165
1.7.2.7.7;5.7.7 Summary;167
1.7.2.8;5.8 Conclusion;167
1.7.2.9;References;168
1.7.3;6 Failure Is Inevitable: The Trade-off Between Missing Data and Maintenance;171
1.7.3.1;6.1 Introduction;171
1.7.3.2;6.2 Difficulties in Traditional Soil Monitoring;173
1.7.3.3;6.3 Wireless Sensor Network Deployment;176
1.7.3.3.1;6.3.1 Deployment;177
1.7.3.3.2;6.3.2 In-Situ Interaction;178
1.7.3.3.2.1;6.3.2.1 Mobility Usage Scenarios;179
1.7.3.3.2.2;6.3.2.2 Supporting In-Field Interaction;180
1.7.3.4;6.4 Problems in Data Analysis;181
1.7.3.5;6.5 Design of Vigilance;183
1.7.3.5.1;6.5.1 Estimating Missing Data;184
1.7.3.5.2;6.5.2 Application Uncertainty;186
1.7.3.5.3;6.5.3 Maintenance Suggestions;188
1.7.3.6;6.6 Implementation of Vigilance;189
1.7.3.6.1;6.6.1 Missing Data Estimation;189
1.7.3.6.2;6.6.2 Uncertainty Propagation;190
1.7.3.6.3;6.6.3 Maintenance Suggestions;190
1.7.3.7;6.7 Evaluation;190
1.7.3.7.1;6.7.1 Methodology;191
1.7.3.7.2;6.7.2 Prediction Accuracy;191
1.7.3.7.3;6.7.3 Coverage;194
1.7.3.7.4;6.7.4 Maintenance;196
1.7.3.7.5;6.7.5 Deployment Design Implications;198
1.7.3.7.6;6.7.6 System Performance;200
1.7.3.8;6.8 Conclusion;201
1.7.3.9;References;202
1.7.4;7 Cane Toad Monitoring: Data Reduction in a High Rate Application;205
1.7.4.1;7.1 Introduction;205
1.7.4.2;7.2 Background: Pilot Deployment;210
1.7.4.2.1;7.2.1 Goals and Challenges;210
1.7.4.2.2;7.2.2 Hardware;210
1.7.4.2.3;7.2.3 Frog Vocalization Recognition Algorithm;211
1.7.4.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 Spectrogram Generation;212
1.7.4.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Machine Learning;213
1.7.4.2.3.3;7.2.3.3 Voting Process;213
1.7.4.2.3.4;7.2.3.4 Evaluation;213
1.7.4.2.4;7.2.4 Lessons;214
1.7.4.3;7.3 Iteration 2: Hybrid Sensor Networks;215
1.7.4.3.1;7.3.1 Goals and Accomplishments;215
1.7.4.3.2;7.3.2 Challenges ;216
1.7.4.3.3;7.3.3 Wireless Sensor Hardware ;216
1.7.4.3.4;7.3.4 Cane Toad Monitoring Prototypes;217
1.7.4.3.4.1;7.3.4.1 Pure: Stargates Only;217
1.7.4.3.4.2;7.3.4.2 Hybrid: Stargates and Mica2s;217
1.7.4.3.5;7.3.5 Evaluation;222
1.7.4.3.6;7.3.6 Lessons;224
1.7.4.4;7.4 Iteration 3: Lightweight Classification;224
1.7.4.4.1;7.4.1 Random Sampling;225
1.7.4.4.2;7.4.2 Envelope Extraction;227
1.7.4.4.3;7.4.3 Matched Filter;228
1.7.4.4.4;7.4.4 Evaluation;228
1.7.4.4.5;7.4.5 Lessons;229
1.7.4.5;7.5 Conclusions;231
1.7.4.6;References;232
1.7.5;8 ExScal: Dealing with Scale;235
1.7.5.1;8.1 The ExScal Application and Its Demands;236
1.7.5.1.1;8.1.1 ExScal Status and Some Project Facts;237
1.7.5.2;8.2 The Hardware Platform;238
1.7.5.3;8.3 Topology, Coverage, and Deployment;240
1.7.5.4;8.4 The Software Architecture;242
1.7.5.4.1;8.4.1 The Trusted Base and Its Deployment Components;242
1.7.5.4.2;8.4.2 The Location Component;243
1.7.5.4.3;8.4.3 Perimeter Security Component, OpAp;244
1.7.5.5;8.5 Management;250
1.7.5.6;8.6 Testing Prior To, and During the Final Deployment;251
1.7.5.7;8.7 Results and Conclusions;253
1.7.5.8;References;255
1.7.6;9 Glacier Monitoring: Deploying Custom Hardware in Harsh Environments;257
1.7.6.1;9.1 Motivation for the Glacsweb Project;257
1.7.6.2;9.2 System Design;259
1.7.6.2.1;9.2.1 Deployment;260
1.7.6.2.2;9.2.2 Probe Evolution;261
1.7.6.2.3;9.2.3 Base Station Evolution;264
1.7.6.2.4;9.2.4 WSN Advantages for the User;267
1.7.6.3;9.3 Summary of Recommendations and Observations;269
1.7.6.4;References;269
1.7.7;10 Adding the Human Element: Experience with a Wireless Patient Monitoring System;271
1.7.7.1;10.1 Introduction;271
1.7.7.1.1;10.1.1 Waiting Patients Need to Be Monitored;272
1.7.7.1.2;10.1.2 Brief Overview of SMART;273
1.7.7.2;10.2 Application Goals and Requirements;275
1.7.7.3;10.3 Component and Sub-System Selection;276
1.7.7.3.1;10.3.1 Patient Monitoring Node Selection;276
1.7.7.3.2;10.3.2 Caregiver Node Selection;277
1.7.7.3.3;10.3.3 Location Subsystem Selection;277
1.7.7.3.4;10.3.4 Central Server Selection;279
1.7.7.3.5;10.3.5 Building Through Integration;279
1.7.7.4;10.4 Software;280
1.7.7.5;10.5 Preparations for Deploying SMART in the Hospital;281
1.7.7.6;10.6 The Hospital Deployment Experience;283
1.7.7.6.1;10.6.1 Installation and Operation of the Location System;283
1.7.7.6.2;10.6.2 Battery Life and Power Management;284
1.7.7.6.3;10.6.3 Choosing a Location for SMART Central;284
1.7.7.7;10.7 Discussion;284
1.7.7.7.1;10.7.1 Hospital Deployment Life-Cycle;285
1.7.7.7.2;10.7.2 Preparing for the Reality of the Hospital Environment;285
1.7.7.7.3;10.7.3 Working with Stakeholders During the Deployment;286
1.7.7.8;10.8 Future Work: Disaster Management;287
1.7.7.9;10.9 Conclusions;287
1.7.7.10;References;289
1.8;Editors
;290
1.9;Index;293